Machine learning predicts the growth of cyanobacterial genera in river systems and reveals their different environmental responses.

Cyanobacterial blooms are a common and serious problem in global freshwater environments. However, the response mechanisms of various cyanobacterial genera to multiple nutrients and pollutants, as well as the factors driving their competitive dominance, remain unclear or controversial. The relative abundance and cell density of two dominant cyanobacterial genera (i.e., Cyanobium and Microcystis) in river ecosystems along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance were predicted by random forest with post-interpretability based on physicochemical indices. Results showed that the optimized predictions all reached strong fitting with R2 > 0.75, and conventional water quality indices played a dominant role. One-dimensional and two-dimensional partial dependence plot (PDP) revealed that the responses of Cyanobium and Microcystis to nutrients and temperature were similar, but they showed differences in preferrable nutrient utilization and response to pollutants. Further prediction and PDP for the ratio of Cyanobium and Microcystis unveiled that their distinct responses to PAHs and SPAHs were crucial drivers for their competitive dominance over each other. This study presents a new way for analyzing the response of cyanobacterial genera to multiple environmental factors and their dominance relationships by interpretable machine learning, which is suitable for the identification and interpretation of high-dimensional nonlinear ecosystems with complex interactions.

Plasma proteomics analysis reveals potential biomarkers for intracranial aneurysm formation and rupture.

The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma proteome in individuals with intracranial aneurysms (IAs) and identify biomarkers associated with the formation and rupture of IAs. Proteomic profiles (N = 1069 proteins) were assayed in plasma (N = 120) collected from patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIA and UIA), traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH), and healthy controls (HC) using tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitative proteomics analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis revealed that these relevant proteins were involved in immune response and extracellular matrix organization pathways. Seven candidate biomarkers were verified by ELISA in a completely separate cohort for validation (N = 90). Among them, FN1, PON1, and SERPINA1 can be utilized as diagnosis biomarkers of IA, with a combined area under the ROC curve of 0.891. The sensitivity was 93.33%, specificity was 75.86%, and accuracy was 87.64%. PFN1, ApoA-1, and SERPINA1 can serve as independent risk factors for predicting aneurysm rupture. The combined prediction of aneurysm rupture yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.954 with a sensitivity of 96.15%, specificity of 81.48%, and accuracy of 88.68%. This prediction model was more effective than PHASES score. In conclusion, high-throughput proteomics analysis with population validation was performed to assess blood-based protein expression characteristics. This revealed the potential mechanism of IA formation and rupture, facilitating the discovery of biomarkers. SIGNIFICANCE: Although the annual rupture rate of small unruptured aneurysms is believed to be minimal, studies have indicated that ruptured aneurysms typically have an average size of 6.28 mm, with 71.8% of them being <7 mm in diameter. Hence, evaluating the possibility of rupture in UIA and making a choice between aggressive treatment and conservative observation emerges as a significant challenge in the management of UIA. No biomarker or scoring system has been able to satisfactorily address this issue to date. It would be significant to develop biomarkers that could be used for early diagnosis of IA as well as for prediction of IA rupture. After TMT proteomics analysis and ELISA validation in independent populations, we found that FN1, PON1, and SERPINA1 can be utilized as diagnostic biomarkers for IA, and PFN1, ApoA-1, and SERPINA1 can serve as independent risk factors for predicting aneurysm rupture. Especially, when combined with ApoA-1, SERPINA1, and PFN1 for predicting IA rupture, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.954 with a sensitivity of 96.15%, specificity of 81.48%, and accuracy of 88.68%. This prediction model was more effective than PHASES score.

Characteristics of corn starch/polyvinyl alcohol composite film with improved flexibility and UV shielding ability by novel approach combining chemical cross-linking and physical blending.

With the aim of effectively improving the performance of bio-friendly food packaging and circumventing the hazards associated with petroleum-based plastic food packaging, composite films of corn starch and polyvinyl alcohol were prepared using a new method that involved chemical cross-linking of glutaraldehyde and blending with cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion (CNE). Glutaraldehyde and CNE enhance the film's network structure by chemical bonding and hydrogen bonding, respectively. This results in improved surface smoothness, mechanical properties, and UV shielding ability of the film. However, the films' surface hydrophilicity increased as a result of CNE, which is harmful for food preservation in high humidity. Overall, glutaraldehyde and CNE have a synergistic effect on some of the properties of the film which is mainly attributed to the films' structure improvement. The films have great potential for preparing flexible and UV-shielding films and offer new ideas for developing biodegradable films.

Assessing a respiratory toxic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain: isolation, identification, pathogenicity, and immunological failure insights.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is caused by avian coronavirus and poses a global economic threat to the poultry industry. In 2023, a highly pathogenic IBV strain, IBV/CN/GD20230501, was isolated and identified from chickens vaccinated with IBV-M41 in Guangdong, China. This study comprehensively investigated the biological characteristics of the isolated IBV strain, including its genotype, whole genome sequence analysis of its S1 gene, pathogenicity, host immune response, and serum non-targeted metabolomics. Through the analysis of the S1 gene sequence, serum neutralization tests, and comparative genomics, it was proven that IBV/CN/GD20230501 belongs to the GI-I type of strain and is serotype II. One alanine residue in the S1 subunit of the isolated strain was mutated into serine, and some mutations were observed in the ORF1ab gene and the terminal region of the genome. Animal challenge experiments using the EID50 and TCID50 calculations showed that IBV/CN/GD20230501 possesses strong respiratory pathogenicity, with early and long-term shedding of viruses and rapid viral spread. Antibody detection indicated that chickens infected with IBV/CN/GD20230501 exhibited delayed expression of early innate immune genes, while those infected with M41 showed rapid gene induction and effective viral control. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that this virus infection led to differential expression of 291 ions in chicken serum, mainly affecting the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle).IMPORTANCEThis study identified an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain isolated from vaccinated chickens in an immunized population that had certain sequence differences compared to IBV-M41, resulting in significantly enhanced pathogenicity and host defense. This strain has the potential to replace M41 as a more suitable challenge model for drug research. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis highlighting the citric acid cycle provides a new avenue for studying this highly virulent strain.

[Effects of Fly Ash on the Efficiency and Bacterial Community Structure of Urban Multi-source Organic Solid Waste].

To achieve efficient resource utilization of fly ash and multi-source organic waste, a composting experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of fly ash on co-aerobic composting using kitchens, chicken manure, and sawdust (15:5:2). The effects of different application doses (5 % and 10 %, calculated in total wet weight of organic solid waste) of fly ash on physical and chemical properties, nutrient elements, and bacterial community structure during co-composting were evaluated. The results showed that the addition dose of 5 % and 10 % fly ash significantly increased the highest temperature (56.6 ℃ and 56.9 ℃) and extended the thermophilic period to nine days. Compared with that in the control, the total nutrient content of compost products in the treatments of 5 % FA and 10 % FA was increased by 4.09 % and 13.55 %, respectively. The bacterial community structure changed greatly throughout the composting, and the bacterial diversity of all treatments increased obviously. In the initial stage of composting, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum of bacteria, with a relative abundance ranging from 35.26 % to 39.40 %. In the thermophilic period, Firmicutes dominated; its relative abundance peaked at 52.46 % in the 5 % FA treatment and 67.72 % in the 10 % FA treatment. Bacillus and Thermobifida were the predominant groups in the thermophilic period of composting. The relative abundance of Bacillus and Thermobifida in the 5 % FA and 10 % FA treatments were 33.41 % and 62.89 %(Bacillus) and 33.06 % and 12.23 %(Thermobifida), respectively. The results of the redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that different physicochemical indicators had varying degrees of influence on bacteria, with organic matter, pH, available phosphorus, and available potassium being the main environmental factors influencing bacterial community structure. In summary, the addition of fly ash promoted the harmlessness and maturation of co- aerobic composting of urban multi-source organic waste, while optimizing microbial community structure and improving the quality and efficiency of composting.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish.

The influence of the doping concentration and reverse intersystem crossing on the efficiency of tricomponent organic light-emitting diodes with the thermally activated delayed fluorescence exciplex emitter.

In this work, we fabricate a series of full-fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) exciplex emitter in order to improve the efficiency through the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process. The TADF exciplex emitters are made up of a mixture of P-type materials (DMAC-DPS and mCBP) and n-type material (PO-T2T), among which DMAC-DPS also classes as a TADF material. The change in doping concentration will affect the intermolecular distance and the composition of TADF material and two kinds of exciplexes (DMAC-DPS:PO-T2T and mCBP:PO-T2T) in the luminescent layer (EML). Different materials and concentrations of doping not only add new RISC channels but also alter the original RISC channels, thereby affecting the performance of devices. It is beneficial for improving efficiency by increasing the proportion of independent TADF material and reducing the proportion of exciplex (DMAC-DPS:PO-T2T) in the EML, which can be controlled by doping. When the ratio of DMAC-DPS, PO-T2T and mCBP in the EML is 1 : 1 : 2, we achieve the optimal electro-optic performance in device A3, with maximum current efficiency, power efficiency, and luminance of 41.64 cd A-1, 43.42 lm W-1, and 23 080 cd m-2, respectively.

Lower micromolar activity of the antifungal imidazoles on the bacterial-type bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE) in Cryptosporidium parvum and in vitro efficacy against the zoonotic parasite.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a waterborne and foodborne zoonotic protozoan parasite, a causative agent of moderate to severe diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. However, fully effective treatments are unavailable for medical and veterinary uses. There is a need to explore new drug targets for potential development of new therapeutics. Because C. parvum relies on anaerobic metabolism to produce ATP, fermentative enzymes in this parasite are attractive targets for exploration. In this study, we investigated the ethanol-fermentation in the parasite and characterized the basic biochemical features of a bacterial-type bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase, namely CpAdhE. We also screened 3892 chemical entries from three libraries and identified 14 compounds showing >50% inhibition on the enzyme activity of CpAdhE. Intriguingly, antifungal imidazoles and unsaturated fatty acids are the two major chemical groups among the top hits. We further characterized the inhibitory kinetics of selected imidazoles and unsaturated fatty acids on CpAdhE. These compounds displayed lower micromolar activities on CpAdhE (i.e., IC50 values ranging from 0.88 to 11.02 µM for imidazoles and 8.93 to 35.33 µM for unsaturated fatty acids). Finally, we evaluated the in vitro anti-cryptosporidial efficacies and cytotoxicity of three imidazoles (i.e., tioconazole, miconazole and isoconazole). The three antifungal imidazoles exhibited lower micromolar efficacies against the growth of C. parvum in vitro (EC50 values ranging from 4.85 to 10.41 µM and selectivity indices ranging from 5.19 to 10.95). The results provide a proof-of-concept data to support that imidazoles are worth being further investigated for potential development of anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics.

Association of Body Mass Index and Central Obesity with Spinopelvic Alignment Parameters in a Chinese Population: A Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of central obesity on spinal sagittal balance in adults aged 18 and older by examining correlations between waist circumference (WC) and abdominal circumference (AC) and spinopelvic alignment parameters. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 350 adults aged 18 and older. Participants underwent whole-body biplanar radiography using the EOS imaging system. Spinal and pelvic parameters were measured and correlated with body mass index, WC, and AC. Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for data with nonhomogeneous variances, and chi-squared tests for categorical data. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients, with subsequent analyses to explore correlations between body measurements and spinal parameters. RESULTS: The study found significant correlations between increased WC and AC and changes in spinopelvic parameters. However, obesity did not uniformly influence all sagittal alignment parameters. Significant variations in spinal measurements indicate that central obesity plays a role in altering spinal stability and alignment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the impact of central obesity on spinal alignment and emphasize the importance of considering central obesity in clinical assessments of spinal pathologies. Further research is essential to better understand the relationship between obesity, spinal sagittal balance, and related health conditions.

PARP-1 dependent cell death pathway (Parthanatos) mediates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurological condition with high mortality and poor prognosis, and there are currently no effective therapeutic drugs available. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) dependent cell death pathway-parthanatos is closely associated with stroke. We investigated improvements in neurological function, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier and parthanatos-related protein expression in rats with SAH after intraperitoneal administration of PARP-1 inhibitor (AG14361). Our study found that the expression of parthanatos-related proteins was significantly increased after SAH. Immunofluorescence staining showed increased expression of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in the nucleus after SAH. Administration of PARP-1 inhibitor significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the expression of parthanatos-related proteins. Immunofluorescence staining showed that PARP-1 inhibitor reduced the expression of 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thus reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, PARP-1 inhibitor could inhibit inflammation-associated proteins level and neuronal apoptosis, protect the blood-brain barrier and significantly improve neurological function after SAH. These results suggest that PARP-1 inhibitor can significantly improve SAH, and the underlying mechanism may be through inhibiting parthanatos pathway.

The Structure Characteristics of Laminar Premixed Flames of Gasoline-like Fuel Under CI Engine-Relevant Conditions.

Gasoline compression ignition characterized by partially premixed and long ignition delays typically features complex flame structures such as deflagration or spontaneous ignition fronts. In this study, the flame structure and propagation characteristics of PRF90/air mixtures under compression ignition engine-relevant conditions are investigated numerically. Similar to other types of fuels, under such conditions, the propagation speed of PRF90 laminar premixed flames depends not only on the unburnt mixture properties but also on the residence time, and the transition of the flame regime depends only on the residence time. Nevertheless, due to the temperature-dependent autoignition chemistry of PRF90, flames with excessively high unburnt temperatures show different combustion behaviors after the transition from deflagration to autoignition-assisted flames. Sensitivity analysis showed that, the dominant chain branching reactions in the deflagration mode are H + O2 = OH + O and CO + OH = CO2 + H, and that in the autoignition-assisted flames with lower unburnt temperature are H2O2(+M) = 2OH(+M) and IC8H18 + HO2 = AC8H17 + H2O2, while for higher unburnt temperatures, the reactions C3H5 + HO2 = C2H3 + CH2O + OH and IC8H18 = IC4H9 + TC4H9 are more important than the fuel low-temperature oxidation reactions. In addition, a criterion based on chemical explosive mode analysis is used to analyze the local combustion mode. The results show that the difference in diffusion/chemical structure at the crossover progress variables C 0 and crossover temperature allows both C 0 and to be used as a flame location for distinguishing propagation modes in premixed flame. However, the effects of the equivalence ratio on C 0 are different from that on , which means that the selection of C 0 and may lead to different discriminant results for stratified mixtures. Comparing the applicability of C 0-based and -based locations in three-dimensional gasoline compression ignition flame, it is found that the flame location based on the value of C 0 at ϕ = 1.0 can more completely reflect the flame development characteristics in stratified premixed combustion.

Quantitative Assessment of Lid Margin Vascularity Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) to assess lid margin vascularity. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional trial enrolled 125 participants, including 15 control subjects and 110 meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients. Lid margin blood flow density (LMBFD) was obtained using SS-OCTA. LMBFD was assessed for repeatability in 54 of 125 participants and for reproducibility in 23 of 125 participants. The efficacy of LMBFD was validated in the 125 participants, who were divided into mild (n = 46), moderate (n = 42), and severe groups (n = 37) according to the lid margin vascularity severity shown in the slit-lamp photographs. Correlations between LMBFD and MG-related parameters, such as ocular surface disease index (OSDI), fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT), cornea fluorescein staining (CFS), lid margin score (LMS), and meibomian gland expressibility (ME), were analyzed in all 125 participants. Results: Repeatability and reproducibility coefficients were satisfactorily high in the scan mode with a scan area of 6 mm × 6 mm (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] repeatability = 0.905; ICC reproducibility = 0.986) and a scan area of 9 mm × 9 mm (ICC repeatability = 0.888; ICC reproducibility = 0.988). The LMBFD gradually increased in the mild, moderate, and severe groups (P < 0.001). LMBFD was significant correlated with OSDI (r = 0.290, P = 0.001), FTBUT (r = -0.195, P = 0.030), CFS (r = 0.352, P < 0.001), ME (r = 0.191, P = 0.033), and LMS (r = 0.370, P < 0.001). Conclusions: LMBFD may be a noninvasive, repeatable, reproducible, and efficient index for the quantitative evaluation of eyelid margin vascularity in the future. Translational Relevance: We demonstrated that SS-OCTA has the potential to evaluate the eyelid margin vascularity in MGD patients and guide future treatment strategies in clinics.

Novel Bifunctional Conjugates Targeting PD-L1/PARP7 as Dual Immunotherapy for Potential Cancer Treatment.

Bifunctional conjugates targeting PD-L1/PARP7 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for the first time. Compounds B3 and C6 showed potent activity against PD-1/PD-L1 interaction (IC50 = 0.426 and 0.342 µM, respectively) and PARP7 (IC50 = 2.50 and 7.05 nM, respectively). They also displayed excellent binding affinity with hPD-L1, approximately 100-200-fold better than that of hPD-1. Both compounds restored T-cell function, leading to the increase of IFN-γ secretion. In the coculture assay, B3 and C6 enhanced the killing activity of MDA-MB-231 cells by Jurkat T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, B3 and C6 displayed significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a melanoma B16-F10 tumor mouse model, more than 5.3-fold better than BMS-1 (a PD-L1 inhibitor) and RBN-2397 (a PARP7i clinical candidate) at the dose of 25 mg/kg, without observable side effects. These results provide valuable insight and understanding for developing bifunctional conjugates for potential anticancer therapy.

Ecological risk assessment of commonly used antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems along the coast of China.

The consistent input of antibiotics into aquatic environments may pose risks to various creatures and ecosystems. However, risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments is frequently limited by the lack of toxicity data. To investigate the risk of commonly used antibiotics to various aquatic creatures, we focused on the distribution patterns and temporal dynamics of antibiotics in the coastal estuary area of China and performed a comprehensive ecological risk assessment for four antibiotics: erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TCN), norfloxacin (NOR) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). An interspecies correlation estimation (ICE)-species sensitivity distribution (SSD) combined model was applied to predict the toxicity data of untested aquatic species, and an accurate ecological risk assessment procedure was developed to evaluate the risk level of PPCPs. The results of risk quotient assessments and probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) suggested that four objective antibiotics in the Chinese coastal estuary area were at a low risk level. These antibiotics posed a high risk in antibiotic-related global hot spots, with probabilistic risk values for ERY, NOR, SMX, and TCN of 81.33 %, 27.08 %, 21.13 %, and 15.44 %, respectively. We applied an extrapolation method to overcome the lack of toxicity data in ecological risk assessment, enhanced the ecological reality of water quality criteria derivation and reduced the uncertainty of risk assessment for antibiotics.

Research Progress of Long Non-Coding RNA in Tumor Drug Resistance: A New Paradigm.

In the past few decades, chemotherapy has been one of the most effective cancer treatment options. Drug resistance is currently one of the greatest obstacles to effective cancer treatment. Even though drug resistance mechanisms have been extensively investigated, they have not been fully elucidated. Recent genome-wide investigations have revealed the existence of a substantial quantity of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from the human genome, which actively participate in numerous biological processes, such as transcription, splicing, epigenetics, the cell cycle, cell differentiation, development, pluripotency, immune microenvironment. The abnormal expression of lncRNA is considered a contributing factor to the drug resistance. Furthermore, drug resistance may be influenced by genetic and epigenetic variations, as well as individual differences in patient treatment response, attributable to polymorphisms in metabolic enzyme genes. This review focuses on the mechanism of lncRNAs resistance to target drugs in the study of tumors with high mortality, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for targeted therapy.

Multifunctional Nanocarrier for Synergistic Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibiting ß-Amyloid Aggregation and Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species.

The excessive depositions of ß-amyloid (Aß) and abnormal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as the important pathogenic factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strategies targeting only one of them have no obvious effects in clinic. In this study, a multifunctional nanocarrier CICe@M-K that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently was developed for inhibiting Aß aggregation and scavenging ROS synchronously. Antioxidant curcumin (Cur) and photosensitizer IR780 were loaded in mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs). Their surfaces were grafted with cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and a short peptide K (CKLVFFAED). Living imaging showed that CICe@M-K was mainly distributed in the brain, liver, and kidneys, indicating CICe@M-K crossed BBB efficiently and accumulated in brain. After the irradiation of 808 nm laser, Cur was continuously released. Both of Cur and the peptide K can recognize and bind to Aß through multiple interaction including π-π stacking interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bond, inhibiting Aß aggregation. On the other hand, Cur and CeO2 NPs cooperate to relieve the oxidative stress in the brains by scavenging ROS. In vivo assays showed that the CICe@M-K could diminish Aß depositions, alleviate oxidative stress, and improve cognitive ability of the APP/PS1 AD mouse model, which demonstrated that CICe@M-K is a potential agent for AD treatment.

Individual and mixture analyses of the associations of phenols and phthalates with lung function among US adults.

The effects of endocrine disruptors including phenols and phthalates on adult lung function remain unclear. In the present study, data from 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were extracted, and 4338 participants were included in the final analyses. The associations of three phenols and four phthalate metabolites with six lung function parameters were investigated. In generalized linear regression models (GLM) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses, bisphenol A (BPA) was associated with decreased forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), and 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) was associated with reduced FEV1, FVC and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), and increased prevalence of restrictive lung function (RLF) in adults. Furthermore, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models demonstrated that mixed exposures to phenols and phthalates were linked to reduced FEV1, FVC and PEF and increased prevalence of RLF, and these associations were mainly driven by BPA and 2,5-DCP. In conclusion, mixed exposure to phenols and phthalates was linked to compromised and a restrictive pattern of lung function. The mechanisms of the effects of phenol and phthalate exposures on lung function and respiratory diseases need to be further investigated.

The clinical effect of gratitude extension-construction theory nursing program on bladder cancer patients with fear of cancer recurrence.

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of bladder cancer patients with Fear of Cancer Recurrence (FCR) after applying the gratitude extension construction theory nursing program. Methods: 168 patients with bladder cancer hospitalized in the Department of Urology from December 2021 to June 2023 in a hospital are study subjects. The experimental subjects are uniformly designed as an experimental group and a control group, with 52 participants in each group. The former receives routine nursing care, while the later receives nursing interventions based on gratitude extension construction theory. The baseline data, Quality of life Questionnaire-core 30, Quality of Life Questionnaire-non Invasive Bladder Cancer 24, Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form, gratitude level questionnaire, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, patient compliance behavior score, Overall Survival, and Progression-free Survival are evaluated. Results: The basic data revealed no statistical significance. The quality of life questionnaire-core 30 and quality of life questionnaire-noninvasive bladder cancer 24 was no significant difference before treatment and after treatment for 1 month. After 9 months, There was a significant difference in pre-treatment scores. The experimental group had no significant difference before and after treatment. For the overall survival rates, the two groups were 67.25% and 79.56%. The progression-free survival rates were 56.35% and 72.35%, respectively, with statistical difference. The compliance rates were 86.54% and 98.08%. The compliance rate of the experimental group exceeded the control group. After 3, 6, and 12 months, the gratitude level questionnaire score and the fear of progression questionnaire-short form in the experimental group were improved. After 3, 6, and 12 months, the control group had no statistically significant difference in the gratitude level questionnaire and the fear of progression questionnaire-short form scores. Compared with the control group, the scores on the gratitude level questionnaire and the fear of progression questionnaire-short form were significantly higher after 3, 6, and 12 months of intervention. Conclusion: After applying the gratitude extension construction theory nursing program, the FCR of bladder cancer patients is significantly reduced. The quality of life and compliance rate are significantly improved, and anxiety and depression are relieved.

Cryo-EM structures of Thogoto virus polymerase reveal unique RNA transcription and replication mechanisms among orthomyxoviruses.

Influenza viruses and thogotoviruses account for most recognized orthomyxoviruses. Thogotoviruses, exemplified by Thogoto virus (THOV), are capable of infecting humans using ticks as vectors. THOV transcribes mRNA without the extraneous 5' end sequences derived from cap-snatching in influenza virus mRNA. Here, we report cryo-EM structures to characterize THOV polymerase RNA synthesis initiation and elongation. The structures demonstrate that THOV RNA transcription and replication are able to start with short dinucleotide primers and that the polymerase cap-snatching machinery is likely non-functional. Triggered by RNA synthesis, asymmetric THOV polymerase dimers can form without the involvement of host factors. We confirm that, distinctive from influenza viruses, THOV-polymerase RNA synthesis is weakly dependent of the host factors ANP32A/B/E in human cells. This study demonstrates varied mechanisms in RNA synthesis and host factor utilization among orthomyxoviruses, providing insights into the mechanisms behind thogotoviruses' broad-infectivity range.

A review of distribution and functions of extracellular DNA in the environment and wastewater treatment systems.

Extracellular DNA refers to DNA fragments existing outside the cell, originating from various cell release mechanisms, including active secretion, cell lysis, and phage-mediated processes. Extracellular DNA serves as a vital environmental biomarker, playing crucial ecological and environmental roles in water bodies. This review is summarized the mechanisms of extracellular DNA release, including pathways involving cell lysis, extracellular vesicles, and type IV secretion systems. Then, the extraction and detection methods of extracellular DNA from water, soil, and biofilm are described and analyzed. Finally, we emphasize the role of extracellular DNA in microbial community systems, including its significant contributions to biofilm formation, biodiversity through horizontal gene transfer, and electron transfer processes. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the sources, distribution, functions, and impacts of extracellular DNA within aquatic environments, aiming to foster further exploration and understanding of extracellular DNA dynamics in aquatic environments as well as other environments.