ABSTRACT
Lead (Pb) is harmful to almost all organs, particularly the developmental neural system, and previous studies revealed oxidative stress played an important role in Pb neurotoxicity. Rutin, a type of flavonoid glycoside found in various plants and fruits, is widely used as a dietary supplement due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but whether rutin could protect against Pb neurotoxicity is unclear. In this study, we found rutin treatment significantly alleviated Pb-induced cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammation, resulting in cell survival. Moreover, rutin treatment promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus and subsequently activated antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes expression including HO-1. Knocking down Nrf2 by siRNA transfection abolished this protection of rutin against Pb. Overall, rutin could alleviate Pb-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death by activating the Nrf2/antioxidant response elements (ARE) system.
Subject(s)
Antioxidant Response Elements , Cell Death , Lead , NF-E2-Related Factor 2 , Oxidative Stress , Rutin , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Rutin/pharmacology , Humans , Cell Death/drug effects , Lead/toxicity , Cell Line, Tumor , Antioxidant Response Elements/drug effects , Inflammation/metabolism , Inflammation/chemically induced , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In this paper, we present a miniaturized endoscopic probe, consisted of MEMS micromirror, silicon optical bench (SiOB), grade index (GRIN) lens, single mode optical fiber (SMF) and transparent housing, for optical coherence tomography (OCT) bioimaging. Due to the use of the MEMS micromirror, the endoscopic OCT system is highly suitable for non-invasive imaging diagnosis of a wide variety of inner organs. The probe engineering and proof of concept were demonstrated by obtaining the two-dimensional OCT images with a cover slide and an onion used as standard samples and the axial resolution was around 10µm.
Subject(s)
Endoscopes , Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems/instrumentation , Tomography, Optical Coherence/instrumentation , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , Equipment Design , SiliconABSTRACT
An ultra long high resolution beam with extension of depth of focus (DoF) in the axial direction as well as high resolution in the transverse direction has been demonstrated by a seven-zone rotationally symmetrical complex pupil filter imposed at the aperture of a focusing lens. Both amplitude and phase of the transmitted light are modulated in different zones. The scalar diffraction theory is used to optimize the zone parameters. Simulation results show that extended DoF of the beam is increased by 16 times while the spot size at the beam waist is reduced to 0.7 times.