Simple method for removal of pollutants from water by freezing a portion of aquatic solution using a PET bottle, shredder scrap, and household freezer.

A simple method for purifying water using household items has been developed. The solution containing an environmental pollutant was added to the PET bottle. The lid of the PET bottle was closed, and the bottle was then placed with the lid down in a freezer for 9 h. The pourer of the PET bottle was surrounded by shredded paper scraps as a lagging material. Before the solution was completely frozen, the sample was removed from the freezer. The unfrozen portion (liquid) was sampled. The pollutant was concentrated in the liquid. The remaining frozen portion was completely thawed. As results, the concentration of the pollutant (Congo Red, Cr (VI), Pb (II), pentachlorophenol, fluoride, nitrate, or phosphate) in the thawed liquid was decreased by more than 90% compared with the initial concentration (0.10 mM). PRACTITIONER POINTS: A pollutant in a water sample can be removed by freezing a portion of the solution using a PET bottle, shredder scrap, and household freezer. Fluorine and hexavalent chromium can be removed from water to levels that meet water quality standards. The present method can efficiently remove a wide range of contaminants from water, including azo dyes, heavy metals, and pentachlorophenol.

Decolorization and detoxification of direct blue 5B by a Marinobacter-dominated halo-thermoalkalophilic consortium.

Azo dye-containing sewage is commonly detected at high salinity, temperature and pH. In this study, a halo-thermoalkalophilic azo dye decolorization consortium was enriched and named "consortium HL". Consortium HL which was dominated by Marinobacter (84.30%), Desulfocurvibacter (1.89%), and Pseudomonas (1.85%), was able to completely decolorize Direct Blue 5B (DB5) during incubation with the material at 5% salinity, 50 °C, and pH 9 for 30 h. The decolorization mechanism was proposed based on combined metagenomic analysis, GC‒MS, and enzymatic activity detection. The action of the consortium HL showed great tolerance to variations in salinity, temperature and pH. A phytotoxicity study indicated that the metabolic intermediates showed no significant toxicity to the generation of Cucumis sativus and Oryza sativa seeds. This study, in which azo dye decolorization and degradation under high-salt, high-temperature and high-alkalinity conditions were investigated and deeply analyzed by metagenomic information, is the first report regarding the ability of Marinobacter to decolorize azo dyes at high temperatures.

Valorizing date palm spikelets into activated carbon-derived composite for methyl orange adsorption: advancing circular bioeconomy in wastewater treatment-a comprehensive study on its equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms.

Leveraging date palm spikelets (DPS) as a precursor, this study developed a DPS-derived composite (ZnO@DPS-AC) for water treatment, focusing on methyl orange (MO) removal. The composite was synthesized through ZnCl2 activation and pyrolysis at 600 °C. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, and pHPZC. Characterization revealed a highly carbonaceous material (> 74% carbon) with significant porosity and surface functional groups. ZnO@DPS-AC demonstrated rapid MO removal, achieving over 45% reduction within 10 min and up to 99% efficiency under optimized conditions. The Langmuir model-calculated maximum adsorption capacity reached 226.81 mg/g at 20 °C. Adsorption mechanisms involved hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and pore filling. The composite showed effectiveness in treating real wastewater and removing other pollutants. This study highlights the potential of agricultural waste valorization in developing efficient, sustainable adsorbents for water remediation, contributing to circular bioeconomy principles.

Recent advances in electrochemical detection of common azo dyes.

PURPOSE: Food forensics is an emerging field and the initial part of this review showcases the toxic effects and the instrumental methods applied for the detection of the most commonly used azo dyes. Electrochemical detection has a lot of advantages and hence the significance of the most important techniques used in the electrochemical detection is discussed. The major part of this review highlights the surface modified electrodes, utilized for the detection of the most important azo dyes to achieve low detection limit (LOD). METHODS: A thorough literature study was conducted using scopus, science direct and other scientific databases using specific keywords such as toxic azo dyes, electrochemical detection, modified electrodes, LOD etc. The recent references in this field have been included. RESULTS: From the published literature, it is observed that with the growing interests in the field of electrochemical techniques, a lot of importance have been given in the area of modifying the working electrodes. The results unambiguously show that the modified electrodes outperform bare electrodes and offer a lower LOD value. CONCLUSION: According to the literature reports it can be concluded that, compared to other detection methods, electrochemical techniques are much dependable and reproducible. The fabrication of the electrode material with the appropriate modifications is the main factor that influences the sensitivity. Electrochemical sensors can be designed to be more sensitive, more reliable, and less expensive. These sensors can be effectively used by toxicologists to detect trace amounts of harmful dyes in food samples.

Potential of halophiles and alkaliphiles in bioremediation of azo dyes-laden textile wastewater: a review.

Azo dye-laden textile wastewater must be treated before release due to various health and environmental concerns. Bioremediation of textile wastewater, however, is a challenge owing to its alkaline and saline nature as mesophilic microbes, in general, are either not able to thrive or show less efficiency under such hostile environment. Thus, pre-treatment for neutralization or salinity removal becomes a prerequisite before applying microbes for treatment, causing extra economical and technical burden. Extremophilic bacteria can be the promising bioremediating tool because of their inherent ability to survive and show toxicants removal capability under such extreme conditions without need of pre-treatment. Among extremophiles, halophilic and alkaliphilic bacteria which are naturally adapted to high salt and pH are of special interest for the decolorization of saline-alkaline-rich textile wastewater. The current review article is an attempt to provide an overview of the bioremediation of azo dyes and azo dye-laden textile wastewater using these two classes of extremophilic bacteria. The harmful effects of azo dyes on human health and environment have been discussed herein. Halo-alkaliphilic bacteria circumvent the extreme conditions by various adaptations, e.g., production of certain enzymes, adjustment at the protein level, pH homeostasis, and other structural adaptations that have been highlighted in this review. The unique properties of alkaliphiles and halophiles, to not only sustain but also harboring high dye removal competence at high pH and salt concentration, make them a good candidate for designing future bioremediation strategies for the management of alkaline, salt, and azo dye-laden industrial wastewaters.

Alteration in oxidative stress markers, digestive physiology and gut microbiota of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus exposed to Eriochrome Black T.

Synthetic dyes are the primary cause of water pollution in industrial regions. Azo dyes account for 60-70% of such dyes used in the textile sector due to their numerous beneficial characteristics. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the toxicity of Eriochrome Black T (EBT), a widely used azo dye in the textile industry. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of EBT exposure on two catfish species, Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus. Following 96 h exposure to 1, 10 and 20 mgL-1 of EBT, the MDA content and activities of SOD, CAT and GR exhibited a rising trend. However, as the concentration of EBT increased in both species, GPx showed decreased activity. EBT exposure also altered gut morphometry as well as the three main digestive enzymes activity (increase in lipase and trypsin activity, while decrease in amylase activity). In addition, the exposure of EBT had a significant impact on the gut microbiota of both species. C. batrachus demonstrated the suppression or absence of beneficial gut commensals (Bacillus and Cetobacterium), whereas H. fossilis revealed the proliferation and appearance of beneficial commensal microbes (Bacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Megashaera). Furthermore, the expansion or absence of these microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota of both species was involved in dye digestion, immunity and detoxification. Overall, the percent change calculation of all the selected biomarkers, together with gut microbiota analysis, indicates that C. batrachus was more vulnerable to EBT exposure than H. fossilis. The present investigation effectively demonstrated the toxic impact of EBT on fish health by employing oxidative stress markers, digestive enzymes, and the fish gut microbiota as a promising tool for screening the impact of dye exposure on digestive physiology in toxicological research.

The Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Process of Azo Dye Degradation in Aqueous Solution.

In this work, the role of ascorbic acid in the process of azo dye degradation was explained. For this purpose, the kinetics of azo dye degradation under different conditions was studied. Among them, the influence of daylight protection/exposition, different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0.567-0.014 mol/dm3), and temperature (20 °C and 50 °C) on the rate of the dyes' degradation was considered. For this process, the kinetic equation was proposed, which indicates that the process of azo dye degradation using ascorbic acid is first order. Moreover, the observed rate constants were determined, and the mechanism of azo dye degradation was proposed. Spectrophotometry results, together with FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and DFT calculations, explain the origin of the decolorization of the azo dyes and highlight the role of ascorbic acid in this process. Detailed analysis of the obtained products indicates that the process itself goes through several stages in which equally or more toxic compounds are formed. Obtained results from LCMS studies indicate that during tropaeolin OO degradation, 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine (m/z 185.1073) is formed. Thus, the process of azo dye degradation should be carried out in protective conditions. The proposed mechanism suggests that ascorbic acid at high content levels can be used for azo dye degradation from aqueous solution and can be an alternative method for their removal/neutralization from waste solution but with caution during the process.

Investigating the synergy of rapidly synthesized iron oxide predecessor and plasma-gaseous species for dye-removal to reuse water in irrigation.

This study explores a novel and sustainable approach to reusing textile wastewater for irrigation. This is investigated by degrading Evans blue dye, a model azo dye, in wastewater by combining iron oxide predecessor (IOP) catalyst with gaseous species generated by multi-electrode cylindrical plasma device (MCPD). Analysis of IOP-plasma gaseous species revealed the generation of different types of reactive oxygen species in solution which were responsible for degradation of model dye. Key factors influencing the degradation process were studied by performing optimization experiments that resulted in rates of up to 0.008 L mg-1 min-1, more than twice as fast as using plasma gas treatment alone. These studies included mechanistic response of MCPD generated gaseous species with the IOP. In particular, reusability testing of IOP affirmed the robustness and performance efficiency upto three cycles. Finally, toxicity analysis revealed not only reduced negative effects on plant growth by the treated wastewater, but also it can used as minerals to plants. These findings highlight the feasibility of the IOP-MCPD system as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution to reduce scarcity of water in irrigation by treating textile effluent.

Synthesis, mol-ecular and crystal structures of 4-amino-3,5-di-fluoro-benzo-nitrile, ethyl 4-amino-3,5-di-fluoro-benzoate, and diethyl 4,4'-(diazene-1,2-di-yl)bis-(3,5-di-fluoro-benzoate).

The crystal structures of two inter-mediates, 4-amino-3,5-di-fluoro-benzo-nitrile, C7H4F2N2 (I), and ethyl 4-amino-3,5-di-fluoro-benzoate, C9H9F2NO2 (II), along with a visible-light-responsive azo-benzene derivative, diethyl 4,4'-(diazene-1,2-di-yl)bis-(3,5-di-fluoro-benzoate), C18H14F4N2O4 (III), obtained by four-step synthetic procedure, were studied using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The mol-ecules of I and II demonstrate the quinoid character of phenyl rings accompanied by the distortion of bond angles related to the presence of fluorine substituents in the 3 and 5 (ortho) positions. In the crystals of I and II, the mol-ecules are connected by N-H⋯N, N-H⋯F and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C-H⋯F short contacts, and π-stacking inter-actions. In crystal of III, only stacking inter-actions between the mol-ecules are found.

Synthesis and characterization of enhanced azo-azomethine doped PANI/HCl conducting polymers for electrochemical applications.

In this study, conducting polymers composed of polyaniline hydrochloric acid (PANI/HCl) with varying concentrations of a newly synthesized azo-azomethine dye (4-(((Z)-2-hydroxy-5-((Z)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzoic acid) were synthesized using a chemical oxidative polymerization technique. The synthesized azo-azomethine was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. The effects of varying the concentration of the dopant azo-azomethine in PANI/HCl on its optical, structural, thermal, and electrical properties were examined using FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, FESEM, TEM, cyclic voltammetry, and electrical impedance spectra. The results indicate that the optical, direct, and indirect band gaps of the doped polymers decreased from 4.48 and 3.96 eV to 3.91 and 2.49 eV, respectively. The crystalline structure and phase transitions in the doped polymers were examined using X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the doped polymers exhibited higher electrochemical conductivity compared to the pure polymer, with the specific capacitance increasing from 161.17 to 816.9 F/g. The electrical impedance spectra revealed the bulk resistance and conductivity of the material. Among all the doped polymers, PANI/HCl with an azo-azomethine concentration of 5 × 10-5 M exhibited lower bulk resistance (10 Ω) and higher electrical conductivity (σ = 50.09 × 10-3 S cm-1).

Efficient removal of direct dyes by SA-Er biopolymer gel spheres: Equilibrium isotherms, kinetics and regeneration performance study.

Biomass-based adsorbent materials are characterized by their low cost, environmental friendliness, and ease of design and operation. In this study, biomass-based hydrogel microspheres erbium alginate (SA/Er) with high stability and adsorption properties were prepared by a one-step synthesis method. The prepared materials were characterized and analyzed by SEM-EDS, XRD, TGA, FT-IR, UV-Vis, BET-BJH and XPS, and the adsorption performance of SA/Er was investigated for high concentrations of azo dyes in water. The results showed that the adsorption performance of SA/Er on the azo dyes of direct violet N (DV 1) and direct dark green NB (DG 6) with concentrations of 850 mg/L and 1100 mg/L under the optimal conditions was very high, and the adsorption amount could be up to 692 mg/g and 864 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process was in accordance with the quasi-secondary kinetic model, which was accomplished by physical and chemical adsorption; the Langmuir isothermal model was able to better respond to the adsorption equilibrium, and the adsorption was dominated by the adsorption of surface monolayers; after seven desorption cycles, the removal of both azo dyes by the adsorbent material could reach >79.7 %. Combined with the results of FT-IR, UV-vis and XPS analysis before and after the adsorption, it was revealed that the adsorption of SA/Er with the dye molecules mainly consisted of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption and surface complexation, which resulted in the significant adsorption effect on the two azo dyes, and the above results can provide a reference for the treatment of dye wastewater.

Multigenerational effects of disperse blue 79 at environmentally relevant concentrations on zebrafish (Danio rerio) fecundity: An integrated approach.

The brominated azo dye (BAD) Disperse Blue (DB79) is a widespread environmental pollutant. The long-term toxicological effects of DB79 and the mechanisms thereof must be understood to allow assessment of the risks of DB79 pollution. A dual-omics approach employing in silico analysis, bioinformatics, and in vitro bioassays was used to investigate the transgenerational (F0-F2) toxicity of DB79 in zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations and identify molecular initiating events and key events associated with DB79-induced fertility disorders. Exposure to 500 µg/L DB79 decreased fecundity in the F0 and F1 generations by > 30 % and increased the condition factor of the F1 generation 1.24-fold. PPARα/RXR and PXR ligand binding activation were found to be critical molecular initiating events associated with the decrease in fecundity. Several key events (changes in fatty acid oxidation and uptake, lipoprotein metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolism and transport) involved in lipid dysregulation and xenobiotic disposition were found to be induced by DB79 through bioinformatic annotation using dual-omics data. The biomolecular underpinnings of decreased transgenerational fertility in zebrafish attributable to BAD exposure were elucidated and novel biomolecular targets in the adverse outcome pathway framework were identified. These results will inform future studies and facilitate the development of mitigation strategies.

Modelling and optimization of fenton process for decolorization of azo dye (DR16) at microreactor using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm.

The Fenton process is widely employed for decolorizing industrial wastewater. Therefore, it is imperative to construct a model for optimizing the operational parameters and estimating the efficiency of decolorization within this process. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was created based on experimental data provided by a previous researcher who examined the decolorization of Direct Red 16 dye (DR16) using a heterogeneous Fenton process within a microchannel reactor. This model was utilized to optimize and forecast the efficiency of decolorization in the Fenton process. The accuracy of the model was validated by comparing its outcomes with actual experimental data. To further improve the efficiency of decolorization, optimal operational parameters were ascertained utilizing the genetic algorithm method. The study revealed that as dye concentrations increased from 10 to 40 mg/l, decolorization efficiencies improved proportionately, peaking at 89.78 %. Optimal operational parameters for maximizing efficiency were identified as a feed flow rate of 1 ml/min, H2O2 concentration at 500 mg/l, Fe2+ concentration of 4 mg/l, and maintaining pH between 2.6 and 2.8. Insights derived from both experimental and model-generated data were used to analyze the impact of operational parameters on decolorization efficiency.

Magnetic raspberry-like CuCo nanoalloy-embedded carbon as an enhanced activator of Oxone to degrade azo contaminant: Cu-induced hollowed structure and boosted activities.

Azo compounds, particularly azo dyes, are widely used but pose significant environmental risks due to their persistence and potential to form carcinogenic by-products. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective in degrading these stubborn compounds, with Oxone activation being a particularly promising method. In this study, a unique nanohybrid material, raspberry-like CuCo alloy embedded carbon (RCCC), is facilely fabricated using CuCo-glycerate (Gly) as a template. With the incorporation of Cu into Co, RCCC is essentially different from its analogue derived from Co-Gly in the absence of Cu, affording a popcorn-like Co embedded on carbon (PCoC). RCCC exhibits a unique morphology, featuring a hollow spherical layer covered by nanoscale beads composed of CuCo alloy distributed over carbon. Therefore, RCCC significantly outperforms PCoC and Co3O4 for activating Oxone to degrade the toxic azo contaminant, Azorubin S (AS), in terms of efficiency and kinetics. Furthermore, RCCC remains highly effective in environments with high NaCl concentrations and can be efficiently reused across multiple cycles. Besides, RCCC also leads to the considerably lower Ea of AS degradation than the reported Ea values by other catalysts. More importantly, the contribution of incorporating Cu with Co as CuCo alloy in RCCC is also elucidated using the Density-Function-Theory (DFT) calculation and synergetic effect of Cu and Co in CuCo contributes to enhance Oxone activation, and boosts generation of SO4•-and •OH. The decomposition pathway of AS by RCCC + Oxone is also comprehensively investigated by studying the Fukui indices of AS and a series of its degradation by-products using the DFT calculation. In accordance to the toxicity assessment, RCCC + Oxone also considerably reduces acute and chronic toxicities to lower potential environmental impact. These results ensure that RCCC would be an advantageous catalyst for Oxone activation to degrade AS in water.

Critical review on electrooxidation and chemical reduction of azo dyes: Economic approach.

Effective degradation technologies have been extensively investigated and used to remove azo dyes from wastewater for decades. However, no review dealing with both electrooxidation and chemical reduction of azo dyes from an economic and, therefore, application-relevant perspective has been found in the current literature. A novelty of this review article consists not only in the brief summarization and comparison of both methods but mainly in the evaluation of their economic side. Based on the literature survey of the last 15 years, the costs of treatment approaches published in individual research articles have been summarized, and the missing data have been calculated. A broad spectrum of advanced electrode materials and catalysts have been developed and tested for the treatment, specifically aiming to enhance the degradation performance. An outline of the global prices of electrode materials, reducing agents, and basic chemicals is involved. All additional costs are described in depth in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of respective methods are discussed. It was revealed that effective and cheap treatment approaches can be found even in advanced degradation methods. Based on the collected data, electrooxidation methods offer, on average, 30 times cheaper treatment of aqueous solutions. Concerning chemical reduction, only ZVI provided high removal of azo dyes at prices <100 $ per kg of azo dye. The factors affecting total prices should also be considered. Therefore, the basic diagram of the decision-making process is proposed. In the conclusion, challenges, future perspectives, and critical findings are described.

Co-occurrence of azorubine and bisphenol A in beverages increases the risk of developmental toxicity: A study in zebrafish model.

The prevalent use of Azorubine (E122) and the unintentional food additive, Bisphenol A (BPA), in ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages raises significant health concerns, especially for children. The combined impact on embryonic development must be explored despite individual safety assessments. Our investigation revealed that the combined exposure of E122 and BPA at beverage concentration significantly induces mortality and morphological deformities, including reduced growth, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. The co-exposure triggers oxidative stress, impairing antioxidant enzyme responses and resulting in lipid and cellular damage. Notably, apoptotic cells are observed in the neural tube and notochord of the co-exposed larvae. Critical genes related to the antioxidant response elements (nrf2, ho1, and nqo1), apoptosis activation (bcl2, bax, and p53), and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (nfkb, tnfa, il1b, tgfb, il10, and il12) displayed substantial changes, highlighting the molecular mechanisms. Behavior studies indicated hypo-locomotion with reduced thigmotaxis and touch response in co-exposed larvae, distinguishing it from individual exposures. These findings underscore the neurodevelopmental impacts of E122 and BPA at reported beverage concentrations, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive safety assessments, particularly for child consumption.

Real samples sensitive dopamine sensor based on poly 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl((4-carboxlicphenyl)hydrazono)acetonitrile on a glassy carbon electrode.

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor that was used for the first time for sensitive and selective detection of dopamine (DA) was fabricated. The new sensor is based on the decoration of the glassy carbon electrode surface (GC) with a polymer film of 1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl((4-carboxlicphenyl)hydrazono)) acetonitrile (poly(BTCA). The prepared (poly(BTCA) was examined by using different techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The electrochemical investigations of DA were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results obtained showed that the modifier increased the electrocatalytic efficiency with a noticeable increase in the oxidation peak current of DA in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at an optimum pH of 7.0 and scan rate of 200 mV/s when compared to unmodified GC. The new sensor displays a good performance for detecting DA with a limit of detection (LOD 3σ), and limit of quantification (LOQ 10σ) are 0.28 nM and 94 nM respectively. The peak current of DA is linearly proportional to the concentration in the range from 0.1 to 10.0 µM. Additionally, the fabricated electrode showed sufficient reproducibility, stability, and selectivity for DA detection in the presence of different interferents. The proposed poly(BTCA)/GCE sensor was effectively applied to detect DA in the biological samples.

Assessing the Effect of Twisting and Twisting Fatigue on ZnO:Al Thin Film Performance on PEN and PET Substrates.

This study examines the electromechanical characteristics of aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films. The films were produced using the RF magnetron sputtering process with a consistent thickness of 150 nm on various polymer substrates. The study focuses on assessing the electro-mechanical failure processes of coated segments using flexible substrates, namely polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), with a specific emphasis on typical cracking and delamination occurrences. This examination involves conducting twisting deformation together with using standardised electrical resistance measurements and optical microscope monitoring instruments. It was found that the crack initiation angle is mostly dependent on the mechanical mismatch between the coating and substrate. Higher critical twisting angle values are observed for the AZO/PEN film during twisting testing. Relative to the perpendicular plane of the untwisted sample, it was found that cracks initiated at a twist angle equal to 42° ± 2.1° and 38° ± 1.7° for AZO/PEN and AZO/PET, respectively, and propagated along the sample length. SEM images indicate that the twisting motion results in deformation in the thin film material, leading to the presence of both types of stress in the film structure. These discoveries emphasise the significance of studying the mechanical properties of thin films under different stress conditions, as it can impact their performance and reliability in real-world applications. The electromechanical stability of AZO was found to be similar on both substrates during fatigue testing. Studying the electromechanical properties of various material combinations is important for selecting polymer substrates and predicting the durability of flexible electronic devices made from polyester.

Textile azo dye, Sudan Black B, inducing hepatotoxicity demonstrated in in vivo zebrafish larval model.

Environmental pollution, particularly from textile industry effluents, raises concerns globally. The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatotoxicity of Sudan Black B (SBB), a commonly used textile azo dye, on embryonic zebrafish. SBB exposure led to concentration-dependent mortality, reaching 100% at 0.8 mM, accompanied by growth retardation and diverse malformations in zebrafish. Biochemical marker analysis indicated adaptive responses to SBB, including increased SOD, CAT, NO, and LDH, alongside decreased GSH levels. Liver morphology analysis unveiled significant alterations, impacting metabolism and detoxification. Also, glucose level was declined and lipid level elevated in SBB-exposed in vivo zebrafish. Inflammatory gene expressions (TNF-α, IL-10, and INOS) showcased a complex regulatory interplay, suggesting an organismal attempt to counteract pro-inflammatory states during SBB exposure. The increased apoptosis revealed a robust hepatic cellular response due to SBB, aligning with observed liver tissue damage and inflammatory events. This multidimensional study highlights the intricate web of responses due to SBB exposure, which is emphasizing the need for comprehensive understanding and targeted mitigation strategies. The findings bear the implications for both aquatic ecosystems and potentially parallels to human health, underscoring the imperative for sustained research in this critical domain.

Design and preparation of FeNiCoCrY high-entropy alloy nanopowders with sustained, efficient and rapid degradation properties of CR and Cr(VI) wastewater.

In this paper, magnetic nanopowders of Fe19.5Ni40Co19.5Cr19.5Y1.5 high-entropy alloy compositions were successfully prepared by the liquid phase reduction method, which represented a breakthrough from the traditional process of preparing high-entropy alloy nanopowders. The powders had a high specific surface area of 136.23 m2/g and exhibited sustained, efficient, and rapid degradation characteristics for high concentrations of CR and ultra-high concentrations of Cr(VI) wastewater. It was demonstrated that the removal rate of CR remained at 100 % after 100 cycles and 81 % of Cr after 8 cycles of the powder without changing the pH and room temperature. The powders also demonstrated good soft magnetic properties, which allowed them to be conveniently separated and recycled using magnetic field treatment, thus addressing the issue of recycling raw materials without causing secondary pollution in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the analyzed powders also exhibited fast and efficient degradation effects.