Higher vitamin B6 dietary consumption is associated with a lower risk of glaucoma among United States adults.

Objective: Although numerous studies have substantiated the neuroprotective effects of vitamin B6 on the optic nerve and its enhancement of visual function, comprehensive data delineating the correlation between vitamin B6 and glaucoma at a national demographic scale remain insufficient. This study is designed to explore the link between the dietary consumption of vitamin B6 and glaucoma. Methods: This study included 3,850 individuals aged 40 and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), spanning 2005-2008. Dietary consumption of vitamin B6 was calculated from the average of two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Glaucoma was diagnosed in accordance with the established Rotterdam criteria. To evaluate the relationship between vitamin B6 dietary consumption and the risk of glaucoma, we employed Restricted Cubic Splines and weighted multivariable logistic regression analysis. We employed stratified and three other sensitivity analyses to confirm the robustness of our results, and conducted a preliminary exploration of the potential association between vitamin B6 supplement consumption and glaucoma risk. Results: After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant inverse correlation between dietary consumption of vitamin B6 and glaucoma risk (p non-linearity = 0.18; p for trend = 0.02). Stratified analysis and three other sensitivity analyses revealed stability in the outcomes (all p for interaction>0.05). Compared to the lowest quartile of consumption (≤1.23 mg/day), individuals in the highest quartile of vitamin B6 consumption (>2.34 mg/day) experienced a 75% reduction in glaucoma risk (OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.07-0.92). However, the effect of vitamin B6 supplements on glaucoma was inconclusive. Conclusion: A diet high in vitamin B6 inversely correlates with glaucoma risk, suggesting that increasing dietary intake of vitamin B6 could be a viable preventative strategy against glaucoma among adults in the United States.

Chemical Constituents with Anti-Proliferative Activity on Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells from the Roots of Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

A chemical investigation of Anthriscus sylvestris roots led to the isolation and characterization of two new nitrogen-containing phenylpropanoids (1-2) and two new phenol glycosides (8-9), along with fifteen known analogues. Structure elucidation was based on HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). In addition, compounds 3, 6, 9-10, 12, and 17 exhibited inhibitory effects against the abnormal proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells with IC50 values ranging from 10.7 ± 0.6 to 57.1 ± 1.1 µM.

Dihydroquercetin regulates HIF-1α/AKT/NR2B signalling to improve impaired brain function in rats with metabolic syndrome.

Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is commonly used as a dietary additive, but its activity in improving brain injury with metabolic syndrome (MS) remains known. In present study, the MS rat model was induced using 10 % fructose water. The apoptosis rate of primary brain cells was detected. The HIF-1α/AKT/NR2B signalling pathway, levels of KEAP1/NRF2, HO-1 and NQO-1 were detected. In vitro experiments were performed using H2O2-stimulated PC-12 cells. The effect of DHQ on rates of cell survival and apoptosis were detected. After silencing HIF-1α, we further elucidate the mechanism of action of DHQ. The results indicated that DHQ reduced the hyperactivity and inhibited oxidative stress via increasing the levels of HIF-1α/AKT/NR2B signalling pathway, whereas regulated KEAP1/NRF2 pathway. In vitro experiments showed that the HIF-1α plays an important role in this process. Overall, DHQ may improve impaired brain function in rats with metabolic syndrome by regulating the HIF-1α/AKT/NR2B signalling pathway.

Untargeted serum and gastric metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis reveal the superior efficacy of zingiberis rhizoma recens-/euodiae fructus-processed Coptidis Rhizoma on gastric ulcer rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Zingiberis rhizoma recens-/wine-/euodiae fructus-processed Coptidis Rhizoma (CR, zCR/wCR/eCR) are the commonly used processed products of CR in clinic. After being processed with different excipients, the efficacy of CR will change accordingly. I.e., wCR could resolve excessive heat of the upper energizer, zCR could eliminate gastric heat and harmonize the stomach, eCR could smooth the liver and harmonize the stomach. However, the underlying mechanisms were still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To further verify the differential efficacy of the three processed CR products and compare the mechanisms on gastric ulcer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: First, a GU model, whose onset is closely related to the heat in stomach and the disharmony between liver and stomach, was established, and the therapeutic effects of zCR/wCR/eCR/CR were evaluated by pathologic observation and measurement of cytokine levels. Second, metabolomics analysis and network pharmacology were conducted to reveal the differential intervening mechanism of zCR/eCR on GU. Third, the predicted mechanisms from metabolomics analysis and network pharmacology were validated using western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: zCR/wCR/eCR/CR could alleviate the pathologic damage to varying degrees. In metabolomics research, fewer metabolic pathways were enriched in serum samples, and most of them were also present in the results of gastric tissue samples. The gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects of zCR/wCR/eCR/CR might be due to their interference on histidine, arachidonic acid, and glycerophospholipids metabolism. Quantitative results indicated that zCR/eCR had a better therapeutic effect than wCR/CR in treating GU. A comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology revealed that zCR and eCR exerted anti-GU effects via intervening in five core targets, including AKT, TNF, IL6, IL1B and PPARG. In the validation experiment, zCR/eCR could significantly reverse the abnormal expression of proteins related to apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, gastric function, as well as the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: zCR and eCR could offer gastroprotective benefits by resisting inflammation and apoptosis, inhibiting gastric-acid secretion, as well as strengthening gastric mucosal defense and antioxidant capacity. Integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics analysis could reveal the acting mechanism of drugs and promote the development of medications to counteract GU.

Real-World Data on Pathological Response and Survival Outcomes After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in HER2-Low Breast Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Data on the pathological responses and survival outcomes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-low breast cancer (BC) are lacking. This study aims to investigate this topic in the real world. METHODS: Clinicopathological data from 819 HER2-negative BC patients who underwent NACT between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively retrieved from the Shanghai Jiaotong University Breast Cancer Database. These patients were categorized into HER2-low and HER2-0 groups. Logistic analyses were conducted to identify predictors of complete pathological response (pCR) and breast pCR. Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess the factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves were generated to compare DFS and OS between HER2-low BC and HER2-0 BC. RESULTS: Of the 819 BC patients, 669 (81.7%) had HER2-low tumors, and 150 (18.3%) had HER2-0 tumors. HER2-low BC had a significantly higher ratio of ER ≥ 10%, PR ≥ 20%, and Ki67 ≥ 15% than HER2-0 BC. A significantly higher breast pCR rate was observed in HER2-low BC than in HER2-0 BC (13.6% and 7.3%, respectively, P = .036). Age, HER2 status (low or 0), Ki67, and surgery options were associated with breast pCR in HER2-negative BC. In HER2-low BC, the pCR rate of ER ≥ 10% BC was significantly lower than that of ER < 10% BC, but the DFS and OS of ER 10% BC were significantly higher. The K-M curve showed no significant differences in DFS or OS between HER2-low and HER2-0 BC. Cox regression revealed that ER expression and histological grade (III vs. I∼II) were significantly associated with survival in HER2-low BC. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world data (RWD) study, a significantly higher breast pCR rate was found in HER2-low BC than in HER2-0 BC, although there was no significant difference in survival. Moreover, ER expression had a significant prognostic impact on HER2-low BC.

High correlated color temperature artificial lighting impairs retinal pigment epithelium integrity and chloride ion transport: A potential mechanism for choroidal thinning.

Among the environmental factors contributing to myopia, the role of correlated color temperature (CCT) of ambient light emerges as a key element warranting in-depth investigation. The choroid, a highly vascularized and dynamic structure, often undergoes thinning during the progression of myopia, though the precise mechanism remains elusive. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the outermost layer of the retina, plays a pivotal role in regulating the transport of ion and fluid between the subretinal space and the choroid. A hypothesis suggests that variations in choroidal thickness (ChT) may be modulated by transepithelial fluid movement across the RPE. Our experimental results demonstrate that high CCT illumination significantly compromised the integrity of tight junctions in the RPE and disrupted chloride ion transport. This functional impairment of the RPE may lead to a reduction in fluid transfer across the RPE, consequently resulting in choroidal thinning and potentially accelerating axial elongation. Our findings provide support for the crucial role of the RPE in regulating ChT. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential hazards posed by high CCT artificial illumination on the RPE, the choroid, and refractive development, underscoring the importance of developing eye-friendly artificial light sources to aid in the prevention and control of myopia.

The crosstalk between benign thyroid disease and breast cancer: A single center study.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between benign thyroid disease and breast cancer. The clinical study includes a total of 600 participants, divided into 2 groups: the control group (N = 300), which consists of individuals from the checkup population during the same periods, and the experimental group (N = 300), which consists of patients with breast cancer. General data of the participants, including age, tumor diameter, tumor staging, pathological classification, lymph node metastasis, and classification of benign thyroid disease, were collected and analyzed. The levels of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4, TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb in blood samples from the experimental and control groups were determined using a radioimmune method. The levels of TPOAb, TgAb, and TSH in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the levels of TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4 in the experimental group were significantly lower. The general data of the participants contributed to the appropriate sample size and allocation. Furthermore, benign thyroid disease contributes to the development of breast cancer by regulating the levels of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4, TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb.

[Metabolomics of interventional effects of Coptidis Rhizoma and its processed products on oral ulcer due to excess heat in rats].

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was employed to examine the impact of Coptidis Rhizoma(CR) and its processed products on the metabolism in the rat model of oral ulcer due to excess heat and to compare the effectiveness of CR and its three products. Male SD rats were randomly allocated to the sham-operation(Sham), model(M, oral ulcer due to excess heat), CR, wine/Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens/Euodiae Fructus processed CR(wCR/zCR/eCR), and Huanglian Shangqing Tablets(HST) groups. Except the Sham group, the other groups were administrated with Codonopsis Radix-Astragali Radix decoction by gavage for two consecutive weeks. The anal temperature and water consumption of rats were monitored throughout the modeling period of excess heat. Following the completion of the modeling, oral ulcer was modeled with acetic acid. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was employed to observe the mucosal pathological changes in oral ulcer. A colorimetric assay was employed to determine the serum level of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was conducted to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and malondialdehyde(MDA) in the serum. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS was conducted on the serum samples. Metabolic profiles were then built, and the potential biomarkers were screened by principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). The Mev software was used to establish a heat map and conduct cluster analysis on the quantitative results of the markers. The online databases including MBRole, KEGG, and MetaboAnalyst were used for pathway enrichment analysis and metabolic network building. The experimental results showed that the modeling led to pathological damage to the oral mucosa, elevated serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and MDA, and lowered levels of SOD and GSH-Px in rats. The drug administration recovered all the indices to varying extents, and wCR exhibited the best performance. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 48 differential metabolites including 27 metabolites in the positive ion mode and 21 metabolites in the negative ion mode. Five enriched pathways were common, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. Conclusively, CR and its three processed products could alleviate the inflammation and oxidative stress injury in rats suffering from oral ulcers due to excess heat by regulating lipid and amino acid metabolism. Notably, wCR demonstrated the most significant therapeutic effect.

Fatty Oil of Descurainia Sophia Nanoparticles Improve Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats Through PLC/IP3R/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway.

Purpose: Fatty oil of Descurainia Sophia (OIL) has poor stability and low solubility, which limits its pharmacological effects. We hypothesized that fatty oil nanoparticles (OIL-NPs) could overcome this limitation. The protective effect of OIL-NPs against monocrotaline-induced lung injury in rats was studied. Methods: We prepared OIL-NPs by wrapping fatty oil with polylactic-polyglycolide nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) and conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore its anti-pulmonary hypertension (PH) effect. In vitro, we induced malignant proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (RPASMC) using anoxic chambers, and studied the effects of OIL-NPs on the malignant proliferation of RPASMC cells and phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R)/Ca2+ signal pathways. In vivo, we used small animal echocardiography, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, western blotting (WB), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and metabolomics to explore the effects of OIL-NPs on the heart and lung pathological damage and PLC/IP3R/Ca2+ signal pathway of pulmonary hypertension rats. Results: We prepared fatty into OIL-NPs. In vitro, OIL-NPs could improve the mitochondrial function and inhibit the malignant proliferation of RPASMC cells by inhibiting the PLC/IP3R/Ca2+signal pathway. In vivo, OIL-NPs could reduce the pulmonary artery pressure of rats and alleviate the pathological injury and inflammatory reaction of heart and lung by inhibiting the PLC/IP3R/Ca2+ signal pathway. Conclusion: OIL-NPs have anti-pulmonary hypertension effect, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of PLC/IP3R/Ca2+signal pathway.

Fungal corneal ulcer after repair of an overhanging filtering bleb: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Overhanging filtering bleb is a common complication after trabeculectomy and surgical repair is an effective treatment when the patient presents with apparent symptoms. Filtering bleb relevant infection including in the filtering bleb itself and even endophthalmitis in some severe cases has been reported. However, corneal fungal infection after filtering bleb repair is rarely reported. CASE SUMMARY: A 57-year-old Chinese man who had sensations of redness and foreign body sensations in the left eye 3 wk after repair of overhanging filtering bleb. 3 wk ago, due to sensations of a foreign body in the left eye for 3 years with worsening for 3 mo. The patient was diagnosed as overhanging filtering bleb and underwent a repair of overhanging filtering bleb. Postoperative, the filtering bleb formed well and the intraocular pressure is normal. But the patient gradually develop redness, pain and a grey infiltrate of the cornea in the eye. Finally it developed into fungal corneal ulcer. Through asking the medical history, we found the patient had irregularly self-medicated for years with glucocorticoid eye drops for years to relieve the foreign body sensation in the eye caused by filtering bleb overhanging. Because the glucocorticoid eye drops he used years ago had provide normal sensation to the eye. After 3 mo of anti-fungal treatment, the inflammation was controlled. CONCLUSION: In addition to avoiding the development of overhanging filtering bleb after trabeculectomy, the present case report also suggests that clinicians should pay more attention to the patient's ocular self-medication history. Particularly in patients with a history of glaucoma or eye surgery. Because these patients may be exposed to more types of eye drops than other individuals, they may select the wrong medications for long-term use, based on their previous experience.

Tri-modified ferric alginate gel with high regenerative properties catalysts for efficient degradation of rhodamine B.

Water pollution caused by dyes has become a focal point of attention. Among them, the heterogeneous Fenton reaction has emerged as an effective solution to this problem. In this study, we designed a ferric alginate gel (PAGM) tri-modified with poly(vinyl alcohol), graphene oxide, and MoS2 as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for organic dye degradation. PAGM addresses the drawbacks of alginate gel, such as poor mechanical properties and gel chain dissolution, thereby significantly extending the catalyst's lifespan. The removal rate of rhodamine B by PAGM reached 95.5 % within 15 min, which was 5.9 times higher than that of unmodified ferric alginate gel. Furthermore, due to the π-π interactions, PAGM exhibits unique adsorption properties for pollutants containing benzene rings. Additionally, PAGM can be regenerated multiple times through a simple soaking procedure without any performance degradation. Finally, the reaction column constructed with PAGM maintained an 83.5 % removal rate even after 319 h of continuous wastewater treatment. This work introduces a novel concept for the study of alginate-based gel catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton reactions.

Diarylpentanoids and phenylpropanoids from the roots of Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

Three pairs of undescribed diarylpentanoid enantiomers (1-3) and five undescribed phenylpropanoids (4-8), along with seven known compounds, were isolated from the roots of Anthriscus sylvestris. The structures of compounds (1-8) were determined by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra, HRESIMS, and electronic circular dichroism. In addition, the inhibitory activities against hypoxia-stimulated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells abnormal proliferation were evaluated by MTT assay. The mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase3, and IL-6 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that compounds (-)-1, (+)-1, (-)-2, (+)-3, 4, 8-10, 14, and 15 inhibited the abnormal proliferation of PASMCs by regulating the levels of apoptosis and inflammatory factors.

The Role of STAT3 Signaling Pathway Activation in Subconjunctival Scar Formation after Glaucoma Filtration Surgery.

Scar formation resulting from overly active wound healing is a critical factor in the success rate of glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). IL-6 and TGF-ß have been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrogenesis. In addition, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) can be activated by numerous cytokines and growth factors, including IL-6 and TGF-ß1. Thus, STAT3 activation may integrate common profibrotic pathways to promote fibrosis. In this study, an increase in p-STAT3 was observed in activated HTFs. Inhibiting STAT3 in cultured HTFs by pharmacological inactivation reversed the fibrotic responses, such as fibroblast migration, the differentiation of resting fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and the deposition of ECM, mediated by IL-6 and TGF-ß1. Moreover, the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was decreased in HTFs cultured with IL-6 and TGF-ß1, and SOCS3 overexpression rescued ECM deposition, α-SMA expression and migration in IL-6- and TGF-ß1-stimulated HTFs by inactivating STAT3. Finally, S3I-201 treatment inhibited profibrotic gene expression and subconjunctival fibrosis in a rat model of GFS. In conclusion, our data suggests that STAT3 plays a central role in fibrosis induced by different profibrotic pathways and that STAT3 is a potential target for antifibrotic therapies following GFS.

LRP12 is an endogenous transmembrane inactivator of α4 integrins.

Dynamic regulation of integrin activation and inactivation is critical for precisely controlled cell adhesion and migration in physiological and pathological processes. The molecular basis for integrin activation has been intensively studied; however, the understanding of integrin inactivation is still limited. Here, we identify LRP12 as an endogenous transmembrane inhibitor for α4 integrin activation. The LRP12 cytoplasmic domain directly binds to the integrin α4 cytoplasmic tail and inhibits talin binding to the ß subunit, thus keeping integrin inactive. In migrating cells, LRP12-α4 interaction induces nascent adhesion (NA) turnover at the leading-edge protrusion. Knockdown of LRP12 leads to increased NAs and enhanced cell migration. Consistently, LRP12-deficient T cells show an enhanced homing capability in mice and lead to aggravated chronic colitis in a T cell-transfer colitis model. Altogether, LRP12 is a transmembrane inactivator for integrins that inhibits α4 integrin activation and controls cell migration by maintaining balanced NA dynamics.

The Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Phagocytosis and Autophagy.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes vision loss in the elderly population. Dry AMD leads to the formation of Drusen, while wet AMD is characterized by cell proliferation and choroidal angiogenesis. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a key role in AMD pathogenesis. In particular, helioreceptor renewal depends on outer segment phagocytosis of RPE cells, while RPE autophagy can protect cells from oxidative stress damage. However, when the oxidative stress burden is too high and homeostasis is disturbed, the phagocytosis and autophagy functions of RPE become damaged, leading to AMD development and progression. Hence, characterizing the roles of RPE cell phagocytosis and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AMD can inform the development of potential therapeutic targets to prevent irreversible RPE and photoreceptor cell death, thus protecting against AMD.

Tingli Dazao Xiefei Decoction ameliorates asthma in vivo and in vitro from lung to intestine by modifying NO-CO metabolic disorder mediated inflammation, immune imbalance, cellular barrier damage, oxidative stress and intestinal bacterial disorders.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease. Current treatment of mainstream medications has significant side effects. There is growing evidence that the refractoriness of asthma is closely related to common changes in the lung and intestine. The lungs and intestines, as sites of frequent gas exchange in the body, are widely populated with gas signaling molecules NO and CO, which constitute NO-CO metabolism and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of asthma in the lung and intestine. The Chinese herbal formula Tingli Dazao Xiefei Decoction (TD) is commonly used in clinical practice to treat asthma with good efficacy, but there are few systematic evaluations of the efficacy of asthma on NO-CO metabolism, and the mode of action of its improving effect on the lung and intestine is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the effect of TD on the lung and intestine of asthmatic rats based on NO-CO metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo, we established a rat asthma model by intraperitoneal injection of sensitizing solution with OVA atomization, followed by intervention by gavage administration of TD. We simultaneously examined alterations in basal function, pathology, NO-CO metabolism, inflammation and immune cell homeostasis in the lungs and intestines of asthmatic rats, and detected changes in intestinal flora by macrogenome sequencing technology, with a view to multi-angle evaluation of the treatment effects of TD on asthmatic rats. In vitro, lung cells BEAS-2B and intestinal cells NCM-460 were used to establish a model of lung injury causing intestinal injury using LPS and co-culture chambers, and lung cells or intestinal cells TD-containing serum was administered to intervene. Changes in inflammatory, NO-CO metabolism-related, cell barrier-related and oxidative stress indicators were measured in lung cells and intestinal cells to evaluate TD on intestinal injury by way of amelioration and in-depth mechanism. RESULTS: In vivo, our results showed significant basal functional impairment in the lung and intestine of asthmatic rats, and an inflammatory response, immune cell imbalance and intestinal flora disturbance elicited by NO-CO metabolic disorders were observed (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The administration of TD was shown to deliver a multidimensional amelioration of the impairment induced by NO-CO metabolic disorders (P < 0.05 or 0.01). In vitro, the results showed that LPS-induced lung cells BEAS-2B injury could cause NO-CO metabolic disorder-induced inflammatory response, cell permeability damage and oxidative stress damage in intestinal cells NCM-460 (P < 0.01). The ameliorative effect on intestinal cells NCM-460 could only be exerted when TD-containing serum interfered with lung cells BEAS-2B (P < 0.01), suggesting that the intestinal ameliorative effect of TD may be exerted indirectly through the lung. CONCLUSION: TD can ameliorate NO-CO metabolism in the lung and thus achieve the indirectly amelioration of NO-CO metabolism in the intestine, ultimately achieving co-regulation of lung and intestinal inflammation, immune imbalance, cellular barrier damage, oxidative stress and intestinal bacterial disorders in asthma in vivo and in vitro. Targeting lung and intestinal NO-CO metabolic disorders in asthma may be a new therapeutic idea and strategy for asthma.

China Glaucoma Treatment Pattern Study I-Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma: protocol for a multicentre, retrospective, observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, and the number of patients with PACG rises every year. Yet, there is a lack of knowledge about the clinical characteristics, therapeutic options and profile of patients with PACG in China. Hence, we design the China Glaucoma Treatment Pattern Study Ⅰ-Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma (Ch-GTPⅠ). The objective of this paper is to describe the design and methodology of Ch-GTP. The aim of this study is to characterise the profile and trend associated with initial PACG treatment for the last 10 years in China. METHODS: Ch-GTPⅠ is a national multicentre retrospective observational study that will randomly sample from 50 hospitals throughout China. Over 7000 patient records hospitalised for initial PACG treatment from 2011 to 2020 will be selected randomly. The data from electronic medical records will be uploaded to an encrypted online platform that will receive and collate data from all collaborating hospitals. Data abstraction and monitoring will be performed in a standardised manner by trained statisticians to ensure consistency. Systematic data cleaning will also be conducted by statisticians to ensure data integrity before final data storage. The outcomes will include four broad categories: (1) demographics, (2) clinical characteristics, (3) therapeutic strategies and procedures and (4) early outcomes at discharge. The demographic characteristics and early outcomes will be summarised using descriptive statistics. Comparative analyses of characteristics and treatment pattern changing trends for different regions and years will be used to test for significant differences (t-test or Mann-Whitney U test). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The collaborating hospitals obtained local approval based on a standard ethics application from internal ethics committees or acknowledged an existent ethics approval of the leading institution with approval from internal ethics committees. Due to the retrospective nature, written informed consent from patients was waived by the ethics committee. The results will be published in academic journals and presented at national and international academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2100054643.

Management of angle-closure glaucoma with X-linked retinoschisis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS), due to mutations in the RS1 gene, is a common genetically determined form of macular degeneration. This report describes an unusual case of angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) with XLRS and discusses the treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: A 39-year-old Chinese man with an X chromosome-recessive inherited c.489G > A variant in the RS1 gene was diagnosed as XLRS and ACG, presenting with cystic macular lesions, shallow anterior chamber depth (ACD), and angle-closure with uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP). Malignant glaucoma occurred following trabeculectomy combining phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and goniosynechialysis. Subsequent anterior vitrectomy and irido-zonulo-hyaloid-vitrectomy (IZHV) effectively lowered IOP and deepened ACD, but the cystic cavity became larger. CONCLUSIONS: There is a potential risk of malignant glaucoma in ACG patients with XLRS after filtering surgery. Although anterior vitrectomy can effectively resolve aqueous misdirection, the macular retinoschisis may get worse. Awareness of this risk may aid in surgical planning and postoperative management in these patients.

Ubiquitous light-emitting diodes: Potential threats to retinal circadian rhythms and refractive development.

The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased considerably in the 21st century with humans living in a modern photoperiod with brighter nights and dimmer days. Prolonged exposure to LEDs, especially at night, is considered a new source of pollution because it may affect the synthesis and secretion of retinal melatonin and dopamine, resulting in negative impacts on retinal circadian clocks and potentially disrupting retinal circadian rhythms. The control of ocular refraction is believed to be related to retinal circadian rhythms. Moreover, the global prevalence of myopia has increased at an alarming rate in recent decades. The widespread use of LEDs and the rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia overlap, which is unlikely to be a coincidence. The connection among LEDs, retinal circadian rhythms, and refractive development is both fascinating and confusing. In this review, we aim to develop a systematic framework that includes LEDs, retinal circadian rhythms and refractive development. This paper summarizes the possible mechanisms by which LEDs may disrupt retinal circadian rhythms. We propose that prolonged exposure to LEDs may induce myopia by disrupting retinal circadian rhythms. Finally, we suggest several possible countermeasures to prevent LED interference on retinal circadian rhythms, with the hope of reducing the onset and progression of myopia.

An Update on Novel Ocular Nanosystems with Possible Benefits in the Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization.

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is an ocular pathological change that results from an imbalance between angiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors as a result of various ocular insults, including infection, inflammation, hypoxia, trauma, corneal degeneration, and corneal transplantation. Current clinical strategies for the treatment of CNV include pharmacological treatment and surgical intervention. Despite some degree of success, the current treatment strategies are restricted by limited efficacy, adverse effects, and a short duration of action. Recently, gene-based antiangiogenic therapy has become an emerging strategy that has attracted considerable interest. However, potential complications with the use of viral vectors, such as potential genotoxicity resulting from long-term expression and nonspecific targeting, cannot be ignored. The use of ocular nanosystems (ONS) based on nanotechnology has emerged as a great advantage in ocular disease treatment during the last two decades. The potential functions of ONS range from nanocarriers, which deliver drugs and genes to target sites in the eye, to therapeutic agents themselves. Various preclinical studies conducted to date have demonstrated promising results of the use of ONS in the treatment of CNV. In this review, we provide an overview of CNV and its current therapeutic strategies and summarize the properties and applications of various ONS related to the treatment of CNV reported to date. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review of these considerable advances in ONS in the field of CNV therapy over the past two decades to fill the gaps in previous related reports. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and future perspectives of the use of ONS in CNV therapy, with the goal of providing a theoretical contribution to facilitate future practical growth in the area.