Comparison of soil quality assessment methods for different vegetation eco-restoration techniques at engineering disturbed areas.

Scientific assessment of soil quality is the foundation of sustainable vegetation eco-restoration in engineering disturbed areas. This study aimed to find a qualitative and comprehensive method for assessing soil quality after vegetation eco-restoration in engineering disturbed areas. Sixteen soil indicators were used at six vegetation eco-restoration sites as the potential soil indicators. A minimum data set (MDS) and revised minimum data set (RMDS) were determined by principal component analysis. Six soil quality indices (SQIs) of varying scoring functions based on different data sets were employed in this study. Significant positive correlations were observed among all six SQIs, indicating that the effects of different vegetation eco-restoration measures on soil quality could be quantified by all six SQIs. The SQI values of the vegetation concrete eco-restoration slope (VC), frame beam filling soil slope (FB), thick layer base material spraying slope (TB), and external-soil spray seeding slope (SS) were all significantly higher than the SQI value of the abandoned slag slope (AS). It is noteworthy that the SQIs of the VC and TB sites were also significantly higher than the SQI of the natural forest (NF) site. These results indicate that the application of artificial remediation measures can significantly improve the soil quality of the disturbed area at the Xiangjiaba hydropower station. The results of this study also indicate that the SQI-NLRM method is a practical and accurate quantitative tool for soil quality assessment and is recommended for evaluating soil quality under various vegetation eco-restoration techniques in disturbance areas at the Xiangjiaba hydropower station and in other areas with similar habitat characteristics.

Acetylcholine regulates the melanogenesis of retinal pigment epithelia cells via a cAMP-dependent pathway: A non-neuronal function of cholinergic system in retina.

The turnover rate of melanogenesis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and its molecular signaling remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of cholinergic signaling in the process of melanogenesis of cultured RPE cells. Here, a human retinal pigment epithelia cell line, ARPE-19 cell, was used to study the process of melanogenesis. The mRNA and protein expressions of cholinergic molecules, e.g., acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and melanogenic molecules i.e., tyrosinase (TYR), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and melanin pigment were measured during melanogenesis of cultured ARPE-19 cells. Forskolin (a cAMP inducing agent), acetylcholine (ACh) and bethanechol (Bch; a muscarinic AChR agonist) were used to induce melanogenesis in the cultures. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonists were employed to identify the receptor subtype. During melanogenesis of ARPE-19 cells, the mRNA and protein expressions of cholinergic molecules, e.g., AChE and BChE, were increased along with melanogenic molecules, i.e., TYR, MITF and melanin pigment. Forskolin, ACh, and Bch induced an upregulation of melanogenesis in cultured ARPE-19 cultures: the induction was parallel to an increase of AChE expression. The Bch-induced enzymatic activities and mRNA levels of AChE and TYR were fully blocked by the treatments of gallamine (a M2 specific antagonist), tropicamide (a M4 specific antagonist) and atropine (non-specific antagonist for mAChRs). Cholinergic signaling via M2/M4 mAChRs regulates melanogenesis in cultured ARPE-19 cells through a cAMP-dependent pathway. This study provides insights into the regulation of RPE cell melanogenesis via a non-neuronal function of cholinergic system.

Understanding the mechanisms behind the antibacterial activity of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles against sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediments.

Nanomaterials, with their small size, surface characteristics, and antibacterial properties, are extensively employed across environmental, energy, biomedical, agricultural, and other industries. This study examined the antibacterial efficacy of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) nanoparticles (NPs) against sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) within sediments. The inhibitory effects of two types of Mg(OH)2 NPs with distinct particle sizes (20.3 and 29.6 nm) and concentrations (0-10.0 mg/mL) were examined under optimal treatment conditions. The antibacterial mechanisms of Mg(OH)2 NPs through direct contact and dissolution effects were determined. The results revealed a correlation between the concentration, particle size, and inhibitory activity, with the smallest NPs (20.3 nm) at the highest concentration (10.0 mg/mL) substantially reducing SRB counts from 8.77 ± 0.18 to 6.48 ± 0.13 log10 colony forming units/mL after 6 h treatment. Treatment with high concentrations of Mg(OH)2 NPs induced cellular damage, reduced intracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity, and elevated intracellular catalase activity and H2O2 content, suggesting that the contact effect of NPs stimulated SRB. This leads to oxidative stress response and structural damage to the cell membrane, which has emerged as the primary driver of the antibacterial action of Mg(OH)2 NPs. This study presents a novel nanomaterial that can inhibit and control SRB in natural sedimentary environments.

Multi-omics analysis reveals regime shifts in the gastrointestinal ecosystem in chickens following anticoccidial vaccination and Eimeria tenella challenge.

Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria parasites, significantly impacts poultry farm economics and animal welfare. Beyond its direct impact on health, Eimeria infection disrupts enteric microbial populations leading to dysbiosis and increases vulnerability to secondary diseases such as necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens. The impact of Eimeria infection or anticoccidial vaccination on host gastrointestinal phenotypes and enteric microbiota remains understudied. In this study, the metabolomic profiles and microbiota composition of chicken caecal tissue and contents were evaluated concurrently during a controlled experimental vaccination and challenge trial. Cobb500 broilers were vaccinated with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-vectored anticoccidial vaccine and challenged with 15,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts. Assessment of caecal pathology and quantification of parasite load revealed correlations with alterations to caecal microbiota and caecal metabolome linked to infection and vaccination status. Infection heightened microbiota richness with increases in potentially pathogenic species, while vaccination elevated beneficial Bifidobacterium. Using a multi-omics factor analysis, data on caecal microbiota and metabolome were integrated and distinct profiles for healthy, infected, and recovering chickens were identified. Healthy and recovering chickens exhibited higher vitamin B metabolism linked to short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, whereas essential amino acid and cell membrane lipid metabolisms were prominent in infected and vaccinated chickens. Notably, vaccinated chickens showed distinct metabolites related to the enrichment of sphingolipids, important components of nerve cells and cell membranes. Our integrated multi-omics model revealed latent biomarkers indicative of vaccination and infection status, offering potential tools for diagnosing infection, monitoring vaccination efficacy, and guiding the development of novel treatments or controls.IMPORTANCEAdvances in anticoccidial vaccines have garnered significant attention in poultry health management. However, the intricacies of vaccine-induced alterations in the chicken gut microbiome and its subsequent impact on host metabolism remain inadequately explored. This study delves into the metabolic and microbiotic shifts in chickens post-vaccination, employing a multi-omics integration analysis. Our findings highlight a notable synergy between the microbiome composition and host-microbe interacted metabolic pathways in vaccinated chickens, differentiating them from infected or non-vaccinated cohorts. These insights pave the way for more targeted and efficient approaches in poultry disease control, enhancing both the efficacy of vaccines and the overall health of poultry populations.

Unravelling High Water Vapor-Induced Inhibitory Effects on Pt/Co3O4 Catalysts toward Benzene Oxidation.

Water vapor inevitably exists in the environment, which causes adverse impacts on many crucial chemical reactions. However, high water vapor of up to 10 vol %─relevant to a broad spectrum of industrial practices-for catalytic implications has been less investigated or neglected. As such, we explored an industry-relevant, humidity-highly sensitive benzene oxidation only in the presence of 10 vol % water vapor using the well-established Pt/Co3O4 catalysts, to bring such an important yet ignored topic to the forefront. Results revealed that Pt/Co3O4 catalysts possessing higher contents of Pt nanoparticles exhibited marked tolerance to water vapor interference. Under an incomplete benzene conversion condition, the input of 10 vol % water vapor indeed impaired the catalytic performance of Pt/Co3O4 catalyst significantly, which, in fact, was caused by the unfavorable formation of carboxylate species covering the catalyst's surface engendering irrecoverable activity loss, instead of the well-accepted water competitive adsorption. While such activity loss can be restored by elevating the reaction to a higher temperature. This study helps us to understand the compromised catalytic activity caused by high humidity, urging the systematic evaluation of well-established catalyst systems in high water vapor-contained conditions and pressing the development of water-tolerant catalysts for real-life application consideration.

Genome-wide variation study and inter-tissue communication analysis unveil regulatory mechanisms of egg-laying performance in chickens.

Egg-laying performance is of great economic importance in poultry, but the underlying genetic mechanisms are still elusive. In this work, we conduct a multi-omics and multi-tissue integrative study in hens with distinct egg production, to detect the hub candidate genes and construct hub molecular networks contributing to egg-laying phenotypic differences. We identifiy three hub candidate genes as egg-laying facilitators: TFPI2, which promotes the GnRH secretion in hypothalamic neuron cells; CAMK2D, which promotes the FSHß and LHß secretion in pituitary cells; and OSTN, which promotes granulosa cell proliferation and the synthesis of sex steroid hormones. We reveal key endocrine factors involving egg production by inter-tissue crosstalk analysis, and demonstrate that both a hepatokine, APOA4, and an adipokine, ANGPTL2, could increase egg production by inter-tissue communication with hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Together, These results reveal the molecular mechanisms of multi-tissue coordinative regulation of chicken egg-laying performance and provide key insights to avian reproductive regulation.

Photochromism, Thermochromism, and Electrochromism in Solid-State Host-Guest Inclusion Complexes of ß-Cyclodextrin with Dialkylcarboxyl-Substituted Viologens.

Multi-stimuli-responsive chromic materials have immense potential for utilization. Herein, two supramolecular inclusion complexes were prepared by self-assembly of ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) with dialkylcarboxyl-substituted viologens, N,N'-di(3-carboxy-propyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (CPV·Cl2) and N,N'-di(6-carboxy-hexyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium dibromide (CHV·Br2). The self-assembled inclusion complexes CPV2+@ß-CD and CHV2+@ß-CD2 in the solid-state exhibited naked-eye photochromism, thermochromism, and electrochromism in response to multiple external stimuli including light, temperature, and electric field, respectively. Solid-state UV-vis diffuse reflectance and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that the observed photochromism, thermochromism and electrochromism are attributed to the formation of viologen free radicals induced by electron transfer under external stimuli. The excellent stimuli-response chromic properties of the title inclusion complexes support their practical utility in visual display, multiple anticounterfeiting, and multilevel information encryption.

Electrothermally-Driven Ultrafast Chemical Modulation of Multifunctional Nanocarbon Aerogels.

Ultrahigh-temperature Joule-heating of carbon nanostructures opens up unique opportunities for property enhancements and expanded applications. This study employs rapid electrical Joule-heating at ultrahigh temperatures (up to 3000 K within 60 s) to induce a transformation in nanocarbon aerogels, resulting in highly graphitic structures. These aerogels function as versatile platforms for synthesizing customizable metal oxide nanoparticles while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to conventional furnace heating methods. The thermal conductivity of the aerogel, characterized by Umklapp scattering, can be precisely adjusted by tuning the heating temperature. Utilizing the aerogel's superhydrophobic properties enables its practical application in filtration systems for efficiently separating toxic halogenated solvents from water. The hierarchically porous aerogel, featuring a high surface area of 607 m2 g-1, ensures the uniform distribution and spacing of embedded metal oxide nanoparticles, offering considerable advantages for catalytic applications. These findings demonstrate exceptional catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization, achieving a 98.9% conversion of dibenzothiophene in the model fuel. These results are corroborated by theoretical calculations, surpassing many high-performance catalysts. This work highlights the pragmatic and highly efficient use of nanocarbon structures in nanoparticle synthesis under ultrahigh temperatures, with short heating durations. Its broad implications extend to the fields of electrochemistry, energy storage, and high-temperature sensing.

GBA-AAV mitigates sleep disruptions and motor deficits in mice with REM sleep behavior disorder.

Sleep disturbances, including rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia, are common non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about the underlying mechanisms, partly due to the inability of current rodent models to adequately mimic the human PD sleep phenotype. Clinically, increasing studies have reported that variants of the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) increase the risk of PD. Here, we developed a mouse model characterized by sleep-wakefulness by injecting α-synuclein preformed fibronectin (PFF) into the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) of GBA L444P mutant mice and investigated the role of the GBA L444P variant in the transition from rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder to PD. Initially, we analyzed spectral correlates of REM and NREM sleep in GBA L444P mutant mice. Importantly, EEG power spectral analysis revealed that GBA L444P mutation mice exhibited reduced delta power during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased theta power (8.2-10 Hz) in active rapid eye movement (REM) sleep phases. Our study revealed that GBA L444P-mutant mice, after receiving PFF injections, exhibited increased sleep fragmentation, significant motor and cognitive dysfunctions, and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the over-expression of GBA-AAV partially improved these sleep disturbances and motor and cognitive impairments. In conclusion, we present the initial evidence that the GBA L444P mutant mouse serves as an essential tool in understanding the complex sleep disturbances associated with PD. This model further provides insights into potential therapeutic approaches, particularly concerning α-synuclein accumulation and its subsequent pathological consequences.

Classification of Behaviour in Conventional and Slow-Growing Strains of Broiler Chickens Using Tri-Axial Accelerometers.

Behavioural states such as walking, sitting and standing are important in indicating welfare, including lameness in broiler chickens. However, manual behavioural observations of individuals are often limited by time constraints and small sample sizes. Three-dimensional accelerometers have the potential to collect information on animal behaviour. We applied a random forest algorithm to process accelerometer data from broiler chickens. Data from three broiler strains at a range of ages (from 25 to 49 days old) were used to train and test the algorithm, and unlike other studies, the algorithm was further tested on an unseen broiler strain. When tested on unseen birds from the three training broiler strains, the random forest model classified behaviours with very good accuracy (92%) and specificity (94%) and good sensitivity (88%) and precision (88%). With the new, unseen strain, the model classified behaviours with very good accuracy (94%), sensitivity (91%), specificity (96%) and precision (91%). We therefore successfully used a random forest model to automatically detect three broiler behaviours across four different strains and different ages using accelerometers. These findings demonstrated that accelerometers can be used to automatically record behaviours to supplement biomechanical and behavioural research and support in the reduction principle of the 3Rs.

Influence of Immersion Time on the Frequency Domain Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Signals in Clayey Mineral Rocks.

The frequency domain characteristics of acoustic emission can reflect issues such as rock structure and stress conditions that are difficult to analyze in time domain parameters. Studying the influence of immersion time on the mechanical properties and acoustic emission frequency domain characteristics of muddy mineral rocks is of great significance for comprehensively analyzing rock changes under water-rock coupling conditions. In this study, uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission tests were conducted on sandstones containing montmorillonite under dry, saturated, and different immersion time conditions, with a focus on analyzing the effect of immersion time on the dominant frequency of rock acoustic emission. The results indicated that immersion time had varying degrees of influence on compressive strength, the distribution characteristics of dominant acoustic emission frequencies, the frequency range of dominant frequencies, and precursor information of instability failure for sandstones. After initial saturation, the strength of the rock sample decreased from 53.52 MPa in the dry state to 49.51 MPa, and it stabilized after 30 days of immersion. Both dry and initially saturated rock samples exhibited three dominant frequency bands. After different immersion days, a dominant frequency band appeared between 95 kHz and 110 kHz. After 5 days of immersion, the dominant frequency band near 0 kHz gradually disappeared. After 60 days of immersion, the dominant frequency band between 35 kHz and 40 kHz gradually disappeared, and with increasing immersion time, the dominant frequency of the acoustic emission signals increased. During the loading process of dry rock samples, the dominant frequency of acoustic emission signals was mainly concentrated between 0 kHz and 310 kHz, while after saturation, the dominant frequencies were all below 180 kHz. The most significant feature before the rupture of dry rock samples was the frequent occurrence of high frequencies and sudden changes in dominant frequencies. Before rupture, the characteristics of precursor events for initially saturated and immersed samples for 5, 10, and 30 days were the appearance and rapid increase in sudden changes in dominant frequencies, as well as an enlargement of the frequency range of dominant frequencies. After 60 days of immersion, the precursor characteristics of rock sample rupture gradually disappeared, and sudden changes in dominant frequencies frequently occurred at various stages of sample loading, making it difficult to accurately predict the rupture of specimens based on these sudden changes.

[Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Combined With 4-Screw Fixation for Treating Two-Level Degenerative Lumbar Diseases:A Finite Element Study].

Objective To demonstrate the feasibility of oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) combined with 4-screw fixation for treating two-level lumbar degenerative diseases.Methods An intact finite element model of L3-S1 (M0) was constructed and validated.Then,we constructed the M1 model by simulating OLIF surgery at L3/4 and L4/5 segments on the M0 model.By attachment of posterior 4-screw or 6-screw fixation to the M1 model,three 4-screw fixation models (M2-M4) and one 6-screw fixation model (M5) were established.The segmental and overall range of motion (ROM) and the peak von Mises stresses of superior endplate,cage,and posterior screw-rod were investigated under each implanted condition.Results Under the motion modes of forward flexion,backward extension,bilateral (left and right) flexion,and left and right rotation,the L3/4 ROM of M2 model and L4/5 ROM of M3 model increased,while the L3/4 and L4/5 ROM of M4 and M5 models significantly decreased compared with those of M1 model.Under all motion modes,the L4 superior endplate in M2 model and the L5 superior endplate in M3 model showed the maximum peak von Mises stress,and the peak von Mises stresses of L4 and L5 superior endplates in M4 and M5 models were close.The L3/4 cage in M2 model and the L4/5 cage in M3 model showcased the largest peak von Mises stress,and the peak von Mises stresses of cages in M4 and M5 models were close.The peak stresses of internal fixation in M2-M5 models were close.Conclusion Four-screw fixation can replace 6-screw fixation in the OLIF surgery for treating two-level degenerative lumbar diseases.

Remodeling of intestinal bacterial community and metabolome of Dezhou donkey induced by corn silage.

Corn silage can usually improve the growth performance and the meat quality of ruminants, and subsequently increase the economic benefits of farming. However, little is known about the effects of corn silage on donkeys. This experiment investigated the effects of corn silage on the weight gain, gut microbiota and metabolites of Dezhou donkeys. A total of 24 Dezhou donkeys, sourced from the same farm and exhibiting similar age and average body weight, were utilized in this experiment. The donkeys were allocated into two groups: a control group receiving a basic diet and a test group receiving a basic diet supplemented with 30% corn silage. Each group comprised 12 donkeys, evenly distributed by sex (6 males and 6 females). The experiment lasted for 100 days. Results showed that dietary supplementation with corn silage significantly (P < 0.05) improved the weight gain of Dezhou donkeys at the end of the experiment. And the supplementation of corn silage in the diet significantly altered the bacterial community composition and metabolome in the feces of the donkeys. Notably, the relative abundance ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was 0.76 in the control group compared to 0.96 in the test group. Furthermore, members of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla were associated with differentiated metabolites enriched in the arachidonic acid metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways, both of which have been reported to be related to animal growth. Specifically, Bacteroidia exhibited statistically (P < 0.05) positive correlations with 15S-HpETE, while Bacilli demonstrated statistically (P < 0.05) negative correlations with D-Xylulose. The findings of this study can advance our mechanistic understanding of the remodeling of intestinal microbiota and metabolome induced by corn silage, as well as their relationships with the growth performance of Dezhou donkeys, which in turn favor the improvement in nutrition of Dezhou donkeys.

Enhancing plant resilience: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi's role in alleviating drought stress in vegetation concrete.

Introduction: Drought stress usually inhibits plant growth, which may increase the difficulty of greening slopes. Methods: In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the growth and drought tolerance of two plant species, Festuca elata and Cassia glauca, in a vegetation concrete environment by exogenously inoculating AM fungi and setting three drought levels: well water, moderate drought and severe drought. The results showed that plant growth was significantly inhibited under drought stress; however, AM fungi inoculation significantly promoted plant height, root length, and above- and belowground biomass in these two plant species. Results: Compared with, those in the CK treatment, the greatest increases in the net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in the AM treatment group were 36.72%, 210.08%, and 66.41%, respectively. Moreover, inoculation with AM fungi increased plant superoxide dismutase and catalase activities by 4.70-150.73% and 9.10-95.70%, respectively, and reduced leaf malondialdehyde content by 2.79-55.01%, which alleviated the damage caused by oxidative stress. These effects alleviated the damage caused by oxidative stress and increased the content of soluble sugars and soluble proteins in plant leaves by 1.52-65.44% and 4.67-97.54%, respectively, which further increased the drought adaptability of plants. However, inoculation with AM fungi had different effects on different plants. Conclusion: In summary, this study demonstrated that the inoculation of AM fungi in vegetation concrete environments can significantly increase plant growth and drought tolerance. The plants that formed a symbiotic structure with AM fungi had a larger root uptake area, greater water uptake capacity, and greater photosynthesis and gas exchange efficiency. In addition, AM fungi inoculation further increased the drought adaptability of the plants by increasing their antioxidant enzyme activity and regulating their metabolite content. These findings are highly important for promoting plant growth and increasing drought tolerance under drought conditions, especially for potential practical applications in areas such as slope protection, and provide useful references for future ecological engineering and sustainable development.

Drivers and Pathways for the Recovery of Critical Metals from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards.

The ever-increasing importance of critical metals (CMs) in modern society underscores their resource security and circularity. Waste-printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are particularly attractive reservoirs of CMs due to their gamut CM embedding and ubiquitous presence. However, the recovery of most CMs is out of reach from current metal-centric recycling industries, resulting in a flood loss of refined CMs. Here, 41 types of such spent CMs are identified. To deliver a higher level of CM sustainability, this work provides an insightful overview of paradigm-shifting pathways for CM recovery from WPCBs that have been developed in recent years. As a crucial starting entropy-decreasing step, various strategies of metal enrichment are compared, and the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and hyperspectral sensing is highlighted. Then, tailored metal recycling schemes are presented for the platinum group, rare earth, and refractory metals, with emphasis on greener metallurgical methods contributing to transforming CMs into marketable products. In addition, due to the vital nexus of CMs between the environment and energy sectors, the upcycling of CMs into electro-/photo-chemical catalysts for green fuel synthesis is proposed to extend the recycling chain. Finally, the challenges and outlook on this all-round upgrading of WPCB recycling are outlined.

Recent advances in the radical cascade reaction for constructing nitrogen heterocycles using azides as radical acceptors.

Due to the high conversion properties, azide compounds are widely utilized in organic synthesis. For instance, azide compounds readily release nitrogen to form a new N-C bond when they function as radical acceptors for the active intermediates in the reaction. Over the past decade, strategies employing azides as radical acceptors to construct nitrogen heterocycles have been extensively developed. This approach has emerged as a crucial method for synthesizing nitrogen heterocycles. Therefore, this paper provides a review of the research advancements in tandem cyclization reactions using azides as radical acceptors, summarizing the process of reaction design, exploration, reasoning of the mechanism, and prospects for further research of these reactions.

Social risk to infant: The role of kin for maternal visual monitoring in Tibetan macaques.

Maternal monitoring of conspecifics is a crucial anti-predator strategy that also protects infants against risks within the social group. This study examines how maternal characteristics, infant characteristics, mother-infant distance, and the social environment affect maternal monitoring behaviors in free-ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana). We observed 12 females with infants and analyzed their visual monitoring patterns. Our findings indicate that maternal rank significantly influences the time allocated to maternal visual monitoring, higher-ranking mothers spending less time than lower-ranking mothers. Maternal experience also played a role in monitoring strategies. Differences in monitoring strategies were observed based on maternal experience: first-time mothers (primiparity) engaged in longer but less frequent monitoring sessions compared to experienced mothers (multiparity). The time and frequency of maternal monitoring decreased as infants aged, and mothers with male infants showed higher levels of monitoring than those with female infants. The distance between mother and infant also affected visual monitoring behavior, with mothers increasing their monitoring levels when infants were nearby (1-5 m), rather than within reach (0-1 m) or beyond nearby (>5 m). Additionally, the presence of kin and non-kin influenced monitoring: as the number of nearby kin increased, monitoring levels decreased, while the presence of more non-kin males led to an increase in monitoring time, and higher-ranking non-kin neighbors increased the frequency of monitoring. These results suggest that Tibetan macaque mothers can adapt their visual monitoring to the social risks faced by their infants, adjusting their strategies to their status and the needs of their offspring.

The role of preoperative FPR and FAR in prognostic evaluation of stages II and III radical colorectal cancer: A single-center retrospective study.

The inflammatory and nutritional states of body are 2 important causes associated with the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic evaluation value of preoperative fibrinogen-to-prealbumin ratio (FPR) and preoperative fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) in CRC. The clinical data of 350 stages II and III patients with CRC who received radical resection were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were followed up for 5 years to observe the overall survival and disease-free survival of 5 years and analyze the relationship between preoperative FPR and FAR and prognosis of all enrolled patients. In addition, we analyzed the diagnostic and application value of combined biomarkers. This study showed high-level preoperative FPR and FAR were significantly associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival of stages II and III patients with CRC. The elevated preoperative FPR and FAR level was significantly related to age, tumor differentiation level, TNM stage, vascular infiltration, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen199, etc. The combination of FPR, FAR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and carbohydrate antigen199 had the maximum area under curve (AUC = 0.856, 95% CI: 0.814-0.897, Sen = 78.20%, Spe = 82.49%, P < .05) under the receiver-operating characteristics curve. The preoperative FPR and FAR have important prognostic value and they can be used as independent prognostic marker for patients with stages II and III CRC undergoing radical resection. Moreover, the combination of biomarkers could further enhance the diagnostic and prognostic efficacy of CRC.

Temporal niche partitioning among sympatric wild and domestic ungulates between warm and cold seasons.

The coexistence of sympatric species with similar ecological niches has been a central issue in ecology. Clarifying the daily activity patterns of sympatric wild ungulates can help understand their temporal niche differentiation and the mechanisms of coexistence, providing information for their conservation. The Baotianman National Nature Reserve in northern China is rich in wild ungulates, but little is known about the daily activity patterns of wild ungulates in the area, making it difficult to develop effective conservation strategies. We studied five representative wild ungulates (i.e. forest musk deer, Chinese goral, Reeve's muntjac, Siberian roe deer, and wild boar) of the region using camera-trapping data, focusing on the seasonal daily activity patterns and effects of seasonal grazing of domestic sheep, to reveal their coexistence based on temporal ecological niche differentiation. Comparative analyses of the seasonal daily activity showed that forest musk deer exhibited a single-peak activity in the warm season. Other ungulates exhibited multipeak activity. All five ungulates differed significantly in daily activity patterns. Notably, wild boar and Reeve's muntjac showed high overlap coefficients between the cold and warm seasons. In both cold and warm seasons, the five wild ungulates and domestic sheep displayed low overlap in their daily activity rhythms potentially indicating temporal ecological niche differentiation. The results suggest that temporal isolation might be a strategy for wild ungulates to avoid domestic sheep and reduce interspecific competition, and that temporal ecological niche differentiation potentially promoted the coexistence among the studied sympatric ungulates. This understanding may provide new insights for the development of targeted conservation strategies.

Large-scale statistical analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome sequences identifies compensatory mutations associated with multi-drug resistance.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has a significant impact on global health worldwide. The development of multi-drug resistant strains that are resistant to the first-line drugs isoniazid and rifampicin threatens public health security. Rifampicin and isoniazid resistance are largely underpinned by mutations in rpoB and katG respectively and are associated with fitness costs. Compensatory mutations are considered to alleviate these fitness costs and have been observed in rpoC/rpoA (rifampicin) and oxyR'-ahpC (isoniazid). We developed a framework (CompMut-TB) to detect compensatory mutations from whole genome sequences from a large dataset comprised of 18,396 M. tuberculosis samples. We performed association analysis (Fisher's exact tests) to identify pairs of mutations that are associated with drug-resistance, followed by mediation analysis to identify complementary or full mediators of drug-resistance. The analyses revealed several potential mutations in rpoC (N = 47), rpoA (N = 4), and oxyR'-ahpC (N = 7) that were considered either 'highly likely' or 'likely' to confer compensatory effects on drug-resistance, including mutations that have previously been reported and validated. Overall, we have developed the CompMut-TB framework which can assist with identifying compensatory mutations which is important for more precise genome-based profiling of drug-resistant TB strains and to further understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that underpin drug-resistance.