Renal Fibrosis: SIRT1 Still of Value.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern. Renal fibrosis, a prevalent outcome regardless of the initial cause, ultimately leads to end-stage renal disease. Glomerulosclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis are the primary pathological features. Preventing and slowing renal fibrosis are considered effective strategies for delaying CKD progression. However, effective treatments are lacking. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase belonging to class III histone deacetylases, is implicated in the physiological regulation and protection of the kidney and is susceptible to a diverse array of pathological influences, as demonstrated in previous studies. Interestingly, controversial conclusions have emerged as research has progressed. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding and advancements in the field; specifically, the biological roles and mechanisms of SIRT1 in regulating renal fibrosis progression. These include aspects such as lipid metabolism, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, aging, inflammation, and autophagy. This manuscript explores the potential of SIRT1 as a therapeutic target for renal fibrosis and offers new perspectives on treatment approaches and prognostic assessments.

Metronomic chemotherapy in cancer treatment: new wine in an old bottle.

Over the past two decades, metronomic chemotherapy has gained considerable attention and has demonstrated remarkable success in the treatment of cancer. Through chronic administration and low-dose regimens, metronomic chemotherapy is associated with fewer adverse events but still effectively induces disease control. The identification of its antiangiogenic properties, direct impact on cancer cells, immunomodulatory effects on the tumour microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming ability has established the intrinsic multitargeted nature of this therapeutic approach. Recently, the utilization of metronomic chemotherapy has evolved from salvage treatment for metastatic disease to adjuvant maintenance therapy for high-risk cancer patients, which has been prompted by the success of several substantial phase III trials. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms underlying the antitumour effects of metronomic chemotherapy and provide insights into potential combinations with other therapies for the treatment of various malignancies. Additionally, we discuss health-economic advantages and candidates for the utilization of this treatment option.

The SP1/SIRT1/ACLY signaling axis mediates fatty acid oxidation in renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Renal ischemia-reperfusion is the primary cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Clinically, most patients who experience ischemia-reperfusion injury eventually progress gradually to renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the underlying mechanism for AKI to CKD transition remain absent. Our study demonstrated that the downregulation of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)-mediated fatty acid oxidation (FAO) facilitates IRI-induced renal fibrosis. METHODS: The IRI animal model was established, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing was used to explore potential differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways. The SIRT1 knockout mice were generated, and a recombinant adeno-associated virus that overexpresses SIRT1 was injected into mice to explore the function of SIRT1 in renal fibrosis induced by renal IRI. In vitro, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) was used to establish the classical model of renal IRI and overexpression or knockdown of SIRT1 to investigate the SIRT1 function through lentiviral plasmids. The underlying molecular mechanism was explored through RNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: RNA sequencing analysis and western blot demonstrated that the expression of SIRT1 was significantly decreased in IRI mice. Overexpression of SIRT1 improved renal function and reduced lipid deposition and renal fibrosis. On the contrary, knockout of SIRT1 aggravated kidney injury and renal fibrosis. RNA sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay mechanistically revealed that SIRT1 impairs the acetylation of histone H3K27 on the promoter region of ACLY, thereby impeding FAO activity and promoting renal fibrosis. Additionally, SP1 regulated FAO by directly modulating SIRT1 expression. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight that downregulation of SIRT1-modulated FAO facilitated by the SP1/SIRT1/ACLY axis in the kidney increases IRI, suggesting SIRT1 to be a potential therapeutic target for renal fibrosis induced by renal IRI.

Contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer: An oligometastatic-like disease.

BACKGROUND: Contralateral axillary lymph node metastasis (CAM) is rare. It remains controversial whether CAM should be regarded as a regional or distant metastatic disease. Our study aims to investigate the accurate clinical orientation and management of CAM. METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-nine female patients diagnosed with breast cancer from 2000 to 2014 and confirmed to develop CAM, oligometastasis (OM) or locoregional recurrence (LRR) at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) were included in this study. Baseline information and survival outcomes were analyzed and compared among the three groups. RESULTS: Patients with CAM exhibited similar overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) to those with OM, but worse than those with LRR (HR: 0.47 [95 % CI: 0.27-0.85], p = 0.0097; HR:0.39 [95 % CI: 0.24-0.63], p < 0.0001, respectively). Considering the patients presented with CAM or OM as a whole, we found that local treatment combined with systemic treatment did not provide a superior survival benefit over systemic treatment alone. CONCLUSION: CAM was similar to an oligometastatic-like disease, and patients with these diseases may benefit from systemic treatment. Adding local treatment failed to significantly improve OS.

Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients with disease progression during neoadjuvant systemic therapy.

BACKGROUND: Disease progression during neoadjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer indicates poor prognosis, while predictors of the clinical outcomes of these patients remain unclear. By comparing the clinical outcomes of patients with different patterns of salvage treatment strategies, we try to evaluate the factors predicting distant failure and explore the favourable treatment for them. METHODS: Patients with disease progression during neoadjuvant systemic therapy for stage I-III breast cancer diagnosed between January 1, 2008 and July 31, 2021 in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were enrolled. Disease progression was defined as at least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions or the appearance of new breast or nodal lesions. Kaplan-Meier, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regressions were utilized to compare survival outcomes between different salvage treatment strategies. RESULTS: Among 3775 patients treated with NST, 60 (1.6%) patients encountered disease progression. A significant difference between the outcomes of patients receiving direct surgery and other salvage modalities was found (p = 0.007). Triple-negative breast cancer (p = 0.010) and not receiving direct surgery (p = 0.016) were independently associated with distant disease-free survival on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Predictors of distant failure in patients with disease progression include triple-negative breast cancer and not receiving direct surgery. Direct surgery seems to be more favourable than other treatments for patients with disease progression. For inoperable patients, neoadjuvant radiation can increase their operability but not improve their prognosis.

All HER2-negative breast cancer patients need gBRCA testing: cost-effectiveness and clinical benefits.

BACKGROUND: The OlympiA trial demonstrated the benefits of adjuvant usage of olaparib for high-risk patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer (BC) and germline BRCA (gBRCA) mutation. This provoked thoughts on the clinical criteria of gBRCA testing. This study aims to estimate the costs and benefits of gBRCA testing and adjuvant olaparib therapy for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone-receptor (HR)-positive and HER2-negative BC in China and the United States of America (USA). METHODS: We used a Markov chain decision tree analytic model to compare three gBRCA screening policies in China and the USA: (1) no gBRCA testing; (2) selected gBRCA testing and (3) universal gBRCA testing for nonmetastatic TNBC and HR-positive HER2-negative BC patients. We modelled the benefit of systemic therapy and risk-reducing surgeries among patients identified with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2. RESULTS: Changing from the selected gBRCA testing to the universal gBRCA testing in TNBC patients is cost-effective, with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) being 10991.1 and 56518.2 USD/QALY in China and the USA, respectively. Expanding universal gBRCA testing to HR-positive HER2-negative BC and TNBC patients has ICERs of 2023.3 and 16611.1 USD/QALY in China and the USA, respectively. DISCUSSION: By performing gBRCA testing on all HER2-negative BC patients, adjuvant olaparib can be offered to high-risk patients with a PV in BRCA1 or BRCA2. These patients are also candidates for risk-reducing surgeries, an important aspect of their survivorship care, and these interventions can improve survival outcomes. With the willingness-to-pay thresholds being 31,500.0 and 100,000.0 USD per QALY gained in China and the USA, respectively, universal gBRCA testing is likely cost-effective for all HER2-negative BC patients. This simplified criterion of gBRCA testing for BC is recommended for adoption by current guidelines in China and the USA.

In vivo multidimensional CRISPR screens identify Lgals2 as an immunotherapy target in triple-negative breast cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors exhibit limited response rates in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), suggesting that additional immune escape mechanisms may exist. Here, we performed two-step customized in vivo CRISPR screens targeting disease-related immune genes using different mouse models with multidimensional immune-deficiency characteristics. In vivo screens characterized gene functions in the different tumor microenvironments and recovered canonical immunotherapy targets such as Ido1. In addition, functional screening and transcriptomic analysis identified Lgals2 as a candidate regulator in TNBC involving immune escape. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that tumor cell-intrinsic Lgals2 induced the increased number of tumor-associated macrophages, as well as the M2-like polarization and proliferation of macrophages through the CSF1/CSF1R axis, which resulted in the immunosuppressive nature of the TNBC microenvironment. Blockade of LGALS2 using an inhibitory antibody successfully arrested tumor growth and reversed the immune suppression. Collectively, our results provide a theoretical basis for LGALS2 as a potential immunotherapy target in TNBC.

Present Situation and the Future Development of Web-Based Prenatal Education in China: Cross-sectional Web-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy serves as an important chapter in the life of women since more attention needs to be paid to both their physical and psychological health during this period. Adequate prenatal knowledge plays a key role in ensuring the health and safety of not only the pregnant women but also their fetuses and the entire family. With the development of information technology, web-based prenatal education has been brought into focus owing to its accessibility to comprehensive information, with high-quality information available to improve the quality of the overall gestation period, labor process, perinatal outcomes, and fetal outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the present situation of web-based prenatal education and to predict the future research direction of web-based prenatal education in China, thereby providing insights into improving the quality of health care of pregnant women. METHODS: A national cross-sectional study was conducted on 590,912 pregnant women in 31 provincial administrations of mainland China between August 2018 and August 2019. These pregnant women were initially recruited from local hospitals across the nation during antenatal and postnatal periods via a web-based education school. Demographic information and course completion status (including the categories and the number of courses they completed) of all the participants were collected. RESULTS: A total of 590,912 pregnant women participated in the web-based prenatal education in 2018. Among them, 188,508 (31.90%) participants were excluded because they did not complete any course, while 17,807 (3.01%) actively participated in web-based prenatal education and completed more than 100 courses. There were 5 categories of web-based courses; almost half of the pregnant women attended the courses on first and second trimesters (293,262/590,912, 49.63% and 298,168/590,912, 50.46%, respectively). We found that pregnant women were more concerned about the gestational diet, fetal-related knowledge, and other precautions before the labor. CONCLUSIONS: In the era of digitalization where information is rapidly disseminated, web-based prenatal education could become a more convenient, productive, and effective pathway for pregnant women since it could help them obtain adequate and optimal pregnancy-related information and gain more intellectual awareness about their pregnancy or preparation for pregnancy.

Targeting nucleotide metabolism: a promising approach to enhance cancer immunotherapy.

Targeting nucleotide metabolism can not only inhibit tumor initiation and progression but also exert serious side effects. With in-depth studies of nucleotide metabolism, our understanding of nucleotide metabolism in tumors has revealed their non-proliferative effects on immune escape, indicating the potential effectiveness of nucleotide antimetabolites for enhancing immunotherapy. A growing body of evidence now supports the concept that targeting nucleotide metabolism can increase the antitumor immune response by (1) activating host immune systems via maintaining the concentrations of several important metabolites, such as adenosine and ATP, (2) promoting immunogenicity caused by increased mutability and genomic instability by disrupting the purine and pyrimidine pool, and (3) releasing nucleoside analogs via microbes to regulate immunity. Therapeutic approaches targeting nucleotide metabolism combined with immunotherapy have achieved exciting success in preclinical animal models. Here, we review how dysregulated nucleotide metabolism can promote tumor growth and interact with the host immune system, and we provide future insights into targeting nucleotide metabolism for immunotherapeutic treatment of various malignancies.

Health-Related Quality of Life Among Pregnant Women With Pre-pregnancy Smoking and Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy in China: National Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have hardly explored the influence of pre-pregnancy smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of pregnant women, which is a topic that need to be addressed. In addition, pregnant women in China constitute a big population in the largest developing country of the world and cannot be neglected. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the HRQoL of pregnant women in China with different smoking statuses and further estimate the association between pre-pregnancy smoking, smoking cessation, and the HRQoL. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the association between different smoking statuses (smoking currently, quit smoking, never smoking) and the HRQoL in pregnant women across mainland China. A web-based questionnaire was delivered through the Banmi Online Maternity School platform, including questions about demographics, smoking status, and the HRQoL. EuroQoL Group's 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) scale with EuroQoL Group's visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) was used for measuring the HRQoL. Ethical approval was granted by the institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (ICE-2017-296). RESULTS: From August to September 2019, a total of 16,483 participants from 31 provinces were included, of which 93 (0.56%) were smokers, 731 (4.43%) were ex-smokers, and 15,659 (95%) were nonsmokers. Nonsmokers had the highest EQ-VAS score (mean 84.49, SD 14.84), smokers had the lowest EQ-VAS score (mean 77.38, SD 21.99), and the EQ-VAS score for ex-smokers was in between (mean 81.04, SD 17.68). A significant difference in EQ-VAS scores was detected between nonsmokers and ex-smokers (P<.001), which indicated that pre-pregnancy smoking does have a negative impact on the HRQoL (EQ-VAS) of pregnant women. Compared with nonsmokers, ex-smokers suffered from more anxiety/depression problems (P=.001, odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% CI 1.12-1.50). Among ex-smokers, the increased cigarette consumption was associated with a lower EQ-5D index (P=.007) and EQ-VAS score (P=.01) of pregnant women. Compared to smokers, no significant difference was found in the ex-smokers' EQ-5D index and EQ-VAS score (P=.33). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking history is associated with a lower HRQoL in pregnant Chinese women. Pre-pregnancy smoking is related to a lower HRQoL (EQ-VAS) and a higher incidence of depression/anxiety problems. Smoking cessation during pregnancy does not significantly improve the HRQoL of pregnant Chinese women. Among ex-smokers, the more cigarettes they smoke, the lower HRQoL they have during pregnancy. We suggest that the Chinese government should strengthen the education on quitting smoking and avoiding second-hand smoke for women who have pregnancy plans and their family members.

Understanding Health Communication Through Google Trends and News Coverage for COVID-19: Multinational Study in Eight Countries.

BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health information related to COVID-19 has spread across news media worldwide. Google is among the most used internet search engines, and the Google Trends tool can reflect how the public seeks COVID-19-related health information during the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand health communication through Google Trends and news coverage and to explore their relationship with prevention and control of COVID-19 at the early epidemic stage. METHODS: To achieve the study objectives, we analyzed the public's information-seeking behaviors on Google and news media coverage on COVID-19. We collected data on COVID-19 news coverage and Google search queries from eight countries (ie, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand) between January 1 and April 29, 2020. We depicted the characteristics of the COVID-19 news coverage trends over time, as well as the search query trends for the topics of COVID-19-related "diseases," "treatments and medical resources," "symptoms and signs," and "public measures." The search query trends provided the relative search volume (RSV) as an indicator to represent the popularity of a specific search term in a specific geographic area over time. Also, time-lag correlation analysis was used to further explore the relationship between search terms trends and the number of new daily cases, as well as the relationship between search terms trends and news coverage. RESULTS: Across all search trends in eight countries, almost all search peaks appeared between March and April 2020, and declined in April 2020. Regarding COVID-19-related "diseases," in most countries, the RSV of the term "coronavirus" increased earlier than that of "covid-19"; however, around April 2020, the search volume of the term "covid-19" surpassed that of "coronavirus." Regarding the topic "treatments and medical resources," the most and least searched terms were "mask" and "ventilator," respectively. Regarding the topic "symptoms and signs," "fever" and "cough" were the most searched terms. The RSV for the term "lockdown" was significantly higher than that for "social distancing" under the topic "public health measures." In addition, when combining search trends with news coverage, there were three main patterns: (1) the pattern for Singapore, (2) the pattern for the United States, and (3) the pattern for the other countries. In the time-lag correlation analysis between the RSV for the topic "treatments and medical resources" and the number of new daily cases, the RSV for all countries except Singapore was positively correlated with new daily cases, with a maximum correlation of 0.8 for the United States. In addition, in the time-lag correlation analysis between the overall RSV for the topic "diseases" and the number of daily news items, the overall RSV was positively correlated with the number of daily news items, the maximum correlation coefficient was more than 0.8, and the search behavior occurred 0 to 17 days earlier than the news coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed public interest in masks, disease control, and public measures, and revealed the potential value of Google Trends in the face of the emergence of new infectious diseases. Also, Google Trends combined with news media can achieve more efficient health communication. Therefore, both news media and Google Trends can contribute to the early prevention and control of epidemics.

Health-related quality of life in different trimesters during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women experience physical, physiological, and mental changes. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a relevant indicator of psychological and physical behaviours, changing over the course of pregnancy. This study aims to assess HRQoL of pregnant women during different stages of pregnancy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed using the The EuroQoL Group's five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) to assess the HRQoL of pregnant women, and demographic data were collected. This study was conducted in a regional university hospital in Guangzhou, China. RESULTS: A total of 908 pregnant women were included in this study. Pregnant women in the early 2nd trimester had the highest HRQoL. The HRQoL of pregnant women rose from the 1st trimester to the early 2nd trimester, and dropped to the bottom at the late 3rd trimester due to some physical and mental changes. Reports of pain/discomfort problem were the most common (46.0%) while self-care were the least concern. More than 10% of pregnant women in the 1st trimester had health-related problems in at least one dimension of whole five dimensions. In the whole sample, the EuroQoL Group's visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) was 87.86 ± 9.16. Across the gestational stages, the HRQoL remained stable during the pregnancy but the highest value was observed in the 1st trimester (89.65 ± 10.13) while the lowest was in the late 3rd trimester (87.28 ± 9.13). CONCLUSIONS: During pregnancy, HRQoL were associated with gestational trimesters in a certain degree. HRQoL was the highest in the early 2nd trimester and then decreased to the lowest in the late 3rd trimester due to a series of physical and psychological changes. Therefore, obstetric doctors and medical institutions should give more attention and care to pregnant women in the late 3rd trimester.

Psychobehavioral Responses, Post-Traumatic Stress and Depression in Pregnancy During the Early Phase of COVID-19 Outbreak.

Objective: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has aroused a range of negative effects. Such considerable influence can be greater in vulnerable populations including pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the presence of prenatal depression (PND, as an important risk factor of postpartum depression) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to characterize infection-induced preventive behaviors and psychological responses in the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: Based on a population-based sample of pregnant women from all regions in China, presence of probable PND and suspected PTSD were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (≥13) and the PTSD Checklist (≥14), respectively. A web-based questionnaire was used to assess psychological and behavioral responses to COVID-19. Results: Among a total of 1908 questionnaires returned, 1901 women provided valid data (mean [SD] age, 28.9 [4.7] years). High prevalence of probable PND (34%) and suspected PTSD (40%) among pregnant women was observed. Those with suspected PTSD presented six times higher risk of probable PND than the non-suspected (OR=7.83, 95% CI: 6.29-9.75; p<0.001). Most women (91%-96%) reported anxiousness about infection of themselves and the members within their social network. Lack of security and loss of freedom were reported in approximately two-thirds of pregnant women. More frequent preventive behaviors, including handwashing, use of facemasks, and staying at home, were undertaken in more than 80% of the sample. Anxiousness of miscarriage and preterm birth were prevalent (>75%). Conclusions: High prevalence of PND and PTSD and high levels of anxiety suggest profound impacts of the present outbreak on mental health. This calls for special attention and support for vulnerable populations. Mental health care should become part of public health measures during the present outbreak and should continue to be intensified to empower the health system for post-outbreak periods.

Maternal tobacco exposure and health-related quality of life during pregnancy: a national-based study of pregnant women in China.

BACKGROUND: With the increase of the number of smokers, tobacco exposure among pregnant women is becoming more and more common. Pregnant women exposed to first-hand smoke and second-hand smoke are susceptible to physiological and psychological health issues has been proved in previous studies. Nevertheless, there are no enough studies focus on the impact of third-hand smoke during pregnancy. This study aimed to assess and compare health-related quality of life for pregnant women with exposure to first-hand smoke, second-hand smoke, third-hand smoke and non-exposure to tobacco in mainland China. METHODS: National-based cross-sectional study is based on a questionnaire survey which collects information including demographics, smoking behaviors and self-evaluation. All questionnaires were delivered and collected from August to September 2019. EuroQol group's visual analog scale and EuroQoL Five-dimension Questionnaire were used to collect data in mainland China. RESULTS: Totally, 15,682 pregnant women were included in this study, among which non-exposure to smoke were 7564 (48.2%), exposed to first-hand smoke, second-hand smoke and third-hand smoke were 89 (0.6%), 2349 (15.0%), and 5680 (36.2%) respectively. Pregnant women without tobacco exposure had the highest EuroQol group's visual analog scale score (mean value = 85.4[SD = 14.0]), while those with first-hand smoke had the lowest score (mean value = 77.4[SD = 22.2]). Among all five dimensions of EuroQoL Five-dimension Questionnaire, there were significant differences of EQ-index among groups with different tobacco exposure in usual activity and anxiety or depression dimensions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Third-hand smoke exposure had close relationship with low health-related quality of life in pregnant women. Moreover, second-hand smoke exposure significantly led more problems on mental dimension of pregnant women.

Prior Local or Systemic Treatment: A Predictive Model Could Guide Clinical Decision-Making for Locoregional Recurrent Breast Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Locoregional recurrent breast cancer indicates poor prognosis. No solid prediction model is available to predict prognosis and guide clinical management. Prior local treatment or systemic treatment remains controversial. METHODS: Locoregional recurrent breast cancer patients operated in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were enrolled as a training cohort. An external validation cohort included breast cancer patients after locoregional recurrence from Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University. A nomogram predicting overall survival after locoregional recurrence was established using multivariable Cox regression analysis while internal and external validation were performed to evaluate its calibration and discrimination. RESULTS: Overall, 346 and 96 breast cancer patients were included in the training cohort and the validation cohort separately. A nomogram was developed, including age, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, breast surgery, pathology type, tumor size, lymph node status, hormonal receptor and Her-2 status, disease-free interval, and sites of locoregional recurrence. It had modest calibration and discrimination in the training cohort, internal validation and external validation (concordance index: 0.751, 0.734 and 0.722, respectively). The nomogram classified 266 and 80 patients into low and high-risk subgroups with distinctive prognosis. Local treatment after locoregional recurrence was associated with improved overall survival in low-risk group (P = 0.011), while systemic therapies correlated with better outcomes only in high-risk group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A nomogram based on clinicopathological factors can predict prognosis and identify low and high-risk patients. Local treatment is a prior choice for low-risk patients whereas systemic treatment needs to be considered for high-risk patients, warranting further validation and exploration.

The association between secondhand smoke and childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure can trigger asthma exacerbations in children. Different studies have linked increased asthma symptoms and even deaths in children with SHS, but the risk has not been quantified uniformly across studies. We aimed to investigate the role of SHS exposure as a risk factor of asthma among children. METHODS: We performed a systematic review in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from June 1975 to 10 March 2020. We included cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies reporting odds ratio (OR) or relative risk estimates and confidence intervals of all types of SHS exposure and childhood asthma. RESULTS: Of the 26 970 studies identified, we included 93 eligible studies (42 cross-sectional, 41 cohort, and 10 case-control) in the meta-analysis. There were significantly positive associations between SHS exposure and doctor-diagnosed asthma (OR = 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-1.28), wheezing (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.23-1.32) and asthma-like syndrome (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.34-1.64). The funnel plots of all three outcomes skewed to the right, indicating that the studies generally favor a positive association of the disease with tobacco exposure. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that younger children tended to suffer more from developing doctor-diagnosed asthma, but older children (adolescents) suffered more from wheezing. There was no evidence of significant publication or small study bias using Egger's and Begg's tests. CONCLUSION: The results show a positive association between prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoking exposure and the occurrence of childhood asthma, asthma-like syndrome, and wheezing. These results lend support to continued efforts to reduce childhood exposure to secondhand smoke.

Online Antenatal Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities and Challenges.

People across the world have been greatly affected by the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The high infection risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in hospitals is particularly problematic for recently delivered mothers and currently pregnant women who require professional antenatal care. Online antenatal care would be a preferable alternative for these women since it can provide pregnancy-related information and remote clinic consultations. In addition, online antenatal care may help to provide relatively economical medical services and diminish health care inequality due to its convenience and cost-effectiveness, especially in developing countries or regions. However, some pregnant women will doubt the reliability of such online information. Therefore, it is important to ensure the quality and safety of online services and establish a stable, mutual trust between the pregnant women, the obstetric care providers and the technology vis-a-vis the online programs. Here, we report how the COVID-19 pandemic brings not only opportunities for the development and popularization of online antenatal care programs but also challenges.