Sea surface Fresnel reflections difference driven de-glint algorithm for airborne optical images.

This paper presents a glint correction algorithm for high spatial resolution optical remote sensing imagery captured by the ER-2 Airborne Visual Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). The algorithm employs linear and differential techniques to mitigate sun glint and sky glint effects, encompassing statistical glint reflections resulting from variations in imaging angles within strips and inter-strip variations due to Fresnel reflectance disparities. It aims to diminish Fresnel reflectance diversity on water surfaces and mitigate the distortions induced by glint reflectance during spectral and ocean color inversion. A comparative analysis of spectral and ocean color information in AVIRIS images before and after correction reveals enhanced accuracy following the glint correction. By systematically addressing multiple glint reflections and their ramifications, this method offers a valuable framework for correcting water surface glint in diverse high spatial resolution optical imagery.

A Hybrid Unsupervised Clustering Method for Predicting the Risk of Dental Implant Loss.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to predict the risk of dental implant loss by clustering features associated with implant survival rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple clinical features from 8513 patients who underwent single implant placement were retrospectively analysed. A hybrid method integrating unsupervised learning algorithms with survival analysis was employed for data mining. Two-step cluster, univariate Cox regression, and Kaplan‒Meier survival analyses were performed to identify the clustering features associated with implant survival rates. To predict the risk of dental implant loss, nomograms were constructed on the basis of time-stratified multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: Six clusters with distinct features and prognoses were identified using two-step cluster analysis and Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis. Compared with the other clusters, only one cluster presented significantly lower implant survival rates, and six specific clustering features within this cluster were identified as high-risk factors, including age, smoking history, implant diameter, implant length, implant position, and surgical procedure. Nomograms were created to assess the impact of the six high-risk factors on implant loss for three periods: 1) 0-120 days, 2) 120-310 days, and 3) more than 310 days after implant placement. The concordance indices of the models were 0.642, 0.781, and 0.715, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid unsupervised clustering method, which clusters and identifies high-risk clinical features associated with implant loss without relying on predefined labels or target variables, represents an effective approach for developing a visual model for predicting implant prognosis. However, further validation with a multimodal, multicentre, prospective cohort is needed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Visual prognosis prediction utilizing this nomogram that predicts the risk of implant loss on the basis of clustering features can assist dentists in preoperative assessments and clinical decision-making, potentially improving dental implant prognosis.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition ameliorated neuroinflammation during chronic white matter ischemia.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), a disease afflicting numerous individuals worldwide, is a primary cause of cognitive deficits, the pathogenesis of which remains poorly understood. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition (BTKi) is considered a promising strategy to regulate inflammatory responses within the brain, a crucial process that is assumed to drive ischemic demyelination progression. However, the potential role of BTKi in CCH has not been investigated so far. In the present study, we elucidated potential therapeutic roles of BTK in both in vitro hypoxia and in vivo ischemic demyelination model. We found that cerebral hypoperfusion induced white matter injury, cognitive impairments, microglial BTK activation, along with a series of microglia responses associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis. Tolebrutinib treatment suppressed both the activation of microglia and microglial BTK expression. Meanwhile, microglia-related inflammation and ferroptosis processes were attenuated evidently, contributing to lower levels of disease severity. Taken together, BTKi ameliorated white matter injury and cognitive impairments induced by CCH, possibly via skewing microglia polarization towards anti-inflammatory and homeostatic phenotypes, as well as decreasing microglial oxidative stress damage and ferroptosis, which exhibits promising therapeutic potential in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced demyelination.

Effect of tannic acid on adiponectin and gonads in male Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii).

Adiponectin regulates steroid production and influences gonadal development. This study examined the effects of tannic acid (TA) on the adiponectin levels and gonads of male Brandt's voles. Male Brandt's voles aged 90 d were randomly separated into three groups: a control group (provided distilled water), a group given 600 mg∙kg-1 TA, and a group that received 1200 mg∙kg-1 TA (continuous gavage for 18 d). In this study, we examined the effects of TA on the adiponectin, antioxidant, and inflammatory levels in the testes. Furthermore, we examined the expression of important regulatory elements that influence adiponectin expression and glucose utilisation. In addition, the body weight, reproductive organ weight, and testicular shape were assessed. Our study observed that TA treatment increased serum adiponectin levels, DsbA-L and Ero1-Lα transcription levels, and AdipoR1, AMPK, GLUT1, and MCT4 expression levels in testicular tissue. TA enhanced pyruvate and lactic acid levels in the testicular tissue, boosted catalase activity, and reduced MDA concentrations. TA reduced the release of inflammatory factors in the testicular tissues of male Brandt's voles. TA increased the inner diameter of the seminiferous tubules. In conclusion, TA appears to stimulate adiponectin secretion and gonadal growth in male Brandt's voles while acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

[Effects of Replacing Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer on Active Organic Carbon Fractions, Enzyme Activities, and Crop Yield in Yellow Soil].

Taking the typical yellow soil in Guizhou as the research object, four treatments were set up： no fertilization （CK）, single application of chemical fertilizer （NP）, 50% organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer [1/2（NPM）], and 100% organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer （M）. The effects of organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on organic carbon and its active components, soil carbon pool management index, soil enzyme activity, and maize and soybean yield in yellow soil were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and soil quality improvement in this area. The results showed that the replacement of chemical nitrogen fertilizer by organic fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN） content, and C/N ratio. Compared with those in the CK and NP treatments, the content and distribution ratio of soil active organic carbon components and soil carbon pool management index （CPMI） were improved by replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer, and the effect of replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with 50% organic fertilizer was the best. Compared with those in the NP treatment, the 1/2 （NPM） treatment significantly increased the contents of soil readily oxidizable organic carbon （ROC333, ROC167）, dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） by 22.90%, 8.10%, 29.32%, and 23.22%, respectively. Compared with those under the CK and NP treatments, organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer increased soil enzyme activities. The activities of catalase, urease, sucrase, and phosphatase in the 1/2 （NPM） treatment were significantly increased by 21.89%, 8.24%, 34.91%, and 18.78%, respectively, compared with those in the NP treatment. Compared with that of the NP treatment, the maize yield of the 1/2 （NPM） and M treatments was significantly increased by 44.15% and 17.39%, respectively. There was no significant difference in soybean yield among different fertilization treatments. Correlation analysis showed that soil SOC was significantly positively correlated with ROC333, ROC167, ROC33, DOC, MBC, and soil active organic carbon components, and CPMI was significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon and its active components （P<0.01）. Corn yield was significantly positively correlated with soil enzyme activity, CPMI, total organic carbon, and its active components （P<0.05）. Therefore, from the perspective of yield increase and soil fertility, 50% organic fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was conducive to improving soil quality and soil fertility, which is the key fertilization technology to achieve a high yield of crops in the yellow soil area of Anshun, Guizhou.

Food Grinding Behavior: A Review of Causality and Influential Factors.

Food waste is a common issue arising from grinding of food by experimental animals, leading to excessive food scraps falling into cages. In the wild, animals grind food by gnawing vegetation and seeds, potentially damaging the ecological environment. However, limited ecology studies have focused on food grinding behavior since the last century, with even fewer on rodent food grinding, particularly recently. Although food grinding's function is partially understood, its biological purposes remain under-investigated and driving factors unclear. This review aims to explain potential causes of animal food grinding, identify influencing factors, and discuss contexts and limitations. Specifically, we emphasize recent progress on gut microbiota significance for food grinding. Moreover, we show abnormal food grinding is determined by degree of excess normal behavior, emphasizing food grinding is not meaningless. Findings from this review promote comprehensive research on the myriad factors, multifaceted roles, and intricate evolution underlying food grinding behavior, benefiting laboratory animal husbandry and ecological environment protection, and identifying potential physiological benefits yet undiscovered.

The Toxoplasma secreted effector TgWIP modulates dendritic cell motility by activating host tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2.

The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes life-threatening toxoplasmosis to immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenesis of Toxoplasma relies on its swift dissemination to the central nervous system through a 'Trojan Horse' mechanism using infected leukocytes as carriers. Previous work found TgWIP, a protein secreted from Toxoplasma, played a role in altering the actin cytoskeleton and promoting cell migration in infected dendritic cells (DCs). However, the mechanism behind these changes was unknown. Here, we report that TgWIP harbors two SH2-binding motifs that interact with tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2, leading to phosphatase activation. DCs infected with Toxoplasma exhibited hypermigration, accompanying enhanced F-actin stress fibers and increased membrane protrusions such as filopodia and pseudopodia. By contrast, these phenotypes were abrogated in DCs infected with Toxoplasma expressing a mutant TgWIP lacking the SH2-binding motifs. We further demonstrated that the Rho-associated kinase (Rock) is involved in the induction of these phenotypes, in a TgWIP-Shp1/2 dependent manner. Collectively, the data uncover a molecular mechanism by which TgWIP modulates the migration dynamics of infected DCs in vitro.

Role of ADP ribosylation factor guanylate kinase 1 in the malignant biological behavior of gastric cancer.

Aim: This study aims to investigate the influence of ASAP1 (ADP ribosylation factor guanylate kinase 1) on the malignant behavior of gastric cancer (GC) cells and to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression. Methods: We assessed the impact of ASAP1 overexpression and knockdown on GC cell malignancy using CCK8, colony formation, flow cytometry (Annexin V/propidium iodide), Transwell migration, invasion, and scratch assays. Western blot analysis was used to assess the effects of ASAP1 on angiogenesis, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), apoptotic proteins, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, as well as AKT and p-AKT. The influence of ASAP1 knockdown was also evaluated in nude mice bearing BGC823 cell-derived tumors. Results: Our findings revealed that ASAP1 was significantly overexpressed in GC cells, enhancing their proliferation, invasion, and migration, while reducing apoptosis. Conversely, ASAP1 knockdown reversed these effects, markedly increasing the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 (Casp3), PARP, and the epithelial marker E-cadherin, and significantly decreasing MMP2, MMP9, VEGFA, and mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin and vimentin. Additionally, it reduced AKT, and p-AKT levels (P < 0.01). Tumor growth in nude mice was suppressed following ASAP1 knockdown. Conclusion: The overexpression of ASAP1 significantly promotes malignant behaviors in GC cells, whereas its knockdown diminishes these effects. This modulation is potentially through the downregulation of VEGFA, leading to reduced angiogenesis, Cleaved-Casp3 and Cleaved-PARP overexpression, and a decrease in MMPs, EMT, AKT, and p-AKT activity.

Benefits of Hepatitis C Viral Eradication: A Real-World Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) increases the risk of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This nationwide cohort study assessed the effectiveness of viral eradication of CHC. METHODS: The Taiwanese chronic hepatitis C cohort and Taiwan hepatitis C virus (HCV) registry are nationwide HCV registry cohorts incorporating data from 23 and 53 hospitals in Taiwan, respectively. This study included 27,577 individuals from these cohorts that were given a diagnosis of CHC and with data linked to the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients received either pegylated interferon and ribavirin or direct-acting antiviral agent therapy for > 4 weeks for new-onset LC and liver-related events. RESULTS: Among the 27,577 analyzed patients, 25,461 (92.3%) achieved sustained virologic response (SVR). The mean follow-up duration was 51.2 ± 48.4 months, totaling 118,567 person-years. In the multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) for incident HCC was 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.95, p = 0.052) among noncirrhotic patients without SVR compared with those with SVR and 1.82 (95% CI 1.34-2.48) among cirrhotic patients without SVR. The HR for liver-related events, including HCC and decompensated LC, was 1.70 (95% CI 1.30-2.24) among cirrhotic patients without SVR. Patients with SVR had a lower 10-year cumulative incidence of new-onset HCC than those without SVR did (21.7 vs. 38.7% in patients with LC, p < 0.001; 6.0 vs. 18.4% in patients without LC, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: HCV eradication reduced the incidence of HCC in patients with and without LC and reduced the incidence of liver-related events in patients with LC.

Rotavirus vaccination is a protective factor for adverse outcomes in primary intussusception: a single-center retrospective study.

Background: The clinical features and prognosis of intussusception in children vaccinated against rotavirus were undefined. Hence, we conducted the study to explore the clinical characteristics and outcomes of primary intussusception patients who received rotavirus vaccine. Methods: A single-center retrospective study was performed in 327 primary intussusception patients between January 2019 and December 2021. Of these, 168 were vaccinated against rotavirus and 159 were not, the latter serving as the control group. Data on patients' clinical characteristics, commonly used inflammatory biomarkers, treatment, and outcomes were collected and evaluated. Results: Most of the vaccination group received pentavalent rotavirus vaccine produced by Merck, USA (89.88%). There were no differences in demographic characteristics, time from onset to hospital attendance, clinical symptoms and signs between the vaccination group and the control group. The success rate of air enema reduction in the vaccination group was higher than that in the control group (98.21% vs. 88.68%, q=0.01). The vaccination group had lower rates of surgery and complication (1.79% vs. 11.32%, q=0.008; 2.98% vs. 12.58%, q=0.006). Both platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were lower in the vaccinated group (q=0.02, q=0.004). Higher CRP level [odds ratio (OR): 1.635; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.248-2.143; P=0.006] and the longer time from onset to hospital attendance (OR: 3.040; 95% CI: 2.418-12.133; P=0.01) were associated with increased adverse events. Rotavirus vaccination (OR: 0.527; 95% CI: 0.103-0.751; P=0.02) was associated with a reduction in the probability of adverse events. Conclusions: Adverse events such as surgery and complications were lower in the vaccination group. Rotavirus vaccination was an independent protective factor for adverse events in patients with primary intussusception.

Effects of perioperative magnesium on postoperative analgesia following thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

To evaluate the analgesic effects of intravenous magnesium in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) were systematically identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library from inception to May 1st, 2023. The primary outcome was the effect of intravenous magnesium on the severity of postoperative pain at 24 hours following surgery, while the secondary outcomes included association between intravenous magnesium and pain severity at other time points, morphine consumption, and haemodynamic changes. Meta-analysis of seven RCTs published between 2007 and 2019, involving 549 adults, showed no correlation between magnesium and pain scores at 1-4 (standardized mean difference [SMD]=-0.06; p=0.58), 8-12 (SMD=-0.09; p=0.58), 24 (SMD=-0.16; p=0.42), and 48 (SMD=-0.27; p=0.09) hours post-surgery. Perioperative magnesium resulted in lower equivalent morphine consumption at 24 hours post-surgery (mean difference [MD]=-25.22 mg; p=0.04) and no effect at 48 hours (MD=-4.46 mg; p=0.19). Magnesium decreased heart rate (MD = -5.31 beats/min; p=0.0002) after tracheal intubation or after surgery, but had no effect on postoperative blood pressure (MD=-6.25 mmHg; p=0.11). There was a significantly higher concentration of magnesium in the magnesium group compared with that in the placebo group (MD = 0.91 mg/dL; p<0.00001). This meta-analysis provides evidence supporting perioperative magnesium as an analgesic adjuvant at 24 hours following thoracic surgery, but no opioid-sparing effect at 48 hours post-surgery. The severity of postoperative pain did not significantly differ between any of the postoperative time points, irrespective of magnesium. Further research on perioperative magnesium in various surgical settings is needed.

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental evaluation to explore the complementary therapeutic effect and mechanism of melatonin in periodontitis.

Objective: To explore the potential targets for melatonin in the treatment of periodontitis through network pharmacologic analysis and experimental validation via in vivo animal models and in vitro cellular experiments. Materials and methods: In this study, we first screened melatonin targets from Pharm Mapper for putative targets, Drug Bank, and TCMSP databases for known targets. Then, disease database was searched and screened for differential expressed genes associated with periodontitis. The intersection of disease and melatonin-related genes yielded potential target genes of melatonin treatment for periodontitis. These target genes were further investigated by protein-protein interaction network and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis. In addition, the interactions between melatonin and key target genes were interrogated by molecular docking simulations. Then, we performed animal studies to validate the therapeutic effect of melatonin by injecting melatonin into the peritoneal cavity of ligation-induced periodontitis (LIP) mice. The effects of melatonin on the predicted target proteins were also analyzed using Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques. Finally, we constructed an in vitro cellular model and validated the direct effect of melatonin on the predicted targets by using qPCR. Results: We identified 8 potential target genes by network pharmacology analysis. Enrichment analysis suggests that melatonin may treat periodontitis by inhibiting the expression of three potential targets (MPO, MMP8, and MMP9). Molecular docking results showed that melatonin could effectively bind to MMP8 and MMP9. Subsequently, melatonin was further validated in a mouse LIP model to inhibit the expression of MPO, MMP8, and MMP9 in the periodontal tissue. Finally, we verified the direct effect of melatonin on the mRNA expression of MPO, MMP8, and MMP9 in an in vitro cellular model. Conclusions: Through a combination of network pharmacology and experimental validation, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of melatonin to treat periodontitis. Our study suggests that MPO, MMP8, and MMP9 as key target genes of melatonin to treat periodontitis. These findings present a more comprehensive basis for further investigation into the mechanisms of pharmacological treatment of periodontitis by melatonin.

The Toxoplasma secreted effector TgWIP modulates dendritic cell motility by activating host tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2.

The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes life-threatening toxoplasmosis to immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenesis of Toxoplasma relies on its swift dissemination to the central nervous system through a 'Trojan Horse' mechanism using infected leukocytes as carriers. Previous work found TgWIP, a protein secreted from Toxoplasma, played a role in altering the actin cytoskeleton and promoting cell migration in infected dendritic cells (DCs). However, the mechanism behind these changes was unknown. Here, we report that TgWIP harbors two SH2-binding motifs that interact with tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2, leading to phosphatase activation. DCs infected with Toxoplasma exhibited hypermigration, accompanying enhanced F-actin stress fibers and increased membrane protrusions such as filopodia and pseudopodia. By contrast, these phenotypes were abrogated in DCs infected with Toxoplasma expressing a mutant TgWIP lacking the SH2-binding motifs. We further demonstrated that the Rho-associated kinase (Rock) is involved in the induction of these phenotypes, in a TgWIP-Shp1/2 dependent manner. Collectively, the data uncover a molecular mechanism by which TgWIP modulates the migration dynamics of infected DCs in vitro.

Helicobacter pylori-Induced Angiopoietin-Like 4 Promotes Gastric Bacterial Colonization and Gastritis.

Helicobacter pylori infection is characterized as progressive processes of bacterial persistence and chronic gastritis with features of infiltration of mononuclear cells more than granulocytes in gastric mucosa. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is considered a double-edged sword in inflammation-associated diseases, but its function and clinical relevance in H. pylori-associated pathology are unknown. Here, we demonstrate both pro-colonization and pro-inflammation roles of ANGPTL4 in H. pylori infection. Increased ANGPTL4 in the infected gastric mucosa was produced from gastric epithelial cells (GECs) synergistically induced by H. pylori and IL-17A in a cagA-dependent manner. Human gastric ANGPTL4 correlated with H. pylori colonization and the severity of gastritis, and mouse ANGPTL4 from non-bone marrow-derived cells promoted bacteria colonization and inflammation. Importantly, H. pylori colonization and inflammation were attenuated in Il17a -/-, Angptl4 -/-, and Il17a -/- Angptl4 -/- mice. Mechanistically, ANGPTL4 bound to integrin αV (ITGAV) on GECs to suppress CXCL1 production by inhibiting ERK, leading to decreased gastric influx of neutrophils, thereby promoting H. pylori colonization; ANGPTL4 also bound to ITGAV on monocytes to promote CCL5 production by activating PI3K-AKT-NF-κB, resulting in increased gastric influx of regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) via CCL5-CCR4-dependent migration. In turn, ANGPTL4 induced Treg proliferation by binding to ITGAV to activate PI3K-AKT-NF-κB, promoting H. pylori-associated gastritis. Overall, we propose a model in which ANGPTL4 collectively ensures H. pylori persistence and promotes gastritis. Efforts to inhibit ANGPTL4-associated pathway may prove valuable strategies in treating H. pylori infection.

Universal Entanglement Spectrum in One-Dimensional Gapless Symmetry Protected Topological States.

Quantum entanglement marks a definitive feature of topological states. However, the entanglement spectrum remains insufficiently explored for topological states without a bulk energy gap. Using a combination of field theory and numerical techniques, we accurately calculate and analyze the entanglement spectrum of gapless symmetry protected topological states in one dimension. We highlight that the universal entanglement spectrum not only encodes the nontrivial edge degeneracy, generalizing the Li-Haldane conjecture to gapless topological states, but also contains the operator content of the underlying boundary conformal field theory. This implies that the bulk wave function can act as a fingerprint of both quantum criticality and topology in gapless symmetry protected topological states. We also identify a symmetry enriched conformal boundary condition that goes beyond the conventional conformal boundary condition.

Virtual sketching-based dental anatomy module improves learners' abilities to use computer-aided design to create dental restorations and prostheses.

Dental anatomy education for dental technology students should be developed in alignment with digital dental laboratory practices. We hypothesized that a virtually assisted sketching-based dental anatomy teaching module could improve students' acquisition of skills essential for digital restoration design. The second-year dental technology curriculum included a novel virtual technology-assisted sketching-based module for dental anatomy education. Pre- and post-course assessments evaluated students' skill sets and knowledge bases. Computer-aided design (CAD) scores were analyzed after one year to assess how the skills students developed through this module impacted their subsequent CAD performance. Participants who undertook the dental sketching-based teaching module demonstrated significantly improved theoretical knowledge of dental anatomy, dental aesthetic perception, and spatial reasoning skills. A partial least squares structural equation model indicated that the positive effects of this module on subsequent CAD performance were indirectly mediated by dental aesthetic perception, spatial reasoning, and practice time. A virtually assisted sketching-based dental anatomy teaching module significantly improved students' acquisition of skills and knowledge and positively mediated dental technology students' CAD performance.

Optic Neuritis After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Series and a Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic broke out in March 2020, causing tremendous damage to public health and more than 6 million deaths. After authorization for the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines, various adverse events have been reported, including optic neuritis. COVID-19 vaccination was implemented in Taiwan in March 2021. METHODS: We report patients who developed optic neuritis after COVID-19 vaccination at one university-affiliated tertiary hospital, between March 2021 and December 2022. We also provided a literature review of optic neuritis cases after COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS: Five patients who developed optic neuritis after COVID-19 vaccination have been identified. Four brands of vaccine used were as follows: Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, Medigen, and Oxford AstraZeneca. Optic neuritis developed after the first dose of vaccination in 4 patients, whereas in 1 patient, it developed after the second shot. In the 3 patients with poor initial visual acuity, intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy achieved substantial improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Optic neuritis is a rare but potentially vision-threatening adverse effect of COVID-19 vaccination. We suggest early diagnosis and treatment to maximize visual outcomes.

Dimethyl Dihydrophenazine: A Highly Conjugated Auxochrome in Fluorophores to Improve Photostability, Red-Shift Wavelength, and Enlarge Stokes Shift.

5,10-Dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazine (MP) is utilized as an effective auxochrome, leveraging its highly conjugated structure to enhance the photophysical and photochemical properties of fluorophores. As illustrated in the difluoride-boron complex and coumarin fluorophores, the extensive conjugation of MP auxochrome substantially red-shifts the absorption/emission wavelengths and increases Stokes shift due to the intensified intramolecular charge transfer effect; notably, MP auxochrome effectively improves fluorophores' photostability by mitigating photooxidative reactions through enhanced electron density delocalization on nitrogen atoms and increased ionization potential. Importantly, MP-based fluorophores demonstrate applicability in stimulated emission depletion nanomicroscopy, showcasing their utility in lipid droplet labeling.