Acquired factor X deficiency in a multiple myeloma without amyloidosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma is one of the most common hematologic malignancies. Acquired factor X deficiencies are often observed in primary (AL) amyloidosis and rarely in multiple myeloma. OBJECTIVE: We report a case of an acquired factor X deficiency in a patient with a newly diagnosed IgA lambda multiple myeloma, without any evidence of concomitant amyloidosis. METHODS: We present the patient's medical history, clinical and physical examinations, laboratory analysis, and outcome. RESULTS: A 76-year-old male presented at the emergency department with ongoing gingival bleeding. Several analytical problems with blood sample analysis arose, which eventually led to the diagnosis of a multiple myeloma. Further exploration revealed an acquired factor X deficiency, explaining the ongoing bleeding. There was no evidence of concomitant amyloidosis. The multiple myeloma was treated, leading to complete remission of the malignancy and bleeding tendency. CONCLUSION: While coagulopathy is rarely observed in patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma, considering an acquired factor X deficiency becomes relevant when such patient present with bleeding diathesis.

Impaired hemoglobin scavenging during an acute HIV-1 retroviral syndrome.

BACKGROUND: We report a case of temporary impaired hemoglobin scavenging in a patient with an acute HIV-1 retroviral syndrome. The patient was presented at the emergency department in a severe inflammatory state, mimicking bacterial sepsis and/or hemophagocytic syndrome. The serum showed a hemolytic aspect. In contrast, serum haptoglobin concentration was not decreased. METHODS: The hemolysis index was determined and the visual absorbance spectroscopy spectrum of the serum was studied. alpha1 microglobulin and hemopexin concentrations were determined in serum. The presence of circulating hemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes in serum and the saturation of the haptoglobin were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis followed by peroxidase staining. CD163 expression on peripheral blood monocytes was analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS: A temporarily impaired hemoglobin scavenging was documented by an increased hemolysis index, absence of decreased haptoglobin levels, presence of circulating hemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes in serum and decreased hemopexin and alpha1 microglobulin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: A temporarily impaired hemoglobin scavenging was observed due to a transient CD163 pathway impairment following an acute HIV-1 retroviral syndrome. The patient improved clinically and biochemically after initiation of HIV-1 anti-retroviral therapy. The data suggest a transient HIV-1 mediated CD163 impairment, although a latent drug mediated block could not be ruled out completely.