Unhinged: A Prospective Perspective on Being Unsafe1.

Given the unprecedented events unfolding around the globe over the past four years, psychoanalytic communities near and far have sought to ask and ventured to answer the question: What does psychoanalysis have to offer individuals, and the collective, as a way of seeing and being with the reality of what is? Taking up these questions in such a time as this, feels, perhaps inevitably, unsafe. Sometimes it can feel as if there is a silent and unspoken mandate to ensure safety at all costs when we seek to find a spirit of the depth's response to the spirit of the times. I propose that the work of psychoanalysis is grounded in nothing but the journey through that which is unsafe. This article will take up Ann Ulanov's notion that one's own evil is the hinge door into collective and archetypal evil. To become unhinged means to risk well-formulated understandings, theories, and modalities about being and becoming for the other and instead to allow the other to penetrate that which is unknown in ourselves, upending our well-formed theories and pressing us to take up our own lives in new and unpredictable ways.

Compte tenu des événements sans précédent qui se sont déroulés dans le monde entier au cours des quatre dernières années, les communautés psychanalytiques proches et lointaines ont cherché à poser la question suivante et à y proposer des réponses: qu'est­ce que la psychanalyse peut offrir aux individus, et au collectif, comme moyen de voir et d'être avec la réalité de ce qui est ? Aborder ces questions dans un moment comme celui­ci nous fait nous sentir en danger, et c'est peut­être inévitable. Parfois, on peut avoir le sentiment qu'il y a un décret silencieux et tacite d'assurer la sécurité à tout prix lorsque nous cherchons à trouver une réponse de l'esprit des profondeurs à l'esprit du temps. Je propose que le travail de la psychanalyse n'est fondé sur rien d'autre que le voyage à travers ce qui est dangereux, risqué. C'est, en effet, ce qu'implique la recherche d'une conversation active et vivante avec l'esprit des profondeurs et c'est ce qui distingue le travail de thérapie du travail de psychanalyse. Si nous nous enfermons dans des notions de sécurité, nous resterons liés à des notions similaires d'anonymat analytique et d'innocence, restant inconscients de notre propre implication dans les horreurs qui continuent d'aliéner, d'étouffer et d'isoler ceux qui sont en marge. Cette présentation reprendra la conception d'Ann Ulanov selon laquelle le mal d'une personne est la porte charnière du mal collectif et archétypal. Notre travail, individuellement et collectivement, est de descendre dans ce territoire dangereux à l'intérieur de nous­mêmes pour voir ce qui s'y est passé et ce qui reste à vivre dans les zones d'ombre. Devenir déséquilibré signifie mettre en doute des compréhensions, des théories et des modalités bien formulées sur l'être et le devenir pour l'autre et, à la place, permettre à l'autre de pénétrer ce qui est inconnu en nous­mêmes, bouleversant nos théories bien formées et nous poussant à prendre notre propre vie en main d'une manière nouvelle et imprévisible. En ce sens, la psychanalyse est intrinsèquement une forme d'activisme intérieur et extérieur. Ce qui est proposé ici est un regard sur la façon dont la psychanalyse, déséquilibrée, se déplace au­delà des murs sécurisants et au­delà des murs de la salle de consultation vers le monde au sens large.

Dados los acontecimientos sin precedentes que han tenido lugar en todo el mundo en los últimos cuatro años, las comunidades psicoanalíticas cercanas y lejanas han tratado de preguntarse y han intentado responder a la pregunta: ¿qué tiene el psicoanálisis que ofrecer a los individuos, y al colectivo, en términos de ver y estar con la realidad de lo que acontece? Abordar estas cuestiones en un momento como el actual puede resultar inevitablemente inseguro. A veces puede dar la sensación de que existe un mandato silencioso y tácito de garantizar la seguridad a toda costa cuando tratamos de encontrar una respuesta del espíritu de las profundidades al espíritu de los tiempos. Propongo que el trabajo del psicoanálisis no se basa en otra cosa que en el viaje a través de lo que es inseguro. Esto, de hecho, es lo que implica buscar una conversación activa y viva con el espíritu de las profundidades y es lo que distingue el trabajo de la terapia del trabajo del psicoanálisis. Si nos encerráramos en las nociones de seguridad, seguiríamos limitados por nociones similares de neutralidad analítica e inocencia, permaneciendo inconscientes de nuestra propia implicancia en los horrores que continúan ajenos, encerrando y aislando a aquellos que se encuentran en los márgenes. Esta presentación retomará la noción de Ann Ulanov de que el mal propio es la puerta de entrada al mal colectivo y arquetipal. Nuestro trabajo individual y colectivo es descender a este territorio inseguro dentro de nosotros mismos para ver lo que ocurrió allí y lo que permanece viviendo en las sombras. Perturbarse significa arriesgar comprensiones, teorías y modalidades bien formuladas sobre el ser y el devenir para el otro y, en su lugar, permitir que el otro penetre en lo que es desconocido en nosotros mismos, trastornando nuestras teorías bien formadas y presionándonos para que asumamos nuestras propias vidas de maneras nuevas e impredecibles. De este modo, el psicoanálisis es inherentemente una forma de activismo interior y exterior. Lo que se ofrece es una mirada sobre cómo el psicoanálisis, perturbado, traspasa los muros de la seguridad y va más allá de las paredes del consultorio analítico para adentrarse en el mundo en general.

Perspectives on the timing of ecosystem collapse in a changing climate.

Climate change is one of the most important drivers of ecosystem change, the global-scale impacts of which will intensify over the next 2 decades. Estimating the timing of unprecedented changes is not only challenging but is of great importance for the development of ecosystem conservation guidelines. Time of emergence (ToE) (point at which climate change can be differentiated from a previous climate), a widely applied concept in climatology studies, provides a robust but unexplored approach for assessing the risk of ecosystem collapse, as described by the C criterion of the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Ecosystems (RLE). We identified 3 main theoretical considerations of ToE for RLE assessment (degree of stability, multifactorial instead of one-dimensional analyses, and hallmarks of ecosystem collapse) and 4 sources of uncertainty when applying ToE methodology (intermodel spread, historical reference period, consensus among variables, and consideration of different scenarios), which aims to avoid misuse and errors while promoting a proper application of the framework by scientists and practitioners. The incorporation of ToE for the RLE assessments adds important information for conservation priority setting that allows prediction of changes within and beyond the time frames proposed by the RLE.

Perspectivas sobre el momento del colapso ecosistémico en un clima cambiante Resumen El cambio climático es uno de los principales causantes del cambio ecosistémico, cuyo impacto a escala global se intensificará en las próximas dos décadas. No sólo es un reto estimar el momento de los cambios sin precedentes, sino también es de gran importancia para el desarrollo de las directrices de conservación de los ecosistemas. El momento de aparición (MdA), el punto en el que el cambio climático puede diferenciarse de un clima previo; es un concepto de aplicación extensa en los estudios de climatología y proporciona una estrategia sólida pero poco explorada para evaluar el riesgo del colapso ecosistémico, como está descrito por el criterio C de la Lista Roja de Ecosistemas (LRE) de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Identificamos las tres consideraciones teóricas del MdA para la evaluación de la LRE (grado de estabilidad, análisis multifactoriales en vez de unidimensionales y distintivos del colapso ecosistémico) y cuatro fuentes de incertidumbre cuando se aplica la metodología MdA (difusión intermodelo, periodo de referencia histórica, consenso entre las variables y consideración de escenarios distintos), la cual busca evitar el mal uso y los errores mientras se promueve una aplicación adecuada del marco de los científicos y lo practicantes. La incorporación del MdA a las evaluaciones de la LRE añade información importante para el establecimiento de prioridades de conservación que permiten la predicción de cambios dentro y más allá del marco temporal propuesto por la LRE.

Integration of limbic self-neuromodulation with psychotherapy for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: treatment rationale and case study.

Treatment Rationale: Exposure to repeated sexual trauma, particularly during childhood, often leads to protracted mental health problems. Childhood adversity is specifically associated with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presentation, which is particularly tenacious and treatment refractory, and features severe emotion dysregulation. Augmentation approaches have been suggested to enhance treatment efficacy in PTSD thus integrating first-line psychotherapy with mechanistically informed self-neuromodulation procedures (i.e. neurofeedback) may pave the way to enhanced clinical outcomes. A central neural mechanism of PTSD and emotion dysregulation involves amygdala hyperactivity that can be volitionally regulated by neurofeedback. We outline a treatment rationale that includes a detailed justification for the potential of combining psychotherapy and NF and delineate mechanisms of change. We illustrate key processes of reciprocal interactions between neurofeedback engagement and therapeutic goals.Case Study: We describe a clinical case of a woman with complex PTSD due to early and repetitive childhood sexual abuse using adjunctive neurofeedback as an augmentation to an ongoing, stable, traditional treatment plan. The woman participated in (a) ten sessions of neurofeedback by the use of an fMRI-inspired EEG model of limbic related activity (Amygdala Electrical-Finger-Print; AmygEFP-NF), (b) traditional weekly individual psychotherapy, (c) skills group. Before and after NF training period patient was blindly assessed for PTSD symptoms, followed by a 1, 3- and 6-months self-report follow-up. We demonstrate mechanisms of change as well as the clinical effectiveness of adjunctive treatment as indicated by reduced PTSD symptoms and improved daily functioning within this single case.Conclusions: We outline an integrative neuropsychological framework for understanding the unique mechanisms of change conferring value to conjoining NF applications with trauma-focused psychotherapy in complex PTSD.

Self-neuromodulation procedures that regulates limbic-related activity in adjunction to therapy show clinical effectivity in complex PTSD.We present an integrative perspective of neurofeedback embedded in psychotherapy, illustrated by a single case report.A single case provides an illustration of the potential utility of multifaced treatment including psychotherapy with adjunctive neurofeedback.

Posttraumatic growth EEG neuromarkers: translational neural comparisons with resilience and PTSD in trauma-exposed healthy adults.

Background: Supporting wellbeing beyond symptom reduction is necessary in trauma care. Research suggests increased posttraumatic growth (PTG) may promote wellbeing more effectively than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom reduction alone. Understanding neurobiological mechanisms of PTG would support PTG intervention development. However, most PTG research to-date has been cross-sectional data self-reported through surveys or interviews.Objective: Neural evidence of PTG and its coexistence with resilience and PTSD is limited. To advance neural PTG literature and contribute translational neuroscientific knowledge necessary to develop future objectively measurable neural-based PTG interventions.Method: Alpha frequency EEG and validated psychological inventories measuring PTG, resilience, and PTSD symptoms were collected from 30 trauma-exposed healthy adults amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. EEG data were collected using custom MNE-Python software, and a wireless OpenBCI 16-channel dry electrode EEG headset. Psychological inventory scores were analysed in SPSS Statistics and used to categorise the EEG data. Power spectral density analyses, t-tests and ANOVAs were conducted within EEGLab to identify brain activity differentiating high and low PTG, resilience, and PTSD symptoms.Results: Higher PTG was significantly differentiated from low PTG by higher alpha power in the left centro-temporal brain area around EEG electrode C3. A trend differentiating high PTG from PTSD was also indicated in this same location. Whole-scalp spectral topographies revealed alpha power EEG correlates of PTG, resilience and PTSD symptoms shared limited, but potentially meaningful similarities.Conclusion: This research provides the first comparative neural topographies of PTG, resilience and PTSD symptoms in the known literature. Results provide objective neural evidence supporting existing theory depicting PTG, resilience and PTSD as independent, yet co-occurring constructs. PTG neuromarker alpha C3 significantly delineated high from low PTG and warrants further investigation for potential clinical application. Findings provide foundation for future neural-based interventions and research for enhancing PTG in trauma-exposed individuals.

Objective translational study designed to increase neural understanding of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and provide a basis for future neural-based interventions to enhance PTG.Results provide neural evidence of PTG as an independent construct that coexists, and shares limited neural relatedness with resilience and PTSD symptoms.Increased PTG was significantly related to higher alpha power in the left centro-temporal brain area around EEG electrode C3: This finding warrants further investigation for potential clinical application.

How are experiences and acceptability of child maltreatment related to resilience and posttraumatic growth: a cross cultural study.

Background: Post-traumatic growth (PTG) and resilience, regarded as positive psychological change following a traumatic experience, are under-researched across cultures in people exposed to child maltreatment (CM).Objective: We investigated how experiences and the perceived acceptability of CM are related to resilience and PTG in countries with different cultures, living standards, and gross national income.Method: A total of 478 adults from Cameroon (n = 111), Canada (n = 137), Japan (n = 108), and Germany (n = 122) completed an online survey with self-reported questionnaires, including the Brief Resilience Scale and the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form.Results: Across countries, self-reported male gender and age were positively associated with resilience, while experiences of physical abuse and emotional maltreatment were negatively associated with resilience. Experiences of emotional maltreatment were positively associated with PTG. Higher levels of PTG and resilience were found amongst Cameroonian participants as compared to other countries.Conclusion: Our results suggest that positive changes following CM can vary significantly across cultures and that experiences of specific CM subtypes, but not the perceived acceptability of CM, may be important for a deeper understanding of how individuals overcome trauma and develop salutogenic outcomes. Our findings may inform CM intervention programmes for an enhanced cultural sensitivity.

Across the four countries (Canada, Cameroon, Germany, Japan), more experiences of physical abuse and emotional maltreatment were associated with lower resilience; more experiences of emotional maltreatment were associated with greater post-traumatic growth.Higher levels of post-traumatic growth and resilience were found in Cameroon as compared to other countries.Positive changes following child maltreatment vary across cultures and experiences of specific child maltreatment subtypes, but the perceived acceptability of child maltreatment did not exert an influence on salutogenic post-traumatic outcomes.

Neurofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and neurophysiological outcomes.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Existing treatments often fail to address the complexity of its symptoms and functional impairments resulting from severe and prolonged trauma. Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback (NFB) has emerged as a promising treatment that aims to reduce the symptoms of PTSD by modulating brain activity.Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of ten clinical trials to answer the question: how effective is NFB in addressing PTSD and other associated symptoms across different trauma populations, and are these improvements related to neurophysiological changes?Method: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses guidelines. We considered all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) involving adults with PTSD as a primary diagnosis without exclusion by type of trauma, co-morbid diagnosis, locality, or sex. Ten controlled studies were included; seven RCTs and three NRSIs with a total number of participants n = 293 (128 male). Only RCTs were included in the meta-analysis (215 participants; 88 male).Results: All included studies showed an advantage of NFB over control conditions in reducing symptoms of PTSD, with indications of improvement in symptoms of anxiety and depression and related neurophysiological changes. Meta-analysis of the pooled data shows a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms post-treatment SMD of -1.76 (95% CI -2.69, -0.83), and the mean remission rate was higher in the NFB group (79.3%) compared to the control group (24.4%). However, the studies reviewed were mostly small, with heterogeneous populations and varied quality.Conclusions: The effect of NFB on the symptoms of PTSD was moderate and mechanistic evidence suggested that NFB leads to therapeutic changes in brain functioning. Future research should focus on more rigorous methodological designs, expanded sample size and longer follow-up.

Neurofeedback (NFB) was found to have moderate beneficial effects on PTSD symptoms, and positive effects on secondary outcomes such as depression and anxiety, according to a meta-analysis of seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs).The beneficial effects of NFB were observed across diverse populations, including those with different types of trauma (military and civilians) and from different ethnic backgrounds.Results suggest that modulation of alpha rhythm might be a viable NFB protocol in patients with PTSD, as changes in neurophysiological functioning, such as connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Salience Network (SN), were observed post-NFB and were correlated with a decrease in PTSD severity.

Data sharing and re-use in the traumatic stress field: An international survey of trauma researchers.

BACKGROUND: The FAIR data principles aim to make scientific data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. In the field of traumatic stress research, FAIR data practices can help accelerate scientific advances to improve clinical practice and can reduce participant burden. Previous studies have identified factors that influence data sharing and re-use among scientists, such as normative pressure, perceived career benefit, scholarly altruism, and availability of data repositories. No prior study has examined researcher views and practices regarding data sharing and re-use in the traumatic stress field. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perspectives and practices of traumatic stress researchers around the world concerning data sharing, re-use, and the implementation of FAIR data principles in order to inform development of a FAIR Data Toolkit for traumatic stress researchers. METHOD: A total of 222 researchers from 28 countries participated in an online survey available in seven languages, assessing their views on data sharing and re-use, current practices, and potential facilitators and barriers to adopting FAIR data principles. RESULTS: The majority of participants held a positive outlook towards data sharing and re-use, endorsing strong scholarly altruism, ethical considerations supporting data sharing, and perceiving data re-use as advantageous for improving research quality and advancing the field. Results were largely consistent with prior surveys of scientists across a wide range of disciplines. A significant proportion of respondents reported instances of data sharing and re-use, but gold standard practices such as formally depositing data in established repositories were reported as infrequent. The study identifies potential barriers such as time constraints, funding, and familiarity with FAIR principles. CONCLUSIONS: These results carry crucial implications for promoting change and devising a FAIR Data Toolkit tailored for traumatic stress researchers, emphasizing aspects such as study planning, data preservation, metadata standardization, endorsing data re-use, and establishing metrics to assess scientific and societal impact.

Traumatic stress researchers worldwide responding to a survey held generally positive views on data sharing, endorsing scholarly altruism and pro-sharing ethical considerations, and rating data re-use as useful for advancing the field.While many respondents reported instances of sharing or re-using data, gold standard practices such as formally depositing data in established repositories were reported as infrequent.Barriers to data sharing and re-use included time constraints, funding, and a lack of familiarity with practices to make data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Re-usable (FAIR).

Moral injury in psychiatric patients with personality and other clinical disorders: development, psychometric properties, and validity of the Moral Injury Events Scale-Civilian Version.

Background: Moral injury emerges when someone perpetrates, fails to prevent, or witnesses acts that violate their own moral or ethical code. Nash et al. [(2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646-652] developed a short measure, the Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) to facilitate the empirical study of moral injury in the military. Our study aimed to develop a civilian version of the measure (MIES-CV) and examine its psychometric properties in a sample of psychiatric inpatients .Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample comprised 240 adult patients (71.7% female) with a mean age of 31.57 (SD = 11.69). The most common diagnoses in the sample were anxiety disorders (58.3%), depressive disorders (53.8%), and borderline personality disorder (39.6%). Participants were diagnosed using structured clinical interviews and filled out psychological questionnaires.Results: Exploratory factor analysis suggested that Nash et al.'s model (Perceived Transgressions, Perceived Betrayals) represents the data well. This two-factor solution showed an excellent fit in the confirmatory factor analysis, as well. Meaningful associations were observed between moral injury and psychopathology dimensions, shame, reflective functioning, well-being, and resilience. The Perceived Betrayals factor was a significant predictor of bipolar disorders, PTSD, paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that this broad version of the MIES is a valid measure of moral injury that can be applied to psychiatric patients.

The Moral Injury Events Scale­Civilian Version is a reliable and valid instrument.The original 2-factor solution (Perceived Transgressions, Perceived Betrayals) yielded a good fit to the data.Moral injury's Perceived Betrayals factor predicted bipolar disorders, PTSD, and three personality disorders (paranoid PD, borderline PD, avoidant PD).

Mental health and sleep quality of low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social restrictions created an unprecedented context for families raising young children. Although studies have documented detrimental effects of the pandemic on maternal well-being, less is known about how the pandemic specifically impacted low-income mothers. We examined depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the early months of the pandemic using data from the Baby's First Years study. Focusing on the control group (n = 547), we compared mothers interviewed before March 14th, 2020 (n = 342) to mothers interviewed between March 14th and June 30th, 2020 (n = 205) to determine whether the pandemic was associated with differences in mental health and sleep quality. Mothers were recruited from four cities in the United States, and most of the sample identified as Hispanic (42.2%) or Black, non-Hispanic (38.6%). We found that mothers interviewed during the pandemic reported better mental health and sleep quality. While we cannot speak to longer-term impacts of the pandemic, it is possible low-income mothers experienced relief from daily stressors during the initial shelter-in-place orders, which may have led to improvements in well-being. These results have implications for understanding how complex life stressors influence mental health and sleep quality among low-income mothers raising young children.

La pandemia del COVID-19 y las subsecuentes restricciones sociales crearon un contexto sin precedentes para las familias que estaban criando niños pequeños. Aunque los estudios han documentado los efectos perjudiciales de la pandemia sobre el bienestar materno, menos se conoce acerca de cómo la pandemia específicamente tuvo un impacto sobre madres de bajos recursos económicos. Examinamos la depresión, ansiedad y calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos de niños de un año de edad durante los primeros meses de la pandemia usando datos del estudio Primeros Años del Bebé. Enfocándonos en el grupo de control (n = 547), comparamos las madres entrevistadas antes del 14 de marzo de 2020 (n = 342) con madres entrevistadas entre el 14 de marzo y el 30 de junio de 2020 (n = 205) para determinar si la pandemia se asociaba con diferencias en salud mental y calidad del sueño. A las madres se les reclutó en cuatro ciudades de Estados Unidos y la mayor parte del grupo muestra se identificaron como Hispanas (42.2%) o Negras no Hispanas (38.6%). Encontramos que las madres entrevistadas durante la pandemia reportaron mejor salud mental y calidad del sueño. A pesar de que no podemos hablar sobre el impacto a largo plazo de la pandemia, es posible que las madres de bajos recursos económicos experimentaran alivio en los factores diarios de estrés durante el inicial mandato de quedarse en su casa, lo cual pudiera haber llevado a mejoras en el bienestar. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para comprender cómo los complejos factores de estrés influyen en la salud mental y la calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos que crían a niños pequeños.

La pandémie du COVID-19 et les restrictions sociales qui en ont découlé ont créé un contexte sans précédent pour les familles élevant de jeunes enfants. Bien que des études aient documenté des effets préjudiciables de la pandémie sur le bien-être maternel, on en sait moins sur la manière dont la pandémie a spécifiquement impacté les mères de milieux défavorisés. Nous avons examiné la dépression, l'anxiété, et la qualité du sommeil chez des mères de milieux défavorisés avec un enfant d'un an durant les premiers mois de la pandémie, en utilisant des données de l'étude Baby's First Years. Nous concentrant sur le groupe de contrôle (n = 547), nous avons comparé des mères interviewées avant le 14 mars 2020 (n = 342) à des mères interviewées entre le 14 mars et le 30 juin 2020 (n = 205) afin de déterminer si la pandémie était liée à des différences en santé mentale et en qualité de sommeil. Les mères ont été recrutées dans quatre villes des Etats-Unis et la plupart de l'échantillon s'identifiait comme Hispanique (42,2%) ou Noires, non hispaniques (38,6%). Nous avons trouvé que les mères interviewées Durant la pandémie faisaient état d'une meilleure santé mentale et d'une meilleure qualité de sommeil. Bien que nous ne puissions pas parler des impacts de la pandémie à long terme, il est possible que les mères de milieux défavorisés aient fait l'expérience d'un soulagement des facteurs de stress quotidiens durant la période initiale de confinement, ce qui pourrait avoir mené à des améliorations dans le bien-être. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la compréhension de la manière dont des facteurs de stress complexes influencent la santé mentale et la qualité du sommeil chez les mères de milieux défavorisés élevant de jeunes enfants.

Association of reproductive traits with captive- versus wild-sourced birds in trade.

The wildlife trade is a billion-dollar global business, involving millions of people, thousands of species, and hundreds of millions of individual organisms. Unravelling whether trade targets reproductively distinct species and whether this preference varies between captive- and wild-sourced species is a crucial question. We used a comprehensive list of all bird species traded, trade listings and records kept in compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and a suite of avian reproductive parameters to examine whether wildlife trade is associated with particular facets of life history and to examine the association between life-history traits and captive- and wild-sourced traded volumes over time. Across all trade, CITES listing, and CITES trade, large birds were more likely to be traded and listed, but their longevity and age at maturity were not associated with CITES listing or trade. We found species across almost the full range of trait values in both captive and wild trade between 2000 and 2020. Captive trade volumes clearly associated with relatively longer lived and early-maturing species; these associations remained stable and largely unchanged over time. Trait-volume associations in wild-sourced trade were more uncertain. Only body mass had a clear association, and it varied from negative to positive over time. Although reproductive traits were important in captive-sourced trade, species-level variation dominated trade, with even congeneric species varying greatly in volume despite similar traits. The collection and incorporation of trait data into sustainability assessments of captive breeding facilities are crucial to ensure accurate quotas and guard against laundering.

Asociación entre los rasgos reproductivos de aves en cautiverio versus las de origen silvestre comercializadas Resumen El mercado de fauna es un negocio mundial de miles de millones de dólares que involucra a millares de personas, miles de especies y cientos de millones de organismos individuales. Por ello es necesario resolver la cuestión de si el mercado se enfoca en especies con distinciones reproductivas y si esta preferencia varía entre las especies de origen silvestre y en cautiverio. Usamos una lista completa de todas las especies de aves comercializadas, listados y registros comerciales conforme a la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas (CITES) y un conjunto de parámetros de reproducción de aves para analizar si el mercado de fauna está asociado con facetas particulares de la historia de vida. También analizamos la asociación entre los rasgos de la historia de vida y el volumen comercializado de origen silvestre y de cautiverio a lo largo del tiempo. En todos los mercados, listas de CITES y mercados CITES, las aves de mayor tamaño tuvieron mayor probabilidad de ser comercializadas y estar enlistadas, pero su longevidad y edad a la madurez no se asoció con el mercado o la lista e CITES. Detectamos especies en casi toda la gama de rasgos tanto en el comercio de cautiverio como el silvestre entre 2000 y 2020. El volumen comercial de cautiverio mostró una asociación clara con las especies relativamente más longevas y de madurez temprana; esta relación fue estable y casi no cambió con el tiempo. La asociación del volumen en las especies de origen silvestre fue más incierta; sólo la masa corporal tuvo una relación clara y ésta varió entre positiva y negativa con el tiempo. Aunque los rasgos reproductivos fueron importantes para el mercado con origen en cautiverio, la variación a nivel de especies dominó el mercado, incluso mostrando una enorme variación del volumen entre las especies congéneres a pesar de tener rasgos similares. La recolección e incorporación de datos sobre los rasgos dentro de los análisis de sustentabilidad de las instalaciones para la cría en cautiverio es crucial para asegurar las cuotas adecuadas y prevenir blanqueo de capitales.

Victims of armed conflict in India: psychosocial impact and available support.

India has been a part of 5 major wars since its independence in 1947 and hosts over 212,413 refugees from Sri Lanka, Tibet and Bangladesh. So, a wide spectrum of trauma survivors, both civilian and military, live in this country and require mental healthcare. We discuss the psychological impact of armed conflict and how the country and culture tint it uniquely. We not only explore the current scene but the resources available and what can be done to make such vulnerable parts of the Indian population feel safer.

The spectrum of victims of armed conflict in India and the impact on their mental health.The current deficient governmental and non-governmental psychosocial support available.Recommendations for optimum management of these trauma victims through programmes and individual therapy.

Enhancing parental reflective functioning: A special tribute to the life and work of Nancy E. Suchman, PhD.

Nancy E. Suchman's contributions to the fields of infant mental health, maternal reflective functioning, and attachment-based intervention will have long-lasting impacts. In particular, through the development and dissemination of her intervention program, Mothering from the Inside Out (MIO), she innovated a way of working with mothers with substance use disorders that represented a paradigm shift within the field of addiction. In this introduction to the special issue, written to honor her life and work, we review Nancy's background and briefly describe her academic accomplishments. The special issue contains nine qualitative and quantitative research reports written by Nancy's colleagues and their collaborators. All nine papers pertain to the theme of understanding, measuring, and promoting parents' capacity for reflective functioning. Four provide findings that advance our understanding of parental reflective functioning. The other five highlight insights from continuing evaluations of MIO, including new adaptations of the model. To introduce the special issue, we provide an overview of the scope of the work done within these projects. Finally, the special issue concludes with two commentaries contributed by Linda Mayes and Arietta Slade, leading scholars within the field who were also Nancy's close colleagues. Both provide insight into Nancy's impact on the field.

Las contribuciones de Nancy E Suchman a los campos de la salud mental infantil, del funcionamiento materno con reflexión y de la intervención con base en la afectividad tendrá un impacto duradero. Particularmente a través del desarrollo y divulgación de su programa de intervención, Cuidados Maternales de Dentro hacia Afuera (MIO), ella es innovadora de una manera de trabajar con madres con trastornos de uso de sustancias, lo cual representa un cambio de paradigma dentro del campo de la adicción. En esta introducción al número especial, dedicado en honor a su vida y trabajo, se examina la trayectoria profesional de Nancy y brevemente se describen sus logros académicos. El número especial contiene nueve reportes de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, escritos por colegas y colaboradores de Nancy. Todos los nueve ensayos se refieren al tema de cómo comprender, medir y promover la capacidad de los progenitores para el funcionamiento con reflexión. Cuatro de ellos aportan resultados que profundizan nuestra comprensión del funcionamiento con reflexión del progenitor. Los otros cinco resaltan ideas de las continuas evaluaciones del MIO, incluyendo nuevas adaptaciones del modelo. Para introducir el número especial, presentamos una revisión general del alcance del trabajo llevado a cabo en estos proyectos. Finalmente, el número especial concluye con dos comentarios que son contribución de Linda Mayes y Arietta Slade, líderes investigadoras profesionales dentro del campo y quienes también fueron colegas allegadas a Nancy. Ambas aportan ideas sobre el impacto que Nancy tiene en su campo.

Les contributions de Nancy E. Suchman aux domaines de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance, du fonctionnement de réflexion maternel et de l'intervention basée sur l'attachement auront des impacts à long terme. Plus particulièrement, au travers du développement et de la dissémination de son programme d'intervention Mothering from the Inside Out (MOI, en français le Maternage de l'Intérieur), elle a tracé une nouvelle voix innovatrice de travail avec des mères toxicomanes, voix représentant un changement de paradigme au sein même du domaine de l'addiction. Dans cette introduction à ce numéro spécial, écrite afin d'honorer sa vie et son travail, nous passons en revue le contexte personnel de Nancy et décrivons brièvement ses réalisations académiques. Ce numéro spécial contient neuf rapports de recherches qualitatives et quantitatives écrits par les collègues de Nancy et ses collaboratrices et collaborateurs. Ces neufs articles portent sur le thème de la compréhension, la mesure et la promotion de la capacité des parents à se consacrer au fonctionnement de réflexion. Quatre de ces articles offrent des conclusions qui font avancer notre compréhension du fonctionnement de réflexion parental. Les autres cinq articles mettent en lumière le travail émanant d'évaluations en cours du MOI, y compris de nouvelles adaptations du modèle. Pour présenter ce numéro spécial nous offrons un survol de la portée du travail fait au sein de ces projets. Enfin, ce numéro spécial conclut avec deux commentaires présentés par Linda Mayes et Arietta Slade, grandes spécialistes au sein de ce domaine de recherche, qui étaient aussi les proches collègues de Nancy. Elles nous offrent toutes deux un aperçu de l'impact qu'a eu Nancy sur ce domaine de recherches.

Rapid, recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model.

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat-occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.

Un bioblitz genera información sobre la biodiversidad de manera rápida y económica, pero con frecuencia se realizan con muestreos irregulares e irrepetibles. Además, los resultados tienden a estar sesgados taxonómica, geográfica o temporalmente, carecen de metadatos y consisten en una lista de taxones observados que no permiten análisis más profundos o la corrección de las detecciones imperfectas. Un censo rápido, recurrente y estructurado (CRRE) usa un diseño de muestreo estructurado y la replicación temporal y espacial para censar los sitios seleccionados al azar en una propiedad de conservación. Participamos en un bioblitz ligeramente estructurado y en un CRRE subsecuente en la reserva natural Big Canoe Creek en Springville, condado St. Clair, Alabama, EUA, para comparar la riqueza observada derivada de las dos estrategias de censo. La estructura de datos del CRRE nos permitió ajustar los modelos que explicaban la detección imperfecta para estimar abundancias, probabilidades de ocupación y asociaciones de hábitat. No pudimos usar los datos del bioblitz en dichos modelos. Presentamos un nuevo modelo de abundancia multiespecie que aplicamos a los datos ornitológicos del CRRE. Nuestra extensión del modelo permite la estimación de la comunidad, usa el aumento de datos para estimar el número de especies no detectadas e incorpora las covariables. El CRRE generó una lista más completa y menos sesgada de la riqueza taxonómica observada que el bioblitz (73 especies de aves versus 45 y 104 familias de insectos versus 63, respectivamente). Los modelos ajustados a los datos del CRRE identificaron patrones estacionales en la composición de la comunidad ornitológica y permitieron la estimación de las relaciones de ocupación de hábitat de los taxones de insectos. El protocolo del CRRE tiene potencial para usarse de manera general como un método de inventario de la biodiversidad estandarizado, rápido y económico y para estimar los parámetros ecológicos a la vez que proporciona una oportunidad de divulgación.

Experiences of fathers caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-synthesis.

Parents raising children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) experience greater family, health, and psychosocial dysfunction due to the compounding nature of children's NDD and disease manifestations. Furthermore, the experiences of fathers and mothers are significantly different, and there is a paucity of consolidated evidence on fathers' experiences. A systematic review and meta-synthesis were conducted using Sandelowski and Barroso's approach. Six electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published between November 2011 and November 2021. Thirty-eight studies were included in this review. An overarching theme "Out of the Shadows, and Into the Sunshine" emerged along with four main themes: (a) "The Illness Is All the Time": An Overwhelming Experience, (b) "Navigating health care and Education Systems," (c) "Strong Alone, Stronger Together," and (d) "My Child Is Different Not Less: A Different Perspective." This meta-synthesis analyzed the facilitators and barriers married fathers of children with NDD faced and suggested a paradigm shift where these fathers are becoming more actively involved in the care of their children. There is a need for family clinicians and therapists and health care, education, and workforce policymakers to collaborate to tackle the current and potential unique barriers faced by fathers of children with NDD.

MOS mutation causes female infertility with large polar body oocytes.

The Moloney sarcoma oncogene (MOS) encodes a protein serine/threonine kinase and MOS is expressed at high levels in oocytes undergoing meiotic maturation. The MOS/MAPK pathway is normally required for the maintenance of microtubules and chromatin in a metaphasic state during the meiotic divisions. To determine the pathogenic genes in a female infertile patient due to large polar body oocytes, whole-exome sequencing was performed on the patient and available family members. We identified a novel homozygous missense mutation c.591T > G in MOS. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the mutation is harmful. These findings suggest that MOS mutation results in oocytes with a large polar body and poor embryonic development in patients. The MOS variant may regulate oocyte asymmetric division by MAPK/WAVE2/Arp2/3/actin signaling pathway. This will help to understand the comprehensive role of MOS in early human reproductive process and provide genetic markers for future genetic counseling for more individualized treatments.

Maternal mental health and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months in a low-income South African cohort.

Maternal mental health disorders and the adverse consequences for infant neurodevelopment have received substantial research attention in high-income countries over the past five decades. In Africa, where relatively little work has been done on this topic, researchers have largely focused on infant physical health outcomes. This longitudinal study investigated the neurodevelopment of infants at 6 months post-term with exposure to mothers with a clinical diagnosis of persistent mental health disorders residing in low-income communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Adjusted models revealed no significant differences on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) domains (cognitive, motor, language, socio-emotional, and adaptive behavior) between infants exposed to maternal mental health disorders (n = 62) and the comparison group (n = 35) at 3 and 6 months. Subgroup analyses found no significant differences on the BSID-III domains between infants with exposure to mood disorders (n = 31), as well as infants with exposure to comorbid (i.e., a combination of two or three) mental health disorders (n = 14) and the comparison group. However, infants with exposure to psychotic disorders (n = 14) scored significantly lower on the cognitive and the motor domains and the fine motor subscale. These novel data provide an important contribution to the scientific literature especially in the field of maternal psychotic disorders in Africa.

Los trastornos de la salud mental materna y las consecuencias adversas para el neurodesarrollo del infante han recibido una considerable atención investigativa en países de altos niveles económicos a lo largo de las últimas cinco décadas. En África, donde se ha llevado a cabo relativamente poco trabajo sobre este tema, los investigadores se han enfocado por la mayor parte en los resultados de la salud física del infante. Este estudio longitudinal investigó el neurodesarrollo de infantes a los 6 meses después del término de gestación que habían sido expuestos a madres con un diagnóstico clínico de trastornos de salud mental persistentes quienes residían en comunidades de bajos recursos en Ciudad del Cabo, Sudáfrica. Los ajustados modelos no revelaron significativas diferencias en los dominios de las Escalas Bayley del Desarrollo del Infante y Niños Pequeñitos (BSID-III) (cognitivo, motor, lenguaje, comportamiento socioemocional y de adaptación) entre los infantes que habían estado expuestos a los trastornos de salud mental materna (n = 62) y el grupo de comparación (n = 35) a los 3 y 6 meses. Los análisis de subgrupo no encontraron diferencias significativas en los dominios de BSID-III entre los infantes que habían estado expuestos a los trastornos de estado de ánimo (n = 31), así como los infantes que habían estado expuestos a trastornos de salud mental comórbidos (v.g. una combinación de dos o tres) (n = 14) y el grupo de comparación. Sin embargo, los infantes que habían estado expuestos a trastornos sicóticos (n = 14) tuvieron puntajes significativamente más bajos en los dominios cognitivo y motor, así como en la subescala de las habilidades motoras finas. Estos novedosos datos ofrecen una contribución importante a la literatura científica especialmente en el campo de los trastornos sicóticos maternos en África.

Les troubles de la santé mentale maternelle et les conséquences négatives pour le neurodéveloppement du nourrisson ont reçu l'attention de beaucoup de recherches dans les pays à revenu élevé ces cinquante dernières années. En Afrique où relativement peu de travail a été fait sur ce sujet, les chercheurs se sont en grande partie penchés sur les résultats de la santé physique des nourrissons. Cette étude longitudinale s'est penchée sur le neurodéveloppement de nourrissons à 6 mois après terme avec une exposition aux mères avec un diagnostic clinique de troubles de la santé mentale persistants, résidant dans des communautés défavorisées à Cape Town, en Afrique du Sud. Les modèles ajustés n'ont révélé aucunes différences importantes dans les domaines (cognitif, moteur, langage, comportement socio-émotionnel et comportement adaptif) des Echelles Bayley du Développement du Nourrisson et du Jeune Enfant (BSID-III) entre les nourrissons exposés à des troubles de la santé mentale maternelle (n = 62) et le groupe de comparaison (n-35) à 3 et 6 mois. Les analyses de sous-groupes n'ont trouvé aucunes différences concernant les domaines BSID-III entre les nourrissons avec une exposition à des troubles de l'humeur (n-31), ainsi que des nourrissons avec une exposition à des troubles de santé mentale comorbides (c'est-à-dire une combinaison de deux ou trois) (n-14) et le groupe de comparaison. Cependant, les nourrissons ayant été exposés à des troubles psychotiques (n = 14) ont reçu des scores bien plus bas dans le domaine cognitif, dans le domaine moteur, et à la sous-échelle motrice fine. Ces nouvelles données offrent une contribution importante aux recherches scientifiques, surtout dans le domaine des troubles psychotiques maternels en Afrique.

Understanding links between maternal perinatal posttraumatic stress symptoms and infant socioemotional and physical health.

Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are associated with adverse consequences for older children, but very few studies have examined links between perinatal maternal PTSS and infant outcomes. Trauma exposure and psychopathology, including PTSS, is often heightened for women during pregnancy through 1 year postpartum. Therefore, the perinatal period may be a critical time for understanding the risk maternal PTSS and other mental health factors pose to the socioemotional and physical health of infants. The present study explored the relation between maternal PTSS and infant socioemotional and physical health problems in a sample of racially and ethnically diverse mother-infant dyads (N = 295) assessed prenatally and at 12 months postpartum. This study also examined whether there are: (1) moderating effects of maternal depressive symptoms and parenting stress on these associations and (2) indirect effects of PTSS on infant outcomes through observed maternal sensitivity. Results indicated that postpartum depressive symptoms and parenting stress, rather than PTSS, were associated with greater infant socioemotional health problems. However, prenatal PTSS were associated with greater infant physical health problems when mothers also reported clinically significant levels of postpartum depressive symptoms. Maternal sensitivity was not associated with maternal PTSS, depressive symptoms, or parenting stress, nor was it related to infant socioemotional and physical health; thus, maternal sensitivity was not tested as an intermediary mechanism linking maternal mental health with infant outcomes. Implications for promoting maternal mental health in the perinatal period to bolster socioemotional and physical health of infants are discussed.

Los síntomas de estrés materno postraumático (PTSS) se asocian con consecuencias adversas para niños de mayor edad, pero pocos estudios han examinado las conexiones entre PTSS materno perinatal y los resultados en el infante. El estar expuesta al trauma y la sicopatología de este, incluyendo PTSS, a menudo se intensifican más en el caso de mujeres durante el embarazo y hasta un año después del parto. Por tanto, el período perinatal pudiera ser un omento crítico para comprender el riesgo que el PTSS materno y otros factores de salud mental presentan para la salud socioemocional y física de los infantes. Este estudio exploró la relación entre el PTSS materno y los problemas de salud socioemocional y física del infante en un grupo muestra de díadas madre-infante racial y étnicamente diversas (N = 295), evaluadas prenatalmente y a los 12 meses después del parto. Este estudio también examinó si hay: (1) efectos moderadores de los síntomas depresivos maternos y el estrés de crianza sobre estas asociaciones y (2) efectos indirectos de PTSS sobre los resultados en el infante a través de la observada sensibilidad materna. Los resultados indican que los síntomas depresivos y el estrés de crianza, en vez de PTSS, estaban asociados con mayores problemas de salud socioemocional del infante. Sin embargo, el PTSS se asoció con mayores problemas de salud física en el infante cuando las madres también reportaron niveles clínicamente significativos de síntomas depresivos. No se corroboró el que la sensibilidad materna fuera un mecanismo intermediario de conexión entre PTSS y otros factores de salud mental materna y resultados en el infante.

Les symptômes des stress posttraumatique (SPT) maternel sont liés à des conséquences adverses pour les enfants plus âgés mais peu d'études ont examiné les liens entre le SPT périnatal maternel et les résultats sur les nourrissons. L'exposition au trauma et la psychopathologie, y compris le SPT, est souvent accrues pour les femmes durant la grossesse jusqu'à un an après la naissance. Par conséquent la période périnatale peut être un moment critique pour la compréhension du risque que posent le SPT maternel et d'autres facteurs de santé mentale à la santé socio-émotionnelle et physique des nourrissons. Cette étude a exploré la relation entre le SPT maternel et les problèmes socio-émotionnels et physiques des nourrissons chez un échantillon de dyades mère-nourrisson racialement et ethniquement diverses (N = 295) évaluées au stade prénatal et à 12 mois après la naissance. Cette étude a aussi examiné s'il existait : (1) des effets modérateurs de symptômes dépressifs maternels et du stress de parentage sur ces associations et (2) des effets indirects de SPT sur les résultats du nourrisson à travers une sensibilité maternelle observée. Les résultats ont indiqué que les symptômes dépressifs postpartum et le stress de parentage, plus que le SPT, étaient liés à des problèmes plus élevés de santé socio-émotionnels du nourrisson. Cependant le SPT prénatal était lié à de plus grands problèmes de santé physique du nourrisson quand les mères faisaient aussi état de niveaux cliniquement élevés de symptômes dépressifs postpartum. La sensibilité maternelle n'était pas liée au SPT maternel, aux symptômes dépressifs ou au stress de parentage, et n'était pas non plus liée à la santé socio-émotionnelle et physique du nourrisson. Donc la sensibilité maternelle n'a pas testée comme mécanisme intermédiaire liant la santé mentale maternelle aux résultats du nourrisson. Les implications pour la promotion de la santé mentale maternelle dans la période périnatale afin de soutenir la santé socio-émotionnelle et physique des nourrissons sont discutées.

Introduction to a special section on the supervisee's perspective of reflective supervision/consultation.

The definition and implementation of reflective supervision/consultation (RS/C) in the infant early childhood mental health field (IECMH) has largely been driven by expert supervisors, researchers, and leaders in the field. The voice of the frontline practitioner, the most likely recipient of RS/C has had less prominence in the scholarly discourse, leaving unclear supervisees' perspectives on the meaning and value of RS/C. This special section addresses supervisees' experiences with RS/C across five studies. In the first two papers, researchers examined supervisees' perspectives on essential components of RS/C and perceived impacts of RS/C on their work. In paper 3, researchers report on perceived associations between RS/C and professionals' well-being. The fourth paper addresses experiences in RS/C and professionals' use of reflective practices. Finally, researchers in the fifth paper present the psychometric properties of an observational tool that focuses on the interaction between supervisors and supervisees. Collectively, the studies promote understanding about supervisees' perspectives and experiences that may benefit future research studies aimed at investigating the role of RS/C in well-being and practice and provide information for program administrators considering the inclusion of RS/C in professional development efforts.

La definición e implementación de la supervisión/consulta con reflexión (RS/C) en el campo de la salud mental infantil y la temprana niñez (IECMH) ha sido, por la mayor parte, llevada a cabo por supervisores expertos, investigadores y líderes en ese campo. La voz de quienes practican en el frente de trabajo, quienes tienen la mayor probabilidad de recibir RS/C, ha tenido menos prominencia en los acercamientos científico-profesionales, dejando no claras las perspectivas de los supervisados acerca del significado y valor de RS/C. Esta sección especial se refiere a las experiencias de los supervisados con RS/C a través de cinco estudios. En los dos primeros ensayos, los investigadores examinaron las perspectivas de los supervisados acerca de componentes esenciales de RS/C y cómo perciben el impacto de RS/C en su trabajo. En el tercer ensayo, los investigadores reportan sobre la percepción de asociaciones entre RS/C y el bienestar de los profesionales. El cuarto artículo enfoca las experiencias en cuanto a RS/C y el uso que los profesionales hacen de las prácticas de reflexión. Finalmente, los investigadores en el quinto ensayo presentan las propiedades sicométricas de una herramienta de observación que se enfoca en la interacción entre supervisores y supervisados. Colectivamente, los estudios promueven la comprensión acerca de las perspectivas y experiencias de los supervisados que pudieran beneficiar los futuros estudios investigativos cuya meta sea investigar el papel de RS/C en el bienestar y la práctica, así como aportar información para administradores de programas que estén considerando la inclusión de RS/C en los esfuerzos de desarrollo profesional.

La définition et la mise en place de la supervision/consultation réflective (abrégé selon l'anglais RS/C) dans le domaine de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance (IECMH) ont largement été élaborées par les experts superviseurs, les chercheurs et les leaders dans le domaine. La voix du praticien de première ligne, le plus à même d'être le récipiendaire de la RS/C, a eu moins de prominence dans le discours scientifique, menant ainsi à un manque de clarté concernant les perspectives des personnes supervisées sur la signification et la valeur de la RS/C. Ce numéro spécial aborde les expériences des personnes supervisées au moyen de la RS/C au travers de cinq études. Dans les deux premiers articles les chercheurs ont examiné les perspectives des personnes supervisées sur les composants essentiels de la RS/C et leurs impacts perçus de la RS/C sur leur travail. Dans le troisième article les chercheurs se sont penchés sur les liens perçus entre la RS/C et le bien-être des professionnels. Le quatrième article porte sur des expériences dans la RS/C et l'utilisation des pratiques réflectives faites par des professionnels. Enfin les chercheurs du cinquième article présentent les propriétés psychométriques d'un outil observationnel qui se concentre sur l'interaction entre les superviseurs et les supervisées ou supervisés. Collectivement ces études mettent en valeur la compréhension entre les perspectives et les expériences des personnes supervisées qui peuvent profiter aux recherches à venir s'attachant à explorer le rôle de la RS/C dans le bien-être et la pratique. Elles présentent aussi des renseignements utiles pour les administrateurs de programme qui considèrent l'inclusion de la RS/C dans leurs efforts de la formation professionnelle.

From the voices of supervisees: A theoretical model of reflective supervision (Part II).

Empirical study of reflective supervision/consultation (RS/C) has been gaining ground over the past decade. However, much of this literature is focused on the supervisor perspective of what RS/C is, what makes it effective, and how it impacts the work of the supervisee. This paper, Part II of a two-part series, presents a theoretical model of RS/C that was developed from the perspectives and experiences of supervisees who work with infants, young children, and families and participate in either group or individual RS/C. This qualitative study built upon themes that emerged from data obtained from 50 IECMH professionals in the United States who participated in focus groups or individual interviews aimed at investigating their experiences of RS/C. Data were analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach. A developmental and ecological theoretical model of RS/C emerged from the data that includes three domains of influence - individual, relational, and contextual - on the supervisee's capacity to understand and use their experience of RS/C in their work. These novel data contribute to our understanding of RS/C from the supervisee perspective. The theoretical model provides a framework from which to investigate outcomes, train supervisors and supervisees, and advocate for RS/C within agencies and programs.

El estudio empírico de la supervisión/consulta con reflexión (RS/C) ha estado ganando terreno en la pasada década. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estas publicaciones se enfocan en la perspectiva del supervisor acerca de lo que RS/C es, lo que la hace eficaz y qué impacto tiene en el trabajo del supervisado. Este ensayo, Parte II de una serie de dos partes, presenta un modelo teórico de RS/C que se desarrolló a partir de las perspectivas y experiencias de los supervisados que trabajan con infantes, niños pequeños y familias y participan en RS/C de grupo o individual. Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como base los temas que surgieron de datos obtenidos de cincuenta profesionales de IECMH en los Estados Unidos, quienes participaron en grupos de enfoque o entrevistas individuales dirigidas a investigar sus experiencias de RS/C. La información se analizó usando un acercamiento de Teoría Fundamentada. De la información surgió un modelo teorético de desarrollo y ecológico de RS/C que incluye tres dominios de influencia - individual, relacional y contextual - sobre la capacidad de los supervisados de comprender y usar sus experiencias de RS/C en el trabajo. Esta novedosa información contribuye a nuestro conocimiento de RS/C desde la perspectiva del supervisado. El modelo teórico provee un marco de trabajo desde el cual se investigan los resultados, se entrenan los supervisores y supervisados, y se aboga por la inclusión de RS/C dentro de agencias y programas.

Les études empiriques de la supervision / consultation réflexive (RS/C pour reprendre l'anglais) a gagné du terrain ces dix dernières années. Cependant beaucoup de ces recherches sont focalisées sur la perspective du superviseur de ce qu'est la RS/C, ce qui rend la rend efficace, et comment elle influence le travail de la personne supervisée. Cet article, la deuxième partie d'une série en deux parties, présente un modèle théorique de la RS/C qui a été développé à partir des perspectives et des expériences de personnes supervisées travaillant avec des nourrissons, de jeunes enfants et des familles et participant à soit une RS/C de groupe ou individuelle. Cette étude qualitative s'est bâtie sur des thèmes ayant émergé de données obtenues de cinquante professionnels de la santé mentale du nourrisson et de la petite enfance se trouvant aux Etats-Unis qui ont participé à des groupes de discussion ou à des entretiens individuels destinés à enquêter sur leurs expériences de la RS/C. Les données ont été analysées en utilisant une approche de Théorie Ancrée. Un modèle théorique développemental et écologique de RS/C a émergé des données, incluant trois domaines d'influence - individuel, relationnel, et contextuel - sur la capacité de la personne supervisée à comprendre et à utiliser ses expériences de la RS/C dans le travail. Ces nouvelles données contribuent à notre compréhension de la RS/C du point de vue de la personne supervisée. Le modèle théorique offre une structure à partir de laquelle on peut faire des recherches sur les résultats, former les superviseurs et les personnes supervisées, et se faire les avocats de la RS/C au sein des agences et des programmes.