Alder expansion stimulates nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from southern Eurasian permafrost peatlands.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play an important role for atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing. However, NOx emissions from the vast northern circumpolar permafrost regions have not been studied in situ due to limitations of measurement techniques. Our goals were to validate the offline analytical technique, and based on this, to widely quantify in situ NOx emissions from peatlands in the southern Eurasian permafrost region. To this end, we conducted a comparison of online and offline flux measurements in 2018 and 2019 using the synthetic air flushing, steady-state opaque chamber method. With differences in annual average and cumulative fluxes less than 0.1 µg N m-2 h-1 and 0.01 kg N ha-1 year-1, the online and offline fluxes were in good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of conducting offline measurements in remote regions without power supply. The flux measurements over 2 years showed obvious NOx emissions of 0.05-0.14 and 0.13-0.30 kg N ha-1 year-1 in the hollow and hummock microtopography of permafrost peatlands, respectively. The rapid expansion of alder (Alnus sibirica) in the peatlands induced by permafrost degradation significantly increased soil mineral N contents and NOx emissions depending on the age of alder (0.64-1.74 and 1.44-2.20 kg N ha-1 year-1 from the alder forests with tree ages of 1-10 years and 11-20 years, respectively). Alder expansion also intensively altered the thermal state of permafrost including the sharp increases of soil temperatures during the non-growing season from October to April and active layer thickness. This study provides the first in situ evidences of NOx emissions from the northern circumpolar permafrost regions and uncovers the well-documented expansion of alders can substantially stimulate NOx emissions and thus, significantly affect air quality, radiative forcing, and ecosystem productivity in the pristine regions.

Carbon nitride reinforced chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel as high-performance adsorbents for free hemoglobin removal in vitro and in vivo.

Removing free hemoglobin generated during extracorporeal circulation remains a challenge. Currently, there is no adsorbent with specificity and good biosafety for removing hemoglobin. In this study, a new chitosan/sodium alginate/carbon nitride (CS/SA/C3N4) hydrogel adsorbent was prepared by blending SA with C3N4 to drop into CS/CaCl2 solution. The physicochemical properties of CS/SA/C3N4 hydrogel were evaluated using some techniques, including scanning electron microscope, Zeta potential measurement, and thermogravimetric analysis. Hemoglobin adsorption in vitro, stability, hemocompatibility, cell compatibility, inflammatory reaction and blood extracorporeal circulation in vivo were also evaluated. The findings revealed that the CS/SA/C3N4-0.4 % hydrogel exhibited an impressive adsorption capacity of 142.35 mg/g for hemoglobin. The kinetic data of hemoglobin adsorption were well-described by pseudo second-order model, while the isothermal model data conformed to the Langmuir model. The hardness and modulus of CS/SA/C3N4-0.4 % was 11.7 KPa and 94.66 KPa respectively, which indicated robust resistance to breakage. CS/SA/C3N4 demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility, biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, the results of in vivo rabbit extracorporeal blood circulation experiment demonstrated that CS/SA/C3N4 could adsorb free hemoglobin from blood while maintaining high biosafety standard. Consequently, CS/SA/C3N4 hydrogel emerges as a promising candidate for use as a hemoglobin adsorbent in extracorporeal blood circulation system.

SAH is a major metabolic sensor mediating worsening metabolic crosstalk in metabolic syndrome.

In this study, we observed worsening metabolic crosstalk in mouse models with concomitant metabolic disorders such as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia and in human coronary artery disease by analyzing metabolic profiles. We found that HHcy worsening is most sensitive to other metabolic disorders. To identify metabolic genes and metabolites responsible for the worsening metabolic crosstalk, we examined mRNA levels of 324 metabolic genes in Hcy, glucose-related and lipid metabolic systems. We examined Hcy-metabolites (Hcy, SAH and SAM) by LS-ESI-MS/MS in 6 organs (heart, liver, brain, lung, spleen, and kidney) from C57BL/6J mice. Through linear regression analysis of Hcy-metabolites and metabolic gene mRNA levels, we discovered that SAH-responsive genes were responsible for most metabolic changes and all metabolic crosstalk mediated by Serine, Taurine, and G3P. SAH-responsive genes worsen glucose metabolism and cause upper glycolysis activation and lower glycolysis suppression, indicative of the accumulation of glucose/glycogen and G3P, Serine synthesis inhibition, and ATP depletion. Insufficient Serine due to negative correlation of PHGDH with SAH concentration may inhibit the folate cycle and transsulfurarion pathway and consequential reduced antioxidant power, including glutathione, taurine, NADPH, and NAD+. Additionally, we identified SAH-activated pathological TG loop as the consequence of increased fatty acid (FA) uptake, FA ß-oxidation and Ac-CoA production along with lysosomal damage. We concluded that HHcy is most responsive to other metabolic changes in concomitant metabolic disorders and mediates worsening metabolic crosstalk mainly via SAH-responsive genes, that organ-specific Hcy metabolism determines organ-specific worsening metabolic reprogramming, and that SAH, acetyl-CoA, Serine and Taurine are critical metabolites mediating worsening metabolic crosstalk, redox disturbance, hypomethylation and hyperacetylation linking worsening metabolic reprogramming in metabolic syndrome.

Modulation of host lipid metabolism by virus infection leads to exoskeleton damage in shrimp.

The arthropod exoskeleton provides protection and support and is vital for survival and adaption. The integrity and mechanical properties of the exoskeleton are often impaired after pathogenic infection; however, the detailed mechanism by which infection affects the exoskeleton remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the damage to the shrimp exoskeleton is caused by modulation of host lipid profiles after infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). WSSV infection disrupts the mechanical performance of the exoskeleton by inducing the expression of a chitinase (Chi2) in the sub-cuticle epidermis and decreasing the cuticle chitin content. The induction of Chi2 expression is mediated by a nuclear receptor that can be activated by certain enriched long-chain saturated fatty acids after infection. The damage to the exoskeleton, an aftereffect of the induction of host lipogenesis by WSSV, significantly impairs the motor ability of shrimp. Blocking the WSSV-caused lipogenesis restored the mechanical performance of the cuticle and improved the motor ability of infected shrimp. Therefore, this study reveals a mechanism by which WSSV infection modulates shrimp internal metabolism resulting in phenotypic impairment, and provides new insights into the interactions between the arthropod host and virus.

Fluid shear force and hydrostatic pressure jointly promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating YAP1 and NFAT2.

Natural bone tissue features a complex mechanical environment, with cells responding to diverse mechanical stimuli, including fluid shear stress (FSS) and hydrostatic pressure (HP). However, current in vitro experiments commonly employ a singular mechanical stimulus to simulate the mechanical environment in vivo. The understanding of the combined effects and mechanisms of multiple mechanical stimuli remains limited. Hence, this study constructed a mechanical stimulation device capable of simultaneously applying FSS and HP to cells. This study investigated the impact of FSS and HP on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and examined the distinctions and interactions between the two mechanisms. The results demonstrated that both FSS and HP individually enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, with a more pronounced effect observed through their combined application. BMSCs responded to external FSS and HP stimulation through the integrin-cytoskeleton and Piezo1 ion channel respectively. This led to the activation of downstream biochemical signals, resulting in the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the intracellular transcription factors Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2). Activated YAP1 could bind to NFAT2 to enhance transcriptional activity, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs more effectively. This study highlights the significance of composite mechanical stimulation in BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation, offering guidance for establishing a complex mechanical environment for in vitro functional bone tissue construction.

Trilayered biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds with dual-differential microenvironment for articular osteochondral defect repair.

Commonly, articular osteochondral tissue exists significant differences in physiological architecture, mechanical function, and biological microenvironment. However, the development of biomimetic scaffolds incorporating upper cartilage, middle tidemark-like, and lower subchondral bone layers for precise articular osteochondral repair remains elusive. This study proposed here a novel strategy to construct the trilayered biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds with dual-differential microenvironment of both mechanical and biological factors. The cartilage-specific microenvironment was achieved through the grafting of kartogenin (KGN) into gelatin via p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPA)-based enzyme crosslinking reaction as the upper cartilage layer. The bone-specific microenvironment was achieved through the grafting of atorvastatin (AT) into gelatin via dual-crosslinked network of both HP-based enzyme crosslinking and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-based photo-crosslinking reactions as the lower subchondral bone layer. The introduction of tidemark-like middle layer is conducive to the formation of well-defined cartilage-bone integrated architecture. The in vitro experiments demonstrated the significant mechanical difference of three layers, successful grafting of drugs, good cytocompatibility and tissue-specific induced function. The results of in vivo experiments also confirmed the mechanical difference of the trilayered bionic scaffold and the ability of inducing osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Furthermore, the articular osteochondral defects were successfully repaired using the trilayered biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds by the activation of endogenous recovery, which offers a promising alternative for future clinical treatment.

Identification of Three Novel Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Non-Structural Protein 3 of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic swine coronavirus that causes diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses within the global swine industry. Nonstructural protein 3 (Nsp3) is the largest in coronavirus, playing critical roles in viral replication, such as the processing of polyproteins and the formation of replication-transcription complexes (RTCs). In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 7G4, 5A3, and 2D7, targeting PEDV Nsp3 were successfully generated, and three distinct linear B-cell epitopes were identified within these mAbs by using Western blotting analysis with 24 truncations of Nsp3. The epitope against 7G4 was located on amino acids 31-TISQDLLDVE-40, the epitope against 5A3 was found on amino acids 141-LGIVDDPAMG-150, and the epitope against 2D7 was situated on amino acids 282-FYDAAMAIDG-291. Intriguingly, the epitope 31-TISQDLLDVE-40 recognized by the mAb 7G4 appears to be a critical B-cell linear epitope due to its high antigenic index and exposed location on the surface of Nsp3 protein. In addition, bioinformatics analysis unveiled that these three epitopes were highly conserved in most genotypes of PEDV. These findings present the first characterization of three novel linear B-cell epitopes in the Nsp3 protein of PEDV and provide potential tools of mAbs for identifying host proteins that may facilitate viral infection.

RORα is required for expansion and memory maintenance of ILC1s via a lymph node-liver axis.

Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) possess adaptive immune features, which confer antigen-specific memory responses against haptens and viruses. However, the transcriptional regulation of memory ILC1 responses is currently not known. We show that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) has high expression in memory ILC1s in murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. RORα deficiency diminishes ILC1-mediated CHS responses significantly but has no effect on memory T cell-mediated CHS responses. During sensitization, RORα promotes sensitized-ILC1 expansion by suppressing expression of cell-cycle repressors in draining lymph nodes. RORα programs gene-expression patterns related to cell survival and is required for the long-term maintenance of memory ILC1s in the liver. Our findings reveal RORα to be a key transcriptional factor for sensitized-ILC1 expansion and long-term maintenance of memory ILC1s.

[Clinical Value of Detecting ABL Kinase Domain Mutations in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Based on High-Throughput Sequencing Technology].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and clinical value of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and Sanger sequencing in detecting ABL kinase domain mutations in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). METHODS: A total of 198 samples of 147 CML patients from July 2017 to March 2021 in Henan Cancer Hospital were collected and underwent high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing to detect the mutations in ABL kinase domain, and the relevant clinical data were collected for comparative analysis. RESULTS: The proportion of total mutations and ≥2 mutations detected by high-throughput sequencing were significantly higher than those detected by Sanger sequencing (P =0.01; P =0.046). ≥2 mutations were detected in 22 cases, of which 5 cases (22.7%) had compound mutations. High-throughput sequencing can detect low level mutations that cannot be detected by Sanger sequencing. In 198 samples, 25 (12.6%) were low level mutations, 33 (16.7%) were high level mutations and 10 (5.1%) were mixed high and low level mutations. In the analysis of related clinical factors, the total mutation rate and the low level mutation rate in the optimal period, failure period and warning period were gradually increased (total mutation rate, P =0.016; low level mutation rate, P =0.005). The mutation rate of the samples with additional chromosomal abnormalities was also significantly increased (P =0.009). The mutation rate of patients who received first- and second-line treatment was significantly lower than that of patients who received third- or higher-line treatment (P =0.006). Analysis based on variant allele frequency (VAF) of the mutation site was helpful to visually evaluate the clonal evolution status of TKI-resistance CML cells. CONCLUSION: High-throughput sequencing is more sensitive and accurate than Sanger sequencing in mutation detection, which is helpful to accurately and visually evaluate TKI treatment response and optimize treatment strategy for CML.

The Identification of Goat KCNJ15 Gene Copy Number Variation and Its Association with Growth Traits.

(1) Background: Copy number variation (CNV) is a critical component of genome structural variation and has garnered significant attention. High-throughput screening of the KCNJ15 gene has revealed a correlation between the CNV region and the growth traits of goats. We aimed to identify the CNV of the KCNJ15 gene in five goat breeds and analyze its association with growth characteristics. (2) Methods: We utilized 706 goats from five breeds: Guizhou black goat (GZB), Guizhou white goat (GZW), Bohuai goat (BH), Huai goat (HH), and Taihang goat (TH). To evaluate the number of copies of the KCNJ15 gene using qPCR, we analyzed the correlation between the CNV and growth characteristics and then used a universal linear model. The findings revealed variations in the distribution of different copy number types among the different goat breeds. (3) Results: Association analysis revealed a positive influence of the CNV in the KCNJ15 gene on goat growth. In GZB, individuals with duplication types exhibited superior performance in terms of cannon bone circumference (p < 0.05). In HH, individuals with duplication types exhibited superior performance in terms of body slanting length (p < 0.05). Conversely, normal TH demonstrated better body height and body weight (p < 0.05), while in GZW, when CN = 3, it performed better than other types in terms of body weight and chest circumference (p < 0.05). However, in BH, it had no significant effect on growth traits. (4) Conclusions: We confirmed that the CNV in the KCNJ15 gene significantly influences the growth characteristics of four distinct goat breeds. The correlation between KCNJ15 gene CNVs and goat growth traits offers valuable insights to breeders, enabling them to employ precise and efficient breeding methods that enhance livestock welfare, productivity, and overall economic benefits in the industry.

Ammonia stress-induced heat shock factor 1 enhances white spot syndrome virus infection by targeting the interferon-like system in shrimp.

Disease emergence is the consequence of host-pathogen-environment interactions. Ammonia is a key stress factor in aquatic environments that usually increases the risk of pathogenic diseases in aquatic animals. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the enhancement of viral infection following ammonia stress remain largely unknown. Here, we found that ammonia stress enhances white spot syndrome virus infection in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) by targeting the antiviral interferon-like system through heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1). Hsf1 is an ammonia-induced transcription factor. It regulates the expression of Cactus and Socs2, which encode negative regulators of NF-κB signaling and Jak/Stat signaling, respectively. By inhibiting these two pathways, ammonia-induced Hsf1 suppressed the production and function of MjVago-L, an arthropod interferon analog. Therefore, this study revealed that Hsf1 is a central regulator of suppressed antiviral immunity after ammonia stress and provides new insights into the molecular regulation of immunity in stressful environments. IMPORTANCE: Ammonia is the end product of protein catabolism and is derived from feces and unconsumed foods. It threatens the health and growth of aquatic animals. In this study, we demonstrated that ammonia stress suppresses shrimp antiviral immunity by targeting the shrimp interferon-like system and that heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) is a central regulator of this process. When shrimp are stressed by ammonia, they activate Hsf1 for stress relief and well-being. Hsf1 upregulates the expression of negative regulators that inhibit the production and function of interferon analogs in shrimp, thereby enhancing white spot syndrome viral infection. Therefore, this study, from a molecular perspective, explains the problem in the aquaculture industry that animals living in stressed environments are more susceptible to pathogens than those living in unstressed conditions. Moreover, this study provides new insights into the side effects of heat shock responses and highlights the complexity of achieving cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions.

Very Low Temperature CO Oxidation over Atomically Precise Au25 Nanoclusters on MnO2.

Atomically precise Au25 nanoclusters have garnered significant interest in the field of heterogeneous catalysis due to their remarkable activity and selectivity. However, for the extensively studied reaction of low-temperature CO oxidation, their performance has not been competitive compared to other known gold nanocatalysts. To address this, we deposited Au25(SR)18 (R = CH2CH2Ph) nanoclusters onto a manganese oxide support (Au25/MnO2), resulting in a very stable and highly active catalyst. By optimizing the pretreatment temperature, we were able to significantly enhance the performance of the Au25/MnO2 catalyst, which outperformed most other gold catalysts. Impressively, 100% conversion of CO was achieved at temperatures as low as -50 °C, with 50% conversion being reached below -70 °C. Furthermore, the existence of ligands could also influence the negative apparent activation energy observed at intermediate temperatures. Analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques indicated that the Au25 nanoclusters remained stable on the catalyst surface even after pretreatment at high temperatures. In-situ modulation excitation spectroscopy (MES) spectra also confirmed that the Au cluster was the active site for CO oxidation, highlighting the potential of atomically precise Au25 nanoclusters as primary active sites at very low temperatures.

Autophagy of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells induced by rapamycin conduces to pro-angiogenic function of the conditioned medium.

Angiogenesis is critical for wound healing and tissue repair. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs)-conditioned medium has certain actions to promote angiogenesis, and is expected for wound healing and tissue repair. However, recent studies showed that the pro-angiogenic efficacy of unprocessed MSCs-conditioned medium is low, and insufficient for tissue repair. Autophagy is a process for protein recycling and a contributor for cell exocrine, which may enhance pro-angiogenic efficacy of the conditioned medium by stimulating cytokine release from UCMSCs. Therefore, in this study we attempted to obtain enhanced autophagy in UCMSCs using different concentrations of rapamycin and compared pro-angiogenic functions of the conditioned media. The in vitro data showed that although 100 nM-10 µM rapamycin all could induce autophagy in UCMSCs, 100 nM was the best dose to optimize the angiogenic effect of the conditioned medium. The in vivo data also showed that pro-angiogenic effect of the optimized conditioned medium was more obvious than that of the control conditioned medium (0 nM group) in the injected matrigel plaques. Further, the expressions of VEGF, FGF-2, MMP-9, PDGF-α and PDGF-ß were markedly increased in UCMSCs treated with 100 nM rapamycin. In conclusion, appropriately enhancing autophagy of UCMSC can improve pro-angiogenic efficacy of the conditioned medium, which may optimize therapeutic applications of UCMSCs-conditioned medium in wound healing and tissue repair.

Myocardial infarction elevates endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein aggregation in heart as well as brain.

Cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI), constitute the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Protein-aggregate deposition is a hallmark of aging and neurodegeneration. Our previous study reported that aggregation is strikingly elevated in hearts of hypertensive and aged mice; however, no prior study has addressed MI effects on aggregation in heart or brain. Here, we present novel data on heart and brain aggregation in mice following experimental MI, induced by left coronary artery (LCA) ligation. Infarcted and peri-infarcted heart tissue, and whole cerebra, were isolated from mice at sacrifice, 7 days following LCA ligation. Sham-MI mice (identical surgery without ligation) served as controls. We purified detergent-insoluble aggregates from these tissues, and quantified key protein constituents by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Infarct heart tissue had 2.5- to 10-fold more aggregates than non-infarct or sham-MI heart tissue (each P = 0.001). Protein constituents from MI cerebral aggregates overlapped substantially with those from human Alzheimer's disease brain. Prior injection of mice with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes, shown to limit infarct size after LCA ligation, reduced cardiac aggregation ~ 60%, and attenuated markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in heart and brain (GRP78, ATF6, P-PERK) by 50-75%. MI also elevated aggregate constituents enriched in Alzheimer's disease (AD) aggregates, such as proteasomal subunits, heat-shock proteins, complement C3, clusterin/ApoJ, and other apolipoproteins. These data provide novel evidence that aggregation is elevated in mouse hearts and brains after myocardial ischemia, leading to cognitive impairment resembling AD, but can be attenuated by exosomes or drug (CDN1163) interventions that oppose ER stress.

Warming-induced vapor pressure deficit suppression of vegetation growth diminished in northern peatlands.

Recent studies have reported worldwide vegetation suppression in response to increasing atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Here, we integrate multisource datasets to show that increasing VPD caused by warming alone does not suppress vegetation growth in northern peatlands. A site-level manipulation experiment and a multiple-site synthesis find a neutral impact of rising VPD on vegetation growth; regional analysis manifests a strong declining gradient of VPD suppression impacts from sparsely distributed peatland to densely distributed peatland. The major mechanism adopted by plants in response to rising VPD is the "open" water-use strategy, where stomatal regulation is relaxed to maximize carbon uptake. These unique surface characteristics evolve in the wet soil‒air environment in the northern peatlands. The neutral VPD impacts observed in northern peatlands contrast with the vegetation suppression reported in global nonpeatland areas under rising VPD caused by concurrent warming and decreasing relative humidity, suggesting model improvement for representing VPD impacts in northern peatlands remains necessary.

Latent profile analysis of nurses' perceived professional benefits in China: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify profiles of nurses' perceived professional benefits as well as their predictors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was carried out online in China. METHODS: From 6 July to 27 July 2022, a total of 1309 registered nurses participated in the survey by convenient sampling. We collected the Nurses' Perceived Professional Benefits Questionnaire and demographic data. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), subgroups of nurses' perceived professional benefits were identified. Moreover, univariate and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to find the factors that were linked with the profiles. RESULTS: The survey was validly completed by 1309 nurses, with a 92.9% effective return rate. The findings of the LPA demonstrated three unique profiles: low-perceived professional benefits (11.8%), moderate-perceived professional benefits (57.1%) and high-perceived professional benefits (31.1%). There was a correlation between marital status, the number of night shifts per month and leadership role. CONCLUSIONS: According to our research, registered nurses have three unique professional benefit profiles. In order to sustain the nursing workforce, despite the fact that nurses get a high level of professional benefits, interventions are necessary to increase nurses' perception of their professional value.

Counting d-Orbital Vacancies of Transition-Metal Catalysts for the Sulfur Reduction Reaction.

The electrocatalytic sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) would allow the production of renewable high-capacity rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries using sustainable and nontoxic elemental sulfur as a cathode material, but its slow reaction rate causes a serious shuttle effect and dramatically reduces the capacity. We found that a catalyst composed of Pd nanoparticles supported by ordered mesoporous carbon (Pd/OMC) had a high reaction rate in the SRR, and a Li-S battery assembled with this catalyst had a low shuttle constant of 0.031 h-1 and a high-rate performance with a specific capacity of 1527 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C which is close to the theoretical value. The high activity of Pd/OMC with a d-orbital vacancy of 0.87 e was predicted from a volcano relationship between the d charge for the metal and the adsorption activation entropy and reaction rate for the SRR by examining Pd, Au, Pt, Rh, and Ru transition-metal nanocatalysts. The strategy of using a single electronic structure descriptor to design high-efficiency SRR catalysts has suggested a way to produce practical Li-S batteries.