'Eccentricity', by DH Tuke (1892).

An astronomical concept up to the eighteenth century, 'eccentricity' started to be used to refer to behaviours considered as odd, strange, rare, extravagant, etc. Once reified into a personality trait, it gained explanatory power. This not only increased its popularity but also facilitated its links with psychopathology and neuropsychology, and, via the shared concept of madness, with the notions of genius and creativity. This Classic Text describes the process whereby Alienism (Psychiatry) medicalized eccentricity. To this day, the latter remains firmly attached to 'psychoticism' and to some personality disorders.

Pinel e o nascimento do alienismo / Pinel and the birth of alienism / Pinel y el nacimiento del alienismo

O artigo discute a constituição do alienismo, na virada do século XVIII para o século XIX, como a primeira especialidade médica. Ele descreve as bases sobre as quais o alienismo organiza-se na Europa, de uma perspectiva histórica, empregando fontes primárias e secundárias. A biografia de Philippe Pinel, considerado o fundador da moderna psiquiatria, é apresentada, especialmente sua participação na reforma dos hospitais de Bicêtre e Salpêtrière, em Paris. Finalmente, o trabalho analisa a contribuição de Pinel no campo da clínica psiquiátrica, das causas e classificação da alienação mental e na criação do tratamento moral.(AU)

The article discusses the constitution of alienism in the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century as the first medical specialty. It describes the basis upon which alienism was organized in Europe from a historical perspective, using primary and secondary sources. The biography of Philippe Pinel, considered the founder of modern psychiatry, is presented; especially his participation in the reform of Bicêtre and Salpêtrière hospitals in Paris. Finally, the work also analyzes Pinel´s contributions in the field of psychiatric clinic, causes and classification of mental alienation and in the creation of moral treatment.(AU)

El artículo aborda la constitución del alienismo en la vuelta del siglo XVIII hacia el siglo XIX, como la primera especialidad médica. Él describe la base sobre la cual el alienismo se organiza en Europa, desde una perspectiva historica, con el uso de fuentes primarias y secundarias. La biografia de Philippe Pinel, considerado el fundador de la moderna psiquiatría, se presenta; con énfasis en su participación en la reforma de los hospitales de Bicêtre y Salpêtrière, en Paris. Por último, el artículo analiza la contribución de Pinel en el campo de la clínica psiquiátrica, las causas y la clasificación de la alienación mental, y la creación del tratamiento moral.(AU)

[(Community) psychiatry, a parenthesis?]. / La psychiatrie (de secteur), une parenthèse ?

Beyond an a priori antagonism between these two notions, alienism and mental health cultivate analogies as to the place to which they assign mental health. Is community psychiatry not therefore simply a parenthesis in the history of psychiatry? The question is raised therefore regarding the place given to subjectivity and complexity. What must be done to ensure that this parenthesis of community psychiatry does not close? It is perhaps a case of making use of the tools which institutional psychotherapy has developed to keep the community psychiatry spirit alive.

Las obsesiones antes de Freud: historia y clínica / Obsessions before Freud: history and clinical practice

Se analiza el significado del concepto de “obsesión” en el alienismo del siglo XIX. Desde el punto de vista clínico, la descripción de Esquirol fue completada por otros autores (Jules Falret, Legrand du Saulle). En el ámbito de la reflexión psicopatológica, el alienismo francés, con el delirio emotivo de Morel o la psicastenia de Janet, defendió la teoría emocional, frente al trastorno intelectual propuesto por los médicos alemanes. Finalmente, se insiste en la importancia del marco cultural en la aparición de los síntomas obsesivos y de su interpretación. En este sentido, se estudian las relaciones de los escrúpulos religiosos con la melancolía o la aparición de categorías diagnósticas sometidas a los códigos y mentalidades fin-de-siècle.

The article analyses the significance of the concept of “obsession” in nineteenth-century alienism. From a clinical point of view, Esquirol’s description was completed by other authors (Jules Falret, Legrand du Saulle). In the area of psychopathological studies, French alienism, with Morel’s emotional delirium or Janet’s psychasthenia, defended the emotional theory, as opposed to the intellectual disorder proposed by German doctors. Lastly, the importance of the cultural framework is stressed in the appearance of obsessive symptoms and their interpretation. Along these lines, the article discusses the relationship of religious scruples to melancholy or the appearance of diagnostic categories subject to fin de siècle codes and mentalities.

Subjectivity in clinical practice: on the origins of psychiatric semiology in early French alienism.

The aim of this article is to contribute to the analysis of the origins of psychiatric semiology, which by emphasizing subjectivity in clinical practice, gave birth to psychopathology as the scientific and intellectual enterprise of alienism. In other words, beyond simple anatomical and clinical observation, there was an effort to 'listen to' and 'read' the patient's delirium. In essence, the basic thesis which this short paper seeks to defend is that, despite a growing anatomical and clinical mind-set and a clear interest in physically locating mental illness within the body, during the Romantic period, psychiatry was able to construct a semiology largely based on the experience of the ego, on the inner world of the individual. This makes it possible to establish, from a clinical perspective, that the birth of alienism - of psychiatry - must be situated within the framework of a modernity in which the culture of subjectivity was one of its most characteristic features.

'Febrile anxiety', by Robert James (1745): with an introduction by.

The current class of psychiatric conditions called 'Anxiety Disorders' was constructed during the 20th century. Before 1900, its clinical components were conceptualized differently: some were not considered as diseases at all and others were looked after by physicians (not alienists). Whether it can be claimed that the complaints included under the 'Anxiety Disorders' have always existed, that is, constitute a form of 'natural kind', is a moot point that needs further historical investigation. This is because psychiatric complaints (mental symptoms) are no more than culturally configured segments of biological or symbolic information. Therefore, symptom-invariance or -perdurance can be explained by either biological or cultural factors. This can only be resolved by studying symptoms individually. Classic Text No. 97 shows how 'Anxiety' was conceptualized during the 18th century.

A primeira tese brasileira sobre a alienação mental: leituras, plágios e ciência / The first Brazilian thesis on mental alienation: readings, plagiarism and science / La première thèse brésilienne sur l'aliénation mentale: lectures, plagiat et science / La primera tesis brasileñna sobre la alienación mental: lecturas, plagios y ciencia

Este artigo apresenta o texto "Considerações gerais sobre a alienação mental" (Peixoto, 1837), considerada a primeira tese na área de psiquiatria no Brasil. Seu autor copiou literalmente extensos trechos de dois dicionários médicos franceses, o Dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques e o Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Não se trata de apropriação destes textos científicos, mas de plágio, na maior parte da tese. O específico contexto de produção desta e de outras teses de alunos das Faculdades de Medicina do século XIX deve ser considerado, quando se analisa a história da psiquiatria no país, relativizando o papel das teses como expressão local do alienismo, ou como indicativas de uma produção acadêmica típica das Faculdades de Medicina.

This article presents the text entitled (English translation) "General Considerations on Mental Alienation" (Peixoto, 1837), considered the first thesis in the field of psychiatry in Brazil. Its author literally copied long excerpts from two French medical dictionaries, the Dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques and Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. This was not simple scientific appropriation of texts, but plagiarism, comprising almost the entire thesis. The specific context of the production of this and other theses of students at the faculties of medicine in the nineteenth century should be considered when analyzing the history of Brazilian psychiatry. This approach questions the role of theses as local expressions of alienism or as indicative of typical academic production at faculties of medicine.

Cet article présente le texte Considérations Générales sur l'Aliénation Mentale (Peixoto, 1837), considéré comme la première thèse dans le domaine de la psychiatrie au Brésil. Son auteur a littéralement copié de grands extraits de deux dictionnaires médicaux français, le Dictionnaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques et le Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales. Il ne s'agit pas d'appropriation scientifique de ces textes, mais de plagiat, constituant la plus grande partie de la thèse. Le contexte spécifique de la production de cette et d'autres thèses rédigées par les étudiants des facultés de médecine du XIXe siècle doit être pris en compte lors de l'analyse de l'histoire de la psychiatrie au Brésil, relativisant le rôle des thèses comme une expression locale de l'aliénisme, soit comme indice d'une production universitaire typique des facultés de médecine.

Este artículo presenta el texto Consideraciones generales sobre la alienación mental (peixoto, 1837), considerado la primera tesis en el área de la psiquiatria en Brasil. Su autor copió literalmente trechos largos de dos diccionarios médicos franceses, el Dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques e el Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. No fue una apropiación de estes textos científicos, sino de plagio en la mayor parte de la tesis. El contexto específico de esta y de otras tesis de alumnos de las Facultades de Medicina del siglo XIX debe ser considerado cuando se analisa la historia de la psiquiatria en el país. Relativizando el papel de las tesis como expresión local del alienismo, o como indicativas de una producción académica típica de las Facultades de Medicina.

A primeira tese brasileira sobre a alienação mental: leituras, plágios e ciência / The first Brazilian thesis on mental alienation: readings, plagiarism and science / La première thèse brésilienne sur l'aliénation mentale: lectures, plagiat et science / La primera tesis brasileñna sobre la alienación mental: lecturas, plagios y ciencia

Este artigo apresenta o texto "Considerações gerais sobre a alienação mental" (Peixoto, 1837), considerada a primeira tese na área de psiquiatria no Brasil. Seu autor copiou literalmente extensos trechos de dois dicionários médicos franceses, o Dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques e o Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. Não se trata de apropriação destes textos científicos, mas de plágio, na maior parte da tese. O específico contexto de produção desta e de outras teses de alunos das Faculdades de Medicina do século XIX deve ser considerado, quando se analisa a história da psiquiatria no país, relativizando o papel das teses como expressão local do alienismo, ou como indicativas de uma produção acadêmica típica das Faculdades de Medicina.(AU)

This article presents the text entitled (English translation) "General Considerations on Mental Alienation" (Peixoto, 1837), considered the first thesis in the field of psychiatry in Brazil. Its author literally copied long excerpts from two French medical dictionaries, the Dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques and Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. This was not simple scientific appropriation of texts, but plagiarism, comprising almost the entire thesis. The specific context of the production of this and other theses of students at the faculties of medicine in the nineteenth century should be considered when analyzing the history of Brazilian psychiatry. This approach questions the role of theses as local expressions of alienism or as indicative of typical academic production at faculties of medicine.(AU)

Cet article présente le texte Considérations Générales sur l'Aliénation Mentale (Peixoto, 1837), considéré comme la première thèse dans le domaine de la psychiatrie au Brésil. Son auteur a littéralement copié de grands extraits de deux dictionnaires médicaux français, le Dictionnaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques et le Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales. Il ne s'agit pas d'appropriation scientifique de ces textes, mais de plagiat, constituant la plus grande partie de la thèse. Le contexte spécifique de la production de cette et d'autres thèses rédigées par les étudiants des facultés de médecine du XIXe siècle doit être pris en compte lors de l'analyse de l'histoire de la psychiatrie au Brésil, relativisant le rôle des thèses comme une expression locale de l'aliénisme, soit comme indice d'une production universitaire typique des facultés de médecine.(AU)

Este artículo presenta el texto Consideraciones generales sobre la alienación mental (peixoto, 1837), considerado la primera tesis en el área de la psiquiatria en Brasil. Su autor copió literalmente trechos largos de dos diccionarios médicos franceses, el Dictionnaire de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques e el Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. No fue una apropiación de estes textos científicos, sino de plagio en la mayor parte de la tesis. El contexto específico de esta y de otras tesis de alumnos de las Facultades de Medicina del siglo XIX debe ser considerado cuando se analisa la historia de la psiquiatria en el país. Relativizando el papel de las tesis como expresión local del alienismo, o como indicativas de una producción académica típica de las Facultades de Medicina.(AU)

Forbes Winslow and his Journal: With an introduction by.

During the 19th century, there were few periodicals dedicated to the inchoate discipline of alienism (now called 'psychiatry'). Given the newness of alienism and the idiosyncratic structure of the British publishing industry at the time, for a private individual to start a new specialized journal was a major enterprise. Against all odds, Forbes Winslow managed to publish his journal from 1848 to 1860, and during this period the scholarly nature of his publication could not be matched by the Asylum Journal, the official publication of the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane. Under the title Psychological Medicine, Winslow offered a new view of alienism which he clearly conceived as a discipline broader than medicine. He strove to inform his readers about the conceptual and practical complexities that then (as now) beset and besiege the care of the mentally ill. He taught his readers that to understand and manage insanity, knowledge of philosophy and of the human sciences was as important as knowledge about the brain. In the 1850s this was a new message to impart.

"O 'Asylo', uma necessidade indeclinável de organização social": indagações em torno do questionário de internamento do Asilo São João de Deus / “The ‘asylum’, an undeniable need in social organization”: questions about the commitment questionnaire at the São João de Deus Asylum

Este artigo analisa, em especial, um dos instrumentos de anamnese produzido e aplicado pelos médicos do Asilo de São João de Deus, em Salvador (Bahia), a partir de 1874, ano da sua instalação. A pesquisa localizou, no Arquivo do Estado da Bahia e no da Santa Casa da Misericórdia da cidade do Salvador, acervo documental importante para a compreensão não só da história asilar, mas da história da psiquiatria na Bahia. Entre esses documentos foram encontrados cerca de vinte questionários preenchidos pelos médicos baianos daqueles dias. O nosso interesse nesses questionários, desenvolvidos pelos alienistas baianos, é analisar o conhecimento médico sobre a loucura e o seu tratamento, como também identificar as maneiras engendradas na condução do cotidiano asilar, numa tentativa hermenêutica de privilegiar o simbólico do passado tendo em vista o presente.