ABSTRACT
In this Letter, we present an experimental demonstration of downstream signaling in a 16 × 50 Gbit/s coherent passive optical network (CPON) using the code and space division multiplexing (CDM-SDM) approach. We realize optical SDM through the utilization of a 4-core weakly coupled multicore fiber (WC-MCF), enhancing the total available optical launch power at the optical line terminal (OLT). This enhancement significantly improves the power budget for CPONs that connect with a large number of optical network units (ONUs). At the second stage of the CPON, four CDM-assigned ONUs are connected to individual cores of the WC-MCF, thereby supporting the connectivity of up to 16 ONUs. Through experiments, we have noted substantial disparities in the downstream signaling performance among individual CDM-assigned ONUs, particularly as the capacity is increased to 800 Gbit/s. To address this issue, we have employed an innovative approach by leveraging space-time coding techniques to manipulate the CDM tributaries, to achieve a balanced reception performance for all ONUs within the CPON. We believe that the proposed CDM-SDM CPON scheme, complemented by the advanced DSP flow chart, holds significant promise for future PON systems characterized by substantial capacity and extensive connectivity.
ABSTRACT
The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the breast tumor microenvironment (TME) is significant and multifaceted. MSCs are recruited to breast tumor sites through molecular signals released by tumor sites. Once in the TME, MSCs undergo polarization and interact with various cell populations, including immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), cancer stem cells (CSCs), and breast cancer cells. In most cases, MSCs play roles in breast cancer therapeutic resistance, but there is also evidence that indicates their abilities to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. MSCs possess inherent regenerative and homing properties, making them attractive candidates for cell-based therapies. Therefore, MSCs can be engineered to express therapeutic molecules or deliver anti-cancer agents directly to tumor sites. Unraveling the intricate relationship between MSCs and the breast TME has the potential to uncover novel therapeutic targets and advance our understanding of breast cancer biology.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Tumor Microenvironment , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathologyABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to assess the prognostic and functional role of DSCC1 in breast carcinoma, as well as the potential mechanism. Based upon the TCGA data, the expression pattern and prognostic value of DSCC1 in breast carcinoma was evaluated. The mRNA and protein levels of molecules were determined using qRT-PCR and Western blot. In vitro functional role of DSCC1 in tumor cells was determined using cell counting kit 8, clone formation, and Transwell assays. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to determine DSCC1 related gene sets, which are further confirmed by Western blot. The results showed that DSCC1 is overexpressed in breast carcinoma tissues and its high expression was linked to shorter overall survival. Overexpression of DSCC1 facilitated the proliferation, invasion and migration of breast carcinoma cells, while knockdown of DSCC1 showed opposite outcomes. GSEA showed that high DSCC1 expression had a positive correlation with p53, and Wnt signaling-related molecules. Western blot showed that silencing DSCC1 increased the levels of p53 and p-ß-catenin, whereas decreased p-GSK-3ß and cyclin D1 expression. These observations illustrate that DSCC1 emerges a well value on the diagnosis and prognosis of breast carcinoma, and facilitates the progression of breast carcinoma partly by activating Wnt/b-catenin signaling and inhibiting p53.