Volatile Organic Compounds of Wickerhamomyces anomalus Prevent Postharvest Black Spot Disease in Tomato.

Postharvest diseases, such as black spots caused by Alternaria alternata, have caused huge economic losses to the tomato industry and seriously restricted its development. In recent years, biological control has become a new method to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Our research group screened W. anomalus, a yeast demonstrating a promising control effect on a postharvest black spot disease of tomatoes, and explored its physiological mechanism of prevention and control. Therefore, this study investigated the prevention and control effect of metabolites of W. anomalus on tomato black spot disease and the inhibition effect of main components on A. alternata. A GC-MS analysis found that isoamyl acetate was the main component of W. anomalus that played an inhibitory role. The results showed that isoamyl acetate could inhibit the growth of A. alternata and had a certain control effect on postharvest black spots in tomatoes. Our findings suggest that isoamyl acetate could be a promising alternative to fungicides for controlling postharvest black spots in tomatoes.

Deciphering the mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligases in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses and perspectives on PROTACs for crop resistance.

With global climate change, it is essential to find strategies to make crops more resistant to different stresses and guarantee food security worldwide. E3 ubiquitin ligases are critical regulatory elements that are gaining importance due to their role in selecting proteins for degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis pathway. The role of E3 Ub ligases has been demonstrated in numerous cellular processes in plants responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. E3 Ub ligases are considered a class of proteins that are difficult to control by conventional inhibitors, as they lack a standard active site with pocket, and their biological activity is mainly due to protein-protein interactions with transient conformational changes. Proteolysis-targeted chimeras (PROTACs) are a new class of heterobifunctional molecules that have emerged in recent years as relevant alternatives for incurable human diseases like cancer because they can target recalcitrant proteins for destruction. PROTACs interact with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, principally the E3 Ub ligase in the cell, and facilitate proteasome turnover of the proteins of interest. PROTAC strategies harness the essential functions of E3 Ub ligases for proteasomal degradation of proteins involved in dysfunction. This review examines critical advances in E3 Ub ligase research in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It highlights how PROTACs can be applied to target proteins involved in plant stress response to mitigate pathogenic agents and environmental adversities.

Advances in the Multifaceted Functions of Cys2/His2-Type Zinc Finger Proteins in Distinctive Plant Characters.

Recent research findings established the cruciality of Cys2/His2-type Zinc Finger Proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) in plant growth and their relevance in coping with various stressors. Nevertheless, the complex structure of the C2H2-ZFPs network and the molecular mechanisms of response to stress in adversity have received considerable attention and now require more in-depth examination. This paper reviews the structural characteristics, classification, and recent functional research advances of C2H2-ZFPs. In addition, it systematically introduces the roles of these proteins across diverse facets of plant biology, encompassing growth and development, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and laying the foundation for future functional studies of C2H2-ZFPs.

Revisiting the current and emerging concepts of postharvest fresh fruit and vegetable pathology for next-generation antifungal technologies.

Fungal infections of fresh fruits and vegetables (FFVs) can lead to safety problems, including consumer poisoning by mycotoxins. Various strategies exist to control fungal infections of FFVs, but their effectiveness and sustainability are limited. Recently, new concepts based on the microbiome and pathobiome have emerged and offer a more holistic perspective for advancing postharvest pathogen control techniques. Understanding the role of the microbiome in FFV infections is essential for developing sustainable control strategies. This review examines current and emerging approaches to postharvest pathology. It reviews what is known about the initiation and development of infections in FFVs. As a promising concept, the pathobiome offers new insights into the basic mechanisms of microbial infections in FFVs. The underlying mechanisms uncovered by the pathobiome are being used to develop more relevant global antifungal strategies. This review will also focus on new technologies developed to target the microbiome and members of the pathobiome to control infections in FFVs and improve safety by limiting mycotoxin contamination. Specifically, this review stresses emerging technologies related to FFVs that are relevant for modifying the interaction between FFVs and the microbiome and include the use of microbial consortia, the use of genomic technology to manipulate host and microbial community genes, and the use of databases, deep learning, and artificial intelligence to identify pathobiome markers. Other approaches include programming the behavior of FFVs using synthetic biology, modifying the microbiome using sRNA technology, phages, quorum sensing, and quorum quenching strategies. Rapid adoption and commercialization of these technologies are recommended to further improve the overall safety of FFVs.

Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveals an improved biological control efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 enhanced with ascorbic acid against the oxidative stress tolerance caused by Penicillium expansum in pears.

Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16, a species of significant ecological importance, has distinctive physiological and biological regulatory systems that aid in its survival and environmental adaptation. The goal of this investigation was to understand the complex interactions between physiological and molecular mechanisms in pear fruits as induced by S. pararoseus Y16. The study investigated the use of S. pararoseus Y16 and ascorbic acid (VC) in combination in controlling blue mold decay in pears via physiological and transcriptomic approach. The study results showed that treatment of S. pararoseus Y16 with 150 µg/mL VC reduced pears blue mold disease incidence from 43% to 11%. Furthermore, the combination of S. pararoseus Y16 and VC significantly inhibited mycelia growth and spore germination of Penicillium expansum in the pear's wounds. The pre-treatment did not impair post-harvest qualities of pear fruit but increased antioxidant enzyme activity specifically polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. The transcriptome analysis further uncovered 395 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways involved in defense mechanisms and disease resistance. Notable pathways of the DEGs include plant-pathogen interaction, tyrosine metabolism, and hormone signal transduction pathways. The integrative approach with both physiological and transcriptomic tools to investigate postharvest pathology in pear fruits with clarification on how S. pararoseus Y16 enhanced with VC, improved gene expression for disease defense, and create alternative controls strategies for managing postharvest diseases.

The proteome of Penicillium expansum during infection of postharvest apple is revealed using Label-Free and Parallel Reaction Monitoring(PRM)Techniques.

Penicillium expansum is the main pathogen in the postharvest storage of apples. Penicilliosis caused by P. expansum infection not only seriously affects the appearance and quality of fruits, but also the secondary metabolite Patulin (PAT) can cause harm to human health. Until now, little attention has been paid to the molecular mechanism of P. expansum infecting apples. Studying its molecular mechanism can help us better prevent and control apple postharvest blue mold. In this present investigation, we will use Label-Free technology to perform proteomic sequencing on apple samples at key time points of P. expansum infection, explore and screen key proteins and metabolic pathways during infection, and use Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) technology to thoroughly validate proteomic data. The infection of P. expansum activates the MAPK signaling pathway, plant-pathogen interaction metabolic pathway and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway of apple, participates in the regulation of ROS generation and oxidative stress process, promotes the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids, and the synthesis of Pathogenesis-Related Protein helps apple directly defend against P. expansum infection. This study provides the foundation for relevant postharvest control strategies, paving the way for further exploration of the proteome of pathogens infecting fruit and vegetables. SIGNIFICANCE: Proteins are macromolecules essential to the life of organisms, as they participate in the function and structure of cells. Proteomics technology is currently one of the important means to study the the response mechanism of pathogenic bacteria to plant infection, which can reveal the essence of physiological and pathological processes and help to clarify the possible relationship between protein abundance and plant stress. The present study essentially uses recent proteome analysis technology, namely label-free and PRM techniques, and lays the foundations for studying the of the infection response between P. expansum and apples. In particular, it provides a broad perspective on the molecular mechanism of P. expansum in the early stage of apple infection through detailed functional exploration and verification of associated proteins. Thus, it provides a theoretical basis for preventing and treating apple postharvest blue mold.

Spatial pattern of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis and its associated factors among a population with migrants in China: a retrospective population-based study.

Background: Isoniazid-resistant, rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (Hr-TB) globally exhibits a high prevalence and serves as a potential precursor to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Recognizing the spatial distribution of Hr-TB and identifying associated factors can provide strategic entry points for interventions aimed at early detection of Hr-TB and prevention of its progression to MDR-TB. This study aims to analyze spatial patterns and identify socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare factors associated with Hr-TB in Shanghai at the county level. Method: We conducted a retrospective study utilizing data from TB patients with available Drug Susceptible Test (DST) results in Shanghai from 2010 to 2016. Spatial autocorrelation was explored using Global Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi∗ statistics. A Bayesian hierarchical model with spatial effects was developed using the INLA package in R software to identify potential factors associated with Hr-TB at the county level. Results: A total of 8,865 TB patients with DST were included in this analysis. Among 758 Hr-TB patients, 622 (82.06%) were new cases without any previous treatment history. The drug-resistant rate of Hr-TB among new TB cases in Shanghai stood at 7.20% (622/8014), while for previously treated cases, the rate was 15.98% (136/851). Hotspot areas of Hr-TB were predominantly situated in southwestern Shanghai. Factors positively associated with Hr-TB included the percentage of older adult individuals (RR = 3.93, 95% Crl:1.93-8.03), the percentage of internal migrants (RR = 1.35, 95% Crl:1.15-1.35), and the number of healthcare institutions per 100 population (RR = 1.17, 95% Crl:1.02-1.34). Conclusion: We observed a spatial heterogeneity of Hr-TB in Shanghai, with hotspots in the Songjiang and Minhang districts. Based on the results of the models, the internal migrant population and older adult individuals in Shanghai may be contributing factors to the emergence of areas with high Hr-TB notification rates. Given these insights, we advocate for targeted interventions, especially in identified high-risk hotspots and high-risk areas.

Corrigendum: Assessing heterogeneity of patient and health system delay among TB in a population with internal migrants in China.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354515.].

Assessing heterogeneity of patient and health system delay among TB in a population with internal migrants in China.

Backgrounds: The diagnostic delay of tuberculosis (TB) contributes to further transmission and impedes the implementation of the End TB Strategy. Therefore, we aimed to describe the characteristics of patient delay, health system delay, and total delay among TB patients in Shanghai, identify areas at high risk for delay, and explore the potential factors of long delay at individual and spatial levels. Method: The study included TB patients among migrants and residents in Shanghai between January 2010 and December 2018. Patient and health system delays exceeding 14 days and total delays exceeding 28 days were defined as long delays. Time trends of long delays were evaluated by Joinpoint regression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze influencing factors of long delays. Spatial analysis of delays was conducted using ArcGIS, and the hierarchical Bayesian spatial model was utilized to explore associated spatial factors. Results: Overall, 61,050 TB patients were notified during the study period. Median patient, health system, and total delays were 12 days (IQR: 3-26), 9 days (IQR: 4-18), and 27 days (IQR: 15-43), respectively. Migrants, females, older adults, symptomatic visits to TB-designated facilities, and pathogen-positive were associated with longer patient delays, while pathogen-negative, active case findings and symptomatic visits to non-TB-designated facilities were associated with long health system delays (LHD). Spatial analysis revealed Chongming Island was a hotspot for patient delay, while western areas of Shanghai, with a high proportion of internal migrants and industrial parks, were at high risk for LHD. The application of rapid molecular diagnostic methods was associated with reduced health system delays. Conclusion: Despite a relatively shorter diagnostic delay of TB than in the other regions in China, there was vital social-demographic and spatial heterogeneity in the occurrence of long delays in Shanghai. While the active case finding and rapid molecular diagnosis reduced the delay, novel targeted interventions are still required to address the challenges of TB diagnosis among both migrants and residents in this urban setting.

Continual Reinforcement Learning for Quadruped Robot Locomotion.

The ability to learn continuously is crucial for a robot to achieve a high level of intelligence and autonomy. In this paper, we consider continual reinforcement learning (RL) for quadruped robots, which includes the ability to continuously learn sub-sequential tasks (plasticity) and maintain performance on previous tasks (stability). The policy obtained by the proposed method enables robots to learn multiple tasks sequentially, while overcoming both catastrophic forgetting and loss of plasticity. At the same time, it achieves the above goals with as little modification to the original RL learning process as possible. The proposed method uses the Piggyback algorithm to select protected parameters for each task, and reinitializes the unused parameters to increase plasticity. Meanwhile, we encourage the policy network exploring by encouraging the entropy of the soft network of the policy network. Our experiments show that traditional continual learning algorithms cannot perform well on robot locomotion problems, and our algorithm is more stable and less disruptive to the RL training progress. Several robot locomotion experiments validate the effectiveness of our method.

Yarrowia lipolytica increased the activities of disease defense related enzymes and anti-fungal compounds in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis).

Fungal diseases pose significant threats to the production of asparagus, resulting in economic losses and decreased crop quality. The potential of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium proliferatum, a common pathogen of asparagus, was investigated in this study. The effects of Y. lipolytica treatment on decay incidence, disease index, and activities of major disease defense-related enzymes were investigated. In addition, we examined the levels of antifungal compounds such as total phenols, flavonoids, and lignin in asparagus plants exposed to Y. lipolytica. The results showed that Y. lipolytica treatment significantly reduced decay incidence and disease index caused by F. proliferatum when compared to the control group. Furthermore, Y. lipolytica-treated plants showed increased activity of disease defense-related enzymes, indicating that defense responses were activated. The activities of all evaluated enzymes were significantly higher in Y. lipolytica-treated asparagus, indicating an improved ability to combat fungal pathogens. Furthermore, Y. lipolytica treatment increased the content of antifungal compounds such as total phenols, flavonoids, and lignin, which are known to possess antimicrobial properties. These findings highlight the potential of Y. lipolytica as a biocontrol agent for fungal diseases in asparagus crops. The ability of Y. lipolytica to reduce disease incidence, boost disease defense-related enzymes, and increase antifungal compound content provides valuable insights into its efficacy as a natural and sustainable approach to disease management. However, further investigations are needed to optimize application methods and determine its efficacy under field conditions.

WSC1 Regulates the Growth, Development, Patulin Production, and Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum Infecting Pear Fruits.

In this study, the role of WSC1 in the infection of pear fruit by Penicillium expansum was investigated. The WSC1 gene was knocked out and complemented by Agrobacterium-mediated homologous recombination technology. Then, the changes in growth, development, and pathogenic processes of the knockout mutant and the complement mutant were analyzed. The results indicated that deletion of WSC1 slowed the growth rate, reduced the mycelial and spore yield, and reduced the ability to produce toxins and pathogenicity of P. expansum in pear fruits. At the same time, the deletion of WSC1 reduced the tolerance of P. expansum to cell wall stress factors, enhanced antioxidant capacity, decreased hypertonic sensitivity, decreased salt stress resistance, and was more sensitive to most metal ions. Our results confirmed that WSC1 plays an important role in maintaining cell wall integrity and responding to stress, toxin production, and the pathogenicity of P. expansum.

Study on the control effect and physiological mechanism of Wickerhamomyces anomalus on primary postharvest diseases of peach fruit.

Brown rot, aspergillosis and soft rot are the primary diseases of postharvest peach fruit. Our study aimed to investigate the biocontrol effect of Wickerhamomyces anomalus on the primary postharvest diseases of peach fruit and to explore its underlying physiological mechanism. The findings demonstrated that W. anomalus had an obvious inhibitory effect on Monilinia fructicola, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. At the same time, W. anomalus can grow stably on the wound and surface of peach fruit at 25 °C and 4 °C and can form biofilm. W. anomalus increased the activity of resistance-related enzymes such as PPO, POD, GLU and the content of secondary metabolites such as total phenols, flavonoids and lignin in peach. Furthermore, the application of W. anomalus led to a reduced MDA level in peach fruit and increased activity of the active oxygen-scavenging enzyme system. This increase involved various antioxidant defense enzymes such as SOD and CAT, as well as ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) enzymes, including APX, GPX, GR, DHAR, and MDHAR. Our findings demonstrate that W. anomalus exerts its biocontrol effect by growing rapidly, competing with pathogens for nutrition and space, and enhancing the disease resistance and antioxidative capabilities of the peach fruit.

Characterization of a Bacillus velezensis strain as a potential biocontrol agent against soft rot of eggplant fruits.

Postharvest soft rot of eggplant fruits caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum is a bacterial disease with a high disease incidence and produces substantial economic losses. This study aimed to control postharvest soft rot of eggplant fruits by Bacillus velezensis and investigate the possible control mechanisms based on the effects of B. velezensis on P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) and eggplant fruits, respectively. B. velezensis effectively controlled postharvest soft rot of eggplant fruits and directly inhibited Pcc growth in vitro. The volatile metabolites produced by B. velezensis showed no inhibition on Pcc. Whereas the cell-free filtrate of B. velezensis significantly inhibited the growth of Pcc in vitro and in vivo. Notably, methanol-soluble precipitates obtained from cell-free filtrate showed significant inhibition on Pcc, and the primary inhibitory substances were identified as surfactin isoforms. Besides, iturin and fengycin isoforms with much lower relative abundance were also detected in the methanol-soluble precipitates. Furthermore, B. velezensis enhanced the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes in eggplant fruits that alleviated ROS and oxidative damage; thereby, B. velezensis enhanced the fruits' disease resistance.

Infection of postharvest pear by Penicillium expansum is facilitated by the glycoside hydrolase (eglB) gene.

The primary reason for postharvest loss is blue mold disease which is mainly caused by Penicillium expansum. Strategies for disease control greatly depend on the understanding of mechanisms of pathogen-fruit interaction. A member of the glycoside hydrolase family, ß-glucosidase 1b (eglB), in P. expansum was significantly upregulated during postharvest pear infection. Glycoside hydrolases are a large group of enzymes that can degrade plant cell wall polymers. High homology was found between the glycoside hydrolase superfamily in P. expansum. Functional characterization and analysis of eglB were performed via gene knockout and complementation analysis. Although eglB deletion had no notable effect on P. expansum colony shape or microscopic morphology, it did reduce the production of fungal hyphae, thereby reducing P. expansum's sporulation and patulin (PAT) accumulation. Moreover, the deletion of eglB (ΔeglB) reduced P. expansum pathogenicity in pears. The growth, conidia production, PAT accumulation, and pathogenicity abilities of ΔeglB were restored to that of wild-type P. expansum by complementation of eglB (ΔeglB-C). These findings indicate that eglB contributes to P. expansum's development and pathogenicity. This research is a contribution to the identification of key effectors of fungal pathogenicity for use as targets in fruit safety strategies.

A transcriptome profile of Wickerhamomyces anomalus incubated with chitosan revealed dynamic changes in gene expression and metabolic pathways.

Previous studies have shown that Wickerhamomyces anomalus can control postharvest diseases of fruits and incubation of the yeast with chitosan can improve its efficiency. In this study, transcriptome study was conducted to determine molecular mechanisms involved in the yeast-chitosan interaction. The bioinformatics analysis of the RNA-seq data confirmed that incubating W. anomalus with 1 % chitosan for 24 h significantly altered the expression of differential genes involved in yeast metabolic and cellular activities. Genes involved in ethyl acetate production, reactive oxygen species regulation, cell wall reinforcement, stress resistance, and signalling were all significantly up-regulated. Pathways which have significant role in the yeast growth and reproduction, energy production, cellular homeostasis, signal transduction, catalytic, and antioxidant activities were significantly enriched. In general, incubation of the yeast with chitosan genes metabolic pathways which are important for the yeast survival, adaptation, and reproduction. Molecular studies are important in providing fundamental theoretical foundation for the practical application of antagonistic yeasts for future uses. As a result, this research will be an input for use of the antagonistic yeast as microbial or biochemical pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals which have both health and environmental effects.

Genome wide and comprehensive analysis of the cytochrome P450 (CYPs) gene family in Pyrus bretschneideri: Expression patterns during Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 enhanced with ascorbic acid (VC) treatment.

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute the largest group of enzymes in plants and are involved in a variety of processes related to growth and protection. However, the CYP gene superfamily in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and their characteristics is unclear. Through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis, this article identified a total of 74 CYP genes in the P. bretschneideri genome, which were categorized into fourteen families. Motif analysis reveals that most of the ten motifs predicted were with the p450 conserved domain. The majority of the CYP genes have exon arrangements. Furthermore, promoter analysis unveiled a multitude of cis-acting elements associated with diverse responsiveness including hormones, light responsive, anoxic specific inducibility and anaerobic induction. Analysis of the transcriptome data reveal that about 80% of the pear CYPs genes were upregulated and they were positively correlated with the antioxidant's parameters such as total flavonoids and total phenol content as well as ABTS and DPPH radicals. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that the CYP genes could be regulated in pear. Collectively, our results reveal comprehensive insights into the CYP superfamily in pear and make a valuable contribution to the ongoing process of functional validation.

Biotechnological and Biocontrol Approaches for Mitigating Postharvest Diseases Caused by Fungal Pathogens and Their Mycotoxins in Fruits: A Review.

Postharvest diseases caused by fungal pathogens are significant contributors to the postharvest losses of fruits. Moreover, some fungal pathogens produce mycotoxins, which further compromise the safety and quality of fruits. In this review, the potential of biotechnological and biocontrol approaches for mitigating postharvest diseases and mycotoxins in fruits is explored. The review begins by discussing the impact of postharvest diseases on fruit quality and postharvest losses. Next, it provides an overview of major postharvest diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Subsequently, it delves into the role of biotechnological approaches in controlling these diseases. The review also explored the application of biocontrol agents, such as antagonistic yeasts, bacteria, and fungi, which can suppress pathogen growth. Furthermore, future trends and challenges in these two approaches are discussed in detail. Overall, this review can provide insights into promising biotechnological and biocontrol strategies for managing postharvest diseases and mycotoxins in fruits.

Design and Experimental Study of Longitudinal-Torsional Composite Ultrasonic Internal Grinding Horn.

Longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic vibration has been widely used in grinding. This paper aims to solve the problem that the resonance frequency deviates greatly from the theoretical design frequency and the vibration mode is poor when the horn is matched with a larger tool head. This paper presents how the longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic conical transition horn was designed and optimized by the transfer matrix theory and finite element simulation. For this purpose, the spiral groove parameters were optimized and selected by finite element simulation. Then, the modal analysis and transient dynamic analysis of the horn with grinding wheel were carried out to verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation. The impedance analysis and amplitude test of the horn with grinding wheel were carried out. The test results were in very good agreement with the theoretical and simulation results. Finally, the grinding experiment was carried out. The surface roughness of the workpiece in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic vibration grinding was obviously reduced compared to that of ordinary grinding. All these obtained results demonstrate that the designed longitudinal-torsional composite ultrasonic horn has very good operational performance for practical applications.

A First Expression, Purification and Characterization of Endo-ß-1,3-Glucanase from Penicillium expansum.

ß-1,3-glucanase plays an important role in the biodegradation, reconstruction, and development of ß-1,3-glucan. An endo-ß-1,3-glucanase which was encoded by PeBgl1 was expressed, purified and characterized from Penicillium expansum for the first time. The PeBgl1 gene was amplified and transformed into the competent cells of E. coli Rosetta strain with the help of the pET-30a cloning vector. The recombinant protein PeBgl1 was expressed successfully at the induction conditions of 0.8 mmol/L IPTG at 16 °C for 16 h and then was purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography. The optimum reaction temperature of PeBgl1 was 55 °C and it had maximal activity at pH 6.0 according to the enzymatic analysis. Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 6.0) and NaCl have inhibitory and enhancing effects on the enzyme activities, respectively. SDS, TritonX-100 and some metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. The results showed that PeBgl1 protein has good enzyme activity at 50-60 °C and at pH 5.0-9.0, and it is not a metal dependent enzyme, which makes it robust for storage and transportation, ultimately holding great promise in green biotechnology and biorefining.