Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of malonic acid non-nucleoside derivatives as potent CD73 inhibitors.

High levels of extracellular adenosine in tumor microenvironment (TME) has extensive immunosuppressive effect. CD73 catalyzes the conversion of AMP into adenosine and regulates its production. Inhibiting CD73 can reduce the level of adenosine and reverse adenosine-mediated immune suppression. Therefore, CD73 has emerged as a valuable target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, a new series of malonic acid non-nucleoside derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as CD73 inhibitors. Among them, compounds 18 and 19 exhibited significant inhibition activities against hCD73 with IC50 values of 0.28 µM and 0.10 µM, respectively, suggesting the feasibility of replacing the benzotriazole moiety in the lead compound. This study explored the novelty and structural diversity of CD73 inhibitors.

Effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for insomnia disorder on fear memory extinction: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Fear memory extinction is closely related to insomnia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is safe and effective for treating insomnia disorder (ID), and it has been shown to be an efficient method for modulating fear extinction. However, whether rTMS can improve fear extinction memory in ID patients remains to be studied. In this study, we specifically aim to (1) show that 1 Hz rTMS stimulation could improve fear extinction memory in ID patients and (2) examine whether changes in sleep mediate this impact. METHODS AND DESIGN: We propose a parallel group randomised controlled trial of 62 ID participants who meet the inclusion criteria. Participants will be assigned to a real rTMS group or a sham rTMS group. The allocation ratio will be 1:1, with 31 subjects in each group. Interventions will be administered five times per week over a 4-week period. The assessments will take place at baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 4), and 8-week follow-up (week 8). The primary outcome measure of this study will be the mean change in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores from baseline to post-intervention at week 4. The secondary outcome measures include the mean change in skin conductance response (SCR), fear expectation during fear extinction, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). DISCUSSION: This study will be the first examination of the impact of rTMS on fear memory extinction in ID patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trials Register ChiCTR2300076097. Registered on 25 September 2021.

SOD3 suppresses early cellular immune responses to parasite infection.

Host immune responses are tightly controlled by various immune factors during infection, and protozoan parasites also manipulate the immune system to evade surveillance, leading to an evolutionary arms race in host‒pathogen interactions; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We observed that the level of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) was significantly elevated in both Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients and mice infected with four parasite species. SOD3-deficient mice had a substantially longer survival time and lower parasitemia than control mice after infection, whereas SOD3-overexpressing mice were much more vulnerable to parasite infection. We revealed that SOD3, secreted from activated neutrophils, bound to T cells, suppressed the interleukin-2 expression and concomitant interferon-gamma responses crucial for parasite clearance. Overall, our findings expose active fronts in the arms race between the parasites and host immune system and provide insights into the roles of SOD3 in shaping host innate immune responses to parasite infection.

Discovery of Novel Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors Interacting with Dizinc Ions of CD73.

High extracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the tumor microenvironment generate adenosine by sequential dephosphorylation of CD39 and CD73, resulting in potent immunosuppression to inhibit T cell and natural killer (NK) cell function. CD73, as the determining enzyme for adenosine production, has been shown to correlate with poor clinical tumor prognosis. Conventional inhibitors as analogues of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) may have a risk of further metabolism to adenosine analogues. Here, we report a new series of malonic acid non-nucleoside inhibitors coordinating with zinc ions of CD73. Compound 12f was found to be a superior CD73 inhibitor (IC50 = 60 nM) by structural optimization, and its pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. In mouse tumor models, compound 12f showed excellent efficacy and reversal of immunosuppression in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting that it deserves further development as a novel CD73 inhibitor.

Effects of stock enhancement on the macrobenthic community and ecological health in the intertidal zone of the estuarine wetland in Nanhui, China.

Nanhui Dongtan Wetland is an important part of Yangtze Estuary Wetland, and its species diversity has been affected by reclamation in recent years. To increase the diversity of species in reclamation areas, stock enhancement was implemented in the Nanhui Dongtan Wetland in May 2020 as a method of ecological restoration. We investigated macrobenthos before and after release, analysed changes in the macrobenthos and evaluated the ecological health of the sampled area. The diversity index showed species were more abundant and community structure were more diversified after release. Functional groups and redundancy analysis showed that the effects of stock enhancement on macrobenthos in Nanhui Dongtan wetland may be based on changes in secondary productivity. Stock enhancement may promote the resistance of macrobenthic communities to organic pollution without negatively affecting ecological health. As a method of ecological restoration, stock enhancement will play a positive role in the restoration of macrobenthic communities.

ATG5-regulated CCL2/MCP-1 production in myeloid cells selectively modulates anti-malarial CD4+ Th1 responses.

Parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses are the predominant immune effector for controlling malaria infection; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study demonstrated that ATG5 deficiency in myeloid cells can significantly inhibit the growth of rodent blood-stage malarial parasites by selectively enhancing parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 cell responses. This effect was independent of ATG5-mediated canonical and non-canonical autophagy. Mechanistically, ATG5 deficiency suppressed FAS-mediated apoptosis of LY6G- ITGAM/CD11b+ ADGRE1/F4/80- cells and subsequently increased CCL2/MCP-1 production in parasite-infected mice. LY6G- ITGAM+ ADGRE1- cell-derived CCL2 selectively interacted with CCR2 on CD4+ Th1 cells for their optimized responses through the JAK2-STAT4 pathway. The administration of recombinant CCL2 significantly promoted parasite-specific CD4+ Th1 responses and suppressed malaria infection. Conclusively, our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of ATG5 in modulating myeloid cells apoptosis and sequentially affecting CCL2 production, which selectively promotes CD4+ Th1 cell responses. Our findings provide new insights into the development of immune interventions and effective anti-malarial vaccines.Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; CBA: cytometric bead array; CCL2/MCP-1: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL6: interleukin 6; IL10: interleukin 10; IL12: interleukin 12; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; pRBCs: parasitized red blood cells; RUBCN: RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein; STAT4: signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; Th1: T helper 1 cell; Tfh: follicular helper cell; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.

CD8+ Trms against malaria liver-stage: prospects and challenges.

Attenuated sporozoites provide a valuable model for exploring protective immunity against the malarial liver stage, guiding the design of highly efficient vaccines to prevent malaria infection. Liver tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (CD8+ Trm cells) are considered the host front-line defense against malaria and are crucial to developing prime-trap/target strategies for pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine immunization. However, the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism of the generation of liver CD8+ Trm cells and their responses to sporozoite challenge, as well as the protective antigens they recognize remain largely unknown. Here, we discuss the knowledge gap regarding liver CD8+ Trm cell formation and the potential strategies to identify predominant protective antigens expressed in the exoerythrocytic stage, which is essential for high-efficacy malaria subunit pre-erythrocytic vaccine designation.

PRL2 regulates neutrophil extracellular trap formation which contributes to severe malaria and acute lung injury.

Excessive host immune responses contribute to severe malaria with high mortality. Here, we show that PRL2 in innate immune cells is highly related to experimental malaria disease progression, especially the development of murine severe malaria. In the absence of PRL2 in myeloid cells, Plasmodium berghei infection results in augmented lung injury, leading to significantly increased mortality. Intravital imaging revealed greater neutrophilic inflammation and NET formation in the lungs of PRL2 myeloid conditional knockout mice. Depletion of neutrophils prior to the onset of severe disease protected mice from NETs associated lung injury, and eliminated the difference between WT and PRL2 CKO mice. PRL2 regulates neutrophil activation and NET accumulation via the Rac-ROS pathway, thus contributing to NETs associated ALI. Hydroxychloroquine, an inhibitor of PRL2 degradation alleviates NETs associated tissue damage in vivo. Our findings suggest that PRL2 serves as an indicator of progression to severe malaria and ALI. In addition, our study indicated the importance of PRL2 in NET formation and tissue injury. It might open a promising path for adjunctive treatment of NET-associated disease.

Malaria sporozoites evade host complement attack.

Complement is the first line of the host innate immune response against bacterial and viral infections; however, its role in the development of the malaria liver stage remains undefined. We found that sporozoite infection by either a mosquito bite or intravenous injection activated systemic complement, but neither depletion of C3 nor knockout of C3 had a significant effect on malaria liver stage development. Incubation of mouse serum with trypsin-treated sporozoites, but not naive sporozoites, led to the deposition of a membrane attack complex (MAC) on the surface of sporozoites and greatly reduced the number of exo-erythrocytic forms (EEF). Further studies have shown that the recruitment of complement H factor (CFH) may be associated with the prevention of MAC deposition on the surface of naïve sporozoites. Our data strongly suggest that sporozoites can escape complement attacks and provide us with a novel strategy to prevent malaria infection.

Comparative metabolomics analysis investigating the impact of melatonin-enriched diet on energy metabolism in the crayfish, Cherax destructor.

Melatonin is a multifunctional bioactive molecule present in almost all organisms and has been gradually used in the aquaculture industry in recent years. Energy metabolism is an essential process for individuals to maintain their life activities; however, the process through which melatonin regulates energy metabolism in aquatic animals remains unclear. The present study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory mechanism of melatonin for energy metabolism in Cherax destructor by combining metabolomics analysis with the detection of the key substance content, enzymatic activity, and gene expression levels in the energy metabolism process after culturing with dietary melatonin supplementation for 8 weeks. Our results showed that dietary melatonin increased the content of glycogen, triglycerides, and free fatty acids; decreased lactate levels; and promoted the enzymatic activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The results of gene expression analysis showed that dietary melatonin also increased the expression levels of hexokinase, PK, MDH, lactate dehydrogenase, lipase, and fatty acid synthase genes. The results of metabolomics analysis showed that differentially expressed metabolites were significantly enriched in lysine degradation and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that dietary melatonin increased oxidative phosphorylation, improved glucose utilization, and promoted storage of glycogen and lipids in C. destructor. These lipids are used not only for energy storage but also to maintain the structure and function of cell membranes. Our results further add to the understanding of the mechanisms of energy regulation by melatonin in crustaceans.

Effects of ß-1,3-glucan on growth, immune responses, and intestinal microflora of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) and its resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

In this study, we investigated the impact of ß-1,3-glucan on the immune responses and gut microbiota of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) in the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus stress. Shrimps were fed one of the following diets: control (G1), 0.2% curdlan (G2), 0.1% ß-1,3-glucan (G3), 0.2% ß-1,3-glucan (G4), or 1.0% ß-1,3-glucan (G5) for 6 weeks and then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus for 96 h. Under Vibrio stress, shrimps in G4 exhibited the highest length gain rate, weight gain rate, and survival rate. They also showed increased intestinal muscle thickness and villus thickness compared to the control and 0.2% curdlan groups. The apoptosis rate was lower in G4 than in the control group, and the digestive enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, amylase, and lipase), immune enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and phenoxidase), and energy metabolism (triglyceride, cholesterol, glycogen, and lactate dehydrogenase) were enhanced. Expression levels of growth-related genes (ecdysone receptor, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, chitin synthase, and retinoid X receptor) and immune-related genes (toll-like receptor 3, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14) were higher in G4 than in the control. Microbiota analysis indicated higher bacterial abundance in shrimps fed ß-1,3-glucan, as evidenced by Sob, Chao1, and ACE indices. Moreover, 0.2% ß-1,3-glucan increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes while reducing those of Corynebacteriales and Lactobacillales. In summary, ß-1,3-glucan enhances immune enzyme activities, alters immune-related gene expression, and impacts gut microbial diversity in shrimp. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ß-1,3 glucan's immune-enhancing effects.

Enterobacter Strain IPPBiotE33 Displays a Synergistic Effect with Bacillus thuringiensis Bt185.

The discovery and isolation of new non-Bt insecticidal bacteria and genes are significant for the development of new biopesticides against coleopteran pests. In this study, we evaluated the insecticidal activity of non-Bt insecticidal bacteria, PPBiotE33, IPPBiotC41, IPPBiotA42 and IPPBiotC43, isolated from the peanut rhizosphere. All these strains showed insecticidal activity against first- and third-instar larvae of Holotrichia parallela, Holotrichia oblita, Anomala corpulenta and Potosia brevitarsis. IPPBiotE33 showed the highest toxicity among the four strains and exhibited virulence against Colaphellus bowringi. The genome of IPPBiotE33 was sequenced, and a new protein, 03673, with growth inhibition effects on C. bowringi was obtained. In addition, IPPBiotE33 had a synergistic effect with Bacillus thuringiensis Bt185 against H. parallela in bioassays and back-inoculation experiments with peanut seedlings. IPPBiotE33 induced a decrease in hemocytes and an increase in phenol oxidase activity in H. parallela hemolymph, known as the immunosuppressive effect, which mediated synergistic activity with Bt185. This study increased our knowledge of the new insecticidal strain IPPBiotE33 and shed new light on the research on new insecticidal coaction mechanisms and new blended pesticides.

Dietary melatonin positively impacts the immune system of crayfish, Cherax destructor, as revealed by comparative proteomics analysis.

Melatonin, an indoleamine with various biological activities, is being used increasingly in the aquaculture industry for its broad immune effects. Cherax destructor is an emerging economically cultured crayfish that faces many problems in the breeding process. Previous work found that dietary melatonin has positive effects on the growth and immunity of C. destructor, but the specific mechanism involved remained unclear. In this study, proteomics was used to determine the mechanism of action of melatonin in C. destructor. Results showed that dietary melatonin resulted in decreased levels of hydrogen peroxide, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, but increased levels of glutathione peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and glutathione S-transferases. In total, 608 proteins were differentially expressed (418 upregulated and 190 downregulated), and were enriched in three main categories: innate immunity (B cell receptor signaling pathway and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity), glucose metabolism (pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and propionate metabolism), and amino acid metabolism (valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, and cysteine and methionine metabolism). In addition, dietary melatonin was also involved in the regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, and upregulated the expression of genes encoding key factors, such as Ras-related GTP-binding protein A/B, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase. Overall, this study demonstrates the role of melatonin in the physiological regulation of C. destructor, laying the foundation for the development of melatonin as a feed additive in the aquaculture of this species.

Comparison of Growth Performance and Biochemical Components between Low-Salinity-Tolerant Hybrid and Normal Variety of Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

Penaeus vannamei, a high-yield economical shrimp, is confronting germplasm degradation in the culture environments found in China, which results in a sharp drop in production. Genetic improvement by hybridization is an effective way to solve this problem. In this study, we selected the hybrid species adapted to low-salinity culture obtained by intraspecific crossing as the experimental group. The control group consisted of normal variety from the Hainan Lutai Company. The two groups of shrimps were cultured for three months under salinities of 1 PSU, 5 PSU, and 15 PSU. Growth-performance-related indicators, biochemical composition, and molting-related gene expression were examined. The results showed that at salinities of 1 PSU and 5 PSU, the survival rate and growth performance of the low-salt breeding group were better than those of the normal variety population. The digestive enzyme activity in the low-salt breeding group was higher, which was consistent with its better growth performance, and was also associated with higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, and glycogen content. Lower levels of lactic acid indicated less anaerobic metabolism and better adaptability to the environment. The amino acid and fatty acids analysis showed that levels of essential amino acids and high unsaturated fatty acids were both higher in the low-salt breeding group than in the normal variety shrimp cultured in a low-salinity environment. The expression levels of genes associated with molting (CHS, CaMKI, RXR, EcR, HSP60, and HSP70) were also higher in the low-salt breeding group than in the control group. The results indicated that the hybrid shrimp showed better growth performance and nutritional advantages compared with the normal shrimp under salinities of 1 PSU and 5 PSU. This research provides a valuable reference for subsequent genetic breeding and shrimp culture.

Haloxyfop-P-methyl induces immunotoxicity and glucose metabolism disorders and affects the Nrf2/ARE pathway mediated antioxidant system in Chiromantes dehaani.

Haloxyfop-P-methyl is used extensively in agricultural production, and its metabolites in soil have potentially toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we explored the toxicity of haloxyfop-P-methyl on Chiromantes dehaani. The results of the 21-day toxicity test showed that haloxyfop-P-methyl decreased the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). In glucose metabolism, haloxyfop-P-methyl reduced pyruvate, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase, but enhanced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase. Furthermore, expression of glucose metabolism-related genes was upregulated. We cloned the full-length CdG6PDH gene, which contains a 1587 bp ORF that encoded a 528 amino acid polypeptide. In antioxidant system, haloxyfop-P-methyl increased glutathione, thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin peroxidase activities and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway through upregulation of ERK, JNK, PKC and Nrf2. In immunity, low concentrations haloxyfop-P-methyl, or short-term exposure, upregulated the expression of immune-related genes and enhanced immune-related enzymes activity, while high concentrations or long-term exposure inhibited immune function. In summary, haloxyfop-P-methyl inhibited the growth performance, disrupted glucose metabolism, activated the antioxidant system, and led to immunotoxicity. The results deepen our understanding of the toxicity mechanism of haloxyfop-P-methyl and provide basic biological data for the comprehensive assessment of the risk of haloxyfop-P-methyl to the environment and humans.

Why is Babesia not killed by artemisinin like Plasmodium?

Babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic apicomplexans that digest and utilize red blood cells in a similar way to intraerythrocytic Plasmodium spp., but unlike the latter, are not sensitive to artemisinin. A comparison of Babesia and Plasmodium genomes revealed that Babesia genomes, which are smaller than those of Plasmodium, lack numerous genes, and especially haem synthesis-related genes, that are found in the latter. Single-cell sequencing analysis showed that the different treatment groups of Babesia microti with expressed pentose phosphate pathway-related, DNA replication-related, antioxidation-related, glycolysis-related, and glutathione-related genes were not as sensitive to artemether as Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL. In particular, pentose phosphate pathway-related, DNA replication-related, and glutathione-related genes, which were actively expressed in P. yoelii 17XNL, were not actively expressed in B. microti. Supplying iron in vivo can promote the reproduction of B. microti. These results suggest that Babesia spp. lack a similar mechanism to that of malaria parasites through which the haem or iron in hemoglobin is utilized, and that this likely leads to their insensitivity to artemisinin.

Implementing Routine HIV Screening in Hospitals: An Effective Practice to Expand HIV Testing - Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, 2019-2020.

What is already known about this topic?: Research evidence is insufficient to suggest whether routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening in healthcare settings is effective in promoting greater awareness of HIV-positive status. What is added by this report?: This study found that, following the implementation of routine HIV screening in hospitals in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, there was a significant increase in the number of HIV screenings, positive results, and the positive rate of HIV screening in primary-level hospitals. What are the implications for public health practice?: Routine hospital-based HIV screening is effective in identifying HIV infections in areas with concentrated epidemics.

Integrated physiological and transcriptome analysis reveals potential toxicity mechanism of haloxyfop-P-methyl to Chiromantes dehaani.

Haloxyfop-P-methyl is widely used in controlling gramineous weeds, including the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora. However, the mechanism of its toxicity to crustaceans is unclear. In this study, we adopted transcriptome analysis combined with physiologic changes to investigate the response of estuarine crab (Chiromantes dehaani) to haloxyfop-P-methyl. The results showed that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of C. dehaani to haloxyfop-P-methyl at 96 h was 12.886 mg/L. Antioxidant system analysis indicated that MDA, CAT, GR, T-GSH, and GSSG might be sensitive biomarkers that characterize the oxidative defense response of the crab. In total, 782 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 489 up-regulated and 293 down-regulated genes. Glutathione metabolism, detoxification response and energy metabolism were significantly enriched, revealing the potential toxic mechanism of haloxyfop-P-methyl to C. dehaani. These results provide a theoretical foundation for further research on haloxyfop-P-methyl toxicity to crustaceans.

Effects of dietary melatonin on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and nonspecific immunity in crayfish, Cherax destructor.

Melatonin (MT) is an indole hormone widely found in plants and animals. Many studies have shown that MT promotes the growth and immunity of mammals, fish, and crabs. However, the effect on commercial crayfish has not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary MT on growth performance and innate immunity of Cherax destructor from three aspects of individual level, biochemical level, and molecular level after 8 weeks of culture. In this study, we found that MT supplementation increased weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and digestive enzyme activity in C. destructor compared to the control group. Dietary MT not only promoted the activity of T-AOC, SOD, and GR, increased the content of GSH, and decreased the content of MDA in the hepatopancreas, but also increased the content of hemocyanin and copper ions and AKP activity in hemolymph. Gene expression results showed that MT supplementation at appropriate doses increased the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes (CDK, CKI, IGF, and HGF) and non-specific immune genes (TRXR, HSP60, and HSP70). In conclusion, our study showed that adding MT to the diet improved growth performance, enhanced the antioxidant capacity of hepatopancreas, and immune parameters of hemolymph in C. destructor. In addition, our results showed that the optimal dietary supplementation dose of MT in C. destructor is 75-81 mg/kg.

Effects of dietary soluble ß-1,3-glucan on the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense).

The effects of dietary ß-1,3-glucan on the growth performance, body composition, hepatopancreas tissue structure, antioxidant activities, and immune response of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) were investigated. In total, 900 juvenile prawns were fed one of five diets with different contents of ß-1,3-glucan (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 1.0%) or 0.2% curdlan for 6 weeks. The growth rate, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, specific weight gain rate, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index of juvenile prawns fed 0.2% ß-1,3-glucan were significantly higher than those fed 0% ß-1,3-glucan and 0.2% curdlan (p < 0.05). The whole-body crude lipid content of prawns supplemented with curdlan and ß-1,3-glucan was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The antioxidant and immune enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), lysozyme (LZM), phenoloxidase (PO), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the hepatopancreas of juvenile prawns fed 0.2% ß-1,3-glucan were significantly higher than those of the control and 0.2% curdlan groups (p < 0.05), and tended to increase and then decrease with increasing dietary ß-1,3-glucan. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in juvenile prawns without ß-1,3-glucan supplementation. The results of real-time quantitative PCR indicated that dietary ß-1,3-glucan promoted expression of antioxidant and immune-related genes. Binomial fit analysis of weight gain rate and specific weight gain rate showed that the optimum ß-1,3-glucan requirement of juvenile prawns was 0.550%-0.553%. We found that suitable dietary ß-1,3-glucan improved juvenile prawns growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and non-specific immunity, which provide reference for shrimp healthy culture.