Seasonal closures as a measure of trawling effort control in two Mediterranean trawling grounds: effects on epibenthic communities.

Within the framework of ecosystem-based management, we focused on the use of seasonal closures as effective measures to minimise the degradation of benthic communities by trawling. These closures imply the complete cessation of trawling fleet activity and are commonly used in the Mediterranean to reduce the annual fishing effort, with the ultimate goal of effective resource management. In this study, we aimed to investigate how epibenthic communities respond to seasonal closures. The potential benefits of short-term annual closures in two Mediterranean fishing grounds were evaluated by analysing changes in community structure and composition that were linked to the closure. A decrease of faunal abundance was observed with the resumption of fishing activity after the closure at both fishing grounds. Remarkably, results indicated that some large and mobile fauna were able to respond to these closures. We concluded that the currently planned closures are too short to benefit benthic communities.

[Impact of diabetes mellitus on hospitalization costs]. / Impacto de la diabetes mellitus en los costes de hospitalización.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of diabetes mellitus in hospitals costs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a general hospital that covers a sanitary area of 120,873 inhabitants all the hospitalizations of the year 1993 have been analyzed. The patients have been classified according to the Patient Management Categories version 5.0 system that allows the evaluation of the presence of diabetic comorbidity. The direct cost of the stay was calculated by the days of hospitalization and consumption of complementary diagnosis tests according to the Relative Score of the Patient Management Categories. RESULTS: 5% of the hospitalized patients were diabetics. They caused 6% of hospitalizations and accounted for 8% of the total expense of hospitalization. The diabetic patients had a rate of hospital admission superior to non diabetic (1.4 vs. 1.1; p < 0.05). The presence of comorbidity was associated to an increase of the risk of dying in the inpatient period (odds ratio = 3.4; p < 0.01), to an increase of the hospitalization in 3.1 days (p < 0.0001) and to an increment of the cost of 31% (p < 0.0001). In the sanitary area the patients with diabetes mellitus caused a hospital expense of 193 millions of pesetas/100,000 inhabitants and year. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus is a very important cause of comorbidity that provokes a notable increment of the hospital expenses. The economical impact of diabetes mellitus in the costs of hospitalization is so important that the cost of the preventive measures for their control would only be a small part of the hospital expenses that it generates.