ABSTRACT
Polyamines (PAs) are polycationic biogenic amines ubiquitously present in all life forms and are involved in molecular signaling and interaction, determining cell fate (e.g., cell proliferation, dif-ferentiation, and apoptosis). The intricate balance in the PAs' levels in the tissues will determine whether beneficial or detrimental effects will affect homeostasis. It's crucial to note that endoge-nous polyamines, like spermine and spermidine, play a pivotal role in our understanding of neu-rological disorders as they interact with membrane receptors and ion channels, modulating neuro-transmission. In spiders and wasps, monoamines (histamine, dopamine, serotonin, tryptamine) and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, acyl polyamines) comprise, with peptides and other sub-stances, the low molecular weight fraction of the venom. Acylpolyamines are venom components exclusively from spiders and a species of solitary wasp, which cause inhibition chiefly of iono-tropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, NMDA, and KA iGluRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The first venom acylpolyamines ever discovered (argiopines, Joro and Nephila toxins, and philanthotoxins) have provided templates for the design and synthesis of numerous analogs. Thus far, analogs with high potency exert their effect at nanomolar concentrations, with high se-lectivity toward their ionotropic and ligand receptors. These potent and selective acylpolyamine analogs can serve biomedical purposes and pest control management. The structural modification of acylpolyamine with photolabile and fluorescent groups converted these venom toxins into use-ful molecular probes to discriminate iGluRs and nAchRs in cell populations. In various cases, the linear polyamines, like spermine and spermidine, constituting venom acyl polyamine backbones, have served as cargoes to deliver active molecules via a polyamine uptake system on diseased cells for targeted therapy. In this review, we examined examples of biogenic amines that play an essential role in neural homeostasis and cell signaling, contributing to human health and disease outcomes, which can be present in the venom of arachnids and hymenopterans. With an empha-sis on the spider and wasp venom acylpolyamines, we focused on the origin, structure, derivatiza-tion, and biomedical and biotechnological application of these pharmacologically attractive, chemically modular venom components.
Subject(s)
Insecticides , Polyamines , Spider Venoms , Wasps , Animals , Polyamines/chemistry , Spider Venoms/chemistry , Spider Venoms/toxicity , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecticides/chemistry , Insecticides/toxicity , Humans , SpidersABSTRACT
There is growing interest in using autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that provide unique sensory characteristics to dairy products without affecting their safety and quality. This work studied the capacity of three Brazilian indigenous nonstarter LABs (NSLAB) to produce biogenic amines (BAs) and evaluated their effect on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), microbial LAB communities, and physicochemical profile of short-aged cheese. Initially, the strain's potential for biosynthesis of BAs was assessed by PCR and in vitro assays. Then, a pilot-scale cheese was produced, including the NSLAB, and the microbial and VOC profiles were analyzed after 25 and 45 days of ripening. As a results, the strains did not present genes related to relevant BAs and did not produce them in vitro. During cheese ripening, the Lactococci counts were reduced, probably in the production of alcohols and acid compounds by the NSLAB. Each strain produces a unique VOC profile that changes over the ripening time without the main VOCs related to rancid or old cheese. Particularly, the use of the strain Lacticaseibacillus. paracasei ItalPN16 resulted in production of ester compounds with fruity notes. Thus, indigenous NSLAB could be a valuable tool for the enhancement and diversification of flavor in short-aged cheese.
Subject(s)
Cheese , Lactobacillales , Volatile Organic Compounds , Lactobacillales/genetics , Cheese/microbiology , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Brazil , LactobacillusABSTRACT
In this work, a colorimetric indicator based on gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and a biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer (sodium alginate, Alg.), was developed for the real-time detection of fish spoilage products. The AuNPs and the colorimetric indicator were characterized using UV-VIS, FTIR spectroscopies, TGA, DSC, XRD, TEM, and colorimetry. The UV-VIS spectrum and TEM showed the successful synthesis, the spherical shape, and the size of AuNPs. The results indicated color changes of the indicator in packaged fish on day 9 of storage at a refrigerated temperature (5 °C. These results showed the successful application of the colorimetric indicator in the detection of TVB-N in packaged fish.
ABSTRACT
Traditional fermented beverages have been consumed worldwide for centuries. Such is the case of "Chicha de siete semillas" which is originally from the province of Huanta, in Ayacucho, Peru. In this work we have analyzed the chemical composition and bacterial diversity of products manufactured from six producers, who have used different combinations of cereals, pseudocereals, legumes and aromatic herbs, although maize was present in all of them. The fermented beverages had a low pH, mainly due to the production of lactic acid, whereas ethanol was, in general, present in low concentrations. Most of the products were rich in GABA, the content of biogenic amines being very low, as corresponds to a product with a short maturation time (less than 4 days). A metataxonomic analysis revealed that Streptococcaceae and Leuconostocaceae families were dominant in the majority of the beverages, Streptococcus spp. and Leuconostoc spp. being the representative genera, respectively. The result was corroborated by culture-dependent techniques, since these were the most abundant genera isolated and identified in all samples, with Streptococcus macedonicus and Leuconostoc lactis as representative species. In lower proportions other isolates were identified as Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Furfurilactobacillus rossiae, Weissella confusa and Enterococcus faecium. The genetic profile of 26 S. macedonicus isolates was determined by RAPD-PCR and REP-PCR, showing five different patterns distinguishable with the first technique. One representative strain from each genetic pattern was further characterized and used to ferment a maize-based matrix (with saccharose) in order to know their technological potential. All strains were able to ferment the beverage at 30 °C in a short time (about 6 h) reaching a pH below 4.5 and they remained viable after 24 h; the main organic acid contributing to the pH decrease was lactic acid. Therefore, S. macedonicus is a good candidate for being part of a putative starter culture, since it is a species well adapted to this cereal-based food niche.
ABSTRACT
Biogenic amines are synthesized through the bacterial decarboxylation of amino acids, commonly found in high levels in animal by-product meals due to spoilage. Furthermore, biogenic amines and other metabolites can be produced by the fermentation of proteins in the hindgut according to the protein source and concentration of crude protein (CP) in the diet. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate two protein sources (poultry by-product meal (PBPM) and hydrolyzed chicken liver powder (HCLP)) and three CP concentrations (24, 32, and 40%) and their effects on the consumption and fecal excretion of biogenic amines, plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of healthy adult dogs after 30 days of feeding the experimental diets. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into six treatments (n = 6/treatment): PBPM24 (PBPM with 24% CP); PBPM32 (PBPM with 32% CP); PBPM40 (PBPM with 40% CP); HCLP24 (HCLP with 24% CP); HCLP32 (HCLP with 32% CP); HCLP40 (HCLP with 40% CP). The PBPM and PBPM-based diets had higher concentrations of putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, histamine, agmatine, and total biogenic amines. In contrast, HCLP and HCLP-based diets contained higher concentrations of spermidine, phenylethylamine, and spermine. The PBPM and PBPM-diets had higher biogenic amine index (BAI) indicating lower quality due to the high content of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine. Dogs fed diets with PBPM and higher protein concentrations consumed more putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, agmatine, and total amines (p < 0.0001), while dogs fed with HCLP consumed more spermidine, phenylethylamine, and spermine (p < 0.0001). Fecal excretion of phenylethylamine was greater in dogs fed HCLP32 and HCLP40 diets (p = 0.045). Dogs fed with HCLP tended to excrete more spermidine and tryptamine via feces, while higher protein concentrations tended to increase fecal excretion of cadaverine (p < 0.10). Plasma MAO activity was higher in dogs fed HCLP24 and PBPM32 diets (p = 0.024). The plasma activities of DAO and TAC were not different between diets (p > 0.05). Although we did not evaluate the intestinal activities of MAO and DAO, our results suggest that healthy adult dogs have an efficient deamination process on the gut epithelium.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop N-(levodopa) chitosan derivatives through click chemistry to study their effect in brain cells.Significance: This study presents a proof-of-concept that macromolecules such as N-(Levodopa) chitosan derivatives traverse brain cell membranes and induce biomedical functionalities. METHODS: Through click chemistry, we developed N-(levodopa) chitosan derivatives. They were physically and chemically characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, TGA and Dynamic Light Scattering analyses. Solution and nanoparticles of N-(levodopa) chitosan derivatives were tested in primary cell cultures from the postnatal rat olfactory bulb, substantia nigra and corpus callosum. Ca2+ imaging and UPLC experiments were used to investigate if the biomaterial modulated the brain cell physiology. RESULTS: N-(levodopa) chitosan derivatives induced intracellular Ca2+ responses in primary cell cultures of the rat brain. UPLC experiments indicated that levodopa attached to chitosan was converted into dopamine by brain cells. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that N-(levodopa) chitosan may be useful to develop new treatment strategies, which could serve as molecular reservoirs of biomedical drugs to treat degenerative disorders of the nervous system.
Subject(s)
Chitosan , Levodopa , Rats , Animals , Levodopa/pharmacology , Chitosan/chemistry , Click Chemistry/methods , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , BrainABSTRACT
The aim was to evaluate the effects of yeast probiotic on diet digestibility, fermentative metabolites, and fecal microbiota of dogs submitted to dietary change. Sixteen dogs were divided into two groups of eight dogs each: control, without, and with probiotic, receiving 0.12 g/dog/day of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The dogs were fed a lower protein and fiber diet for 21 days and then changed to a higher protein and fiber diet until day 49. Yeast supplementation did not statistically influence diet digestibility. The probiotic group had a lower fecal concentration of total biogenic amines (days 21 and 49), ammonia (day 23), and aromatic compounds and a higher fecal concentration of butyrate (p < 0.05). The probiotic group showed a lower dysbiosis index, a higher abundance (p < 0.05) of Bifidobacterium (days 35 and 49) and Turicibacter, and a lower abundance of Lactobacillus and E. coli (p < 0.05). Beta diversity demonstrated a clear differentiation in the gut microbiota between the control and probiotic groups on day 49. The control group showed upregulation in genes related to virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and osmotic stress. The results indicated that the live yeast evaluated can have beneficial effects on intestinal functionality of dogs.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: las aminas biógenas (AB) son compuestos nitrogenados que pueden formarse en carnes, pescados y productos cárnicos fermentados, por acción de microorganismos como bacterias ácido-lácticas, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas y otros, principalmente mediante descarboxilación enzimática. Altas concentraciones indican deterioro de la calidad del alimento y se relacionan con efectos nocivos para la salud. Lo anterior, ha generado la necesidad de desarrollar métodos de detección rápida, económica y sencilla, que demuestre la importancia de establecer las cantidades máximas de cada AB permitidas y a su vez genere la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias que permitan la inhibición y/o reducción de su formación. Objetivo: Mostrar información actualizada sobre el contenido de AB en carnes, pescados y productos cárnicos fermentados, los microorganismos principales que intervienen en su formación, el efecto del consumo para la salud, los métodos de detección y las estrategias actuales para prevenir su formación. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en ScienceDirect, Scielo, PubMed, SpringerLink y Clinicalkey. Se seleccionaron artículos en español e inglés publicados entre los años 2018-2023. Resultados: el consumo excesivo de AB tiene efectos nocivos para la salud que incluyen intoxicaciones, crisis hipertensivas, citotoxicidad in vitro y formación de compuestos cancerígenos; sin embargo, las regulaciones que determinan las cantidades máximas permitidas de AB en alimentos son limitadas. Debido a esto, surge la necesidad de desarrollar métodos rápidos, sensibles, asequibles y económicos para su detección, como biosensores enzimáticos y nanoenzimas; además, cobran relevancia los métodos para reducir su formación con resultados prometedores tras el uso de algunos compuestos bioactivos y cultivos iniciadores.
Introduction: Biogenic amines (BA) are nitrogenous compounds that can form in meat, fish, and fermented meat products due to the enzymatic decarboxylation caused by microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas, among others. High concentrations of BA indicate food deterioration and are associated with adverse health effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop rapid, affordable, and simple detection methods to establish the maximum allowable amounts of each BA. Additionally, strategies for inhibiting and reducing its formation are necessary. Objective: The objective is to present updated information about the content of BA in meat, fish, and fermented meat products, identify the main microorganisms involved in their formation, explore the effects of consumption on health, review current detection methods, and evaluate the current strategies for preventing their formation. Methodology: A bibliographic search on various databases including ScienceDirect, Scielo, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Clinicalkey was conducted. Articles published in Spanish and English between 2018-2023 were selected for analysis. Results: Excessive consumption of BA has harmful health effects including poisoning, hypertensive crises, in vitro cytotoxicity, and carcinogenic compounds formation. However, regulations on the maximum allowable concentrations of BA in food are limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fast, sensitive, affordable, and economical detection methods, such as enzymatic biosIntroduction: Biogenic amines (BA) are nitrogenous compounds that can form in meat, fish, and fermented meat products due to the enzymatic decarboxylation caused by microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas, among others. High concentrations of BA indicate food deterioration and are associated with adverse health effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop rapid, affordable, and simple detection methods to establish the maximum allowable amounts of each BA. Additionally, strategies for inhibiting and reducing its formation are necessary. Objective: The objective is to present updated information about the content of BA in meat, fish, and fermented meat products, identify the main microorganisms involved in their formation, explore the effects of consumption on health, review current detection methods, and evaluate the current strategies for preventing their formation. Methodology: A bibliographic search on various databases including ScienceDirect, Scielo, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Clinicalkey was conducted. Articles published in Spanish and English between 2018-2023 were selected for analysis. Results: Excessive consumption of BA has harmful health effects including poisoning, hypertensive crises, in vitro cytotoxicity, and carcinogenic compounds formation. However, regulations on the maximum allowable concentrations of BA in food are limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fast, sensitive, affordable, and economical detection methods, such as enzymatic biosensors and nanoenzymes. Furthermore, strategies to reduce BA formation are promising, with the use of certain bioactive compounds and starter cultures showing positive resultsensors and nanoenzymes. Furthermore, strategies to reduce BA formation are promising, with the use of certain bioactive compounds and starter cultures showing positive results.
Subject(s)
Humans , AnimalsABSTRACT
Tucupi is a broth derived from cassava roots which is produced after the spontaneous fermentation of manipueira (the liquid portion obtained by pressing cassava roots), followed by cooking. This product is widely consumed along with traditional dishes in the Brazilian Amazonia and is already used in different places worldwide. In this study, tucupi obtained from the markets of Belém (Pará, Brazil) and produced using agroindustrial (11 samples) and non-agroindustrial (11 samples) units were investigated to determine their physicochemical characteristics, total and free HCN contents, and free bioactive amine profiles. Most of the samples showed significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) in pH (2.82-4.67), total acidity (0.14-1.36 g lactic acid/100 mL), reducing sugars (up to 2.33 g/100 mL), and total sugars (up to 4.35 g/100 mL). Regarding the amines, four biogenic amines (0.5-4.2 mg/L tyramine, 1.0-23.1 mg/L putrescine, 0.5-66.8 mg/L histamine, and 0.6-2.9 mg/L tryptamine) and one polyamine (0.4-1.7 mg/L spermidine) were identified in the tucupi samples. Even in the tucupi produced using the agroindustrial units, which had quality seals provided by the local regulatory agency, high levels of biogenic amines (4.4-78.2 mg/L) were observed, as well as high dosages of total (8.87-114.66 mg/L) and free (0.80-38.38 mg/L) HCN. These facts highlight the need for better knowledge regarding the product manufacturing process to establish standardization and high-quality conditions for tucupi processing since high contents of biogenic amines and HCN are commonly associated with adverse health effects.
ABSTRACT
The increasing demand for food production has necessitated the development of sensitive and reliable methods of analysis, which allow for the optimization of storage and distribution while ensuring food safety. Methods to quantify and monitor volatile and biogenic amines are key to minimizing the waste of high-protein foods and to enable the safe consumption of fresh products. Novel materials and device designs have allowed the development of portable and reliable sensors that make use of different transduction methods for amine detection and food quality monitoring. Herein, we review the past decade's advances in volatile amine sensors for food quality monitoring. First, the role of volatile and biogenic amines as a food-quality index is presented. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the distinct amine gas sensors is provided according to the transduction method, operation strategies, and distinct materials (e.g., metal oxide semiconductors, conjugated polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal organic frameworks, MXenes, quantum dots, and dyes, among others) employed in each case. These include chemoresistive, fluorometric, colorimetric, and microgravimetric sensors. Emphasis is also given to sensor arrays that record the food quality fingerprints and wireless devices that operate as radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags. Finally, challenges and future opportunities on the development of new amine sensors are presented aiming to encourage further research and technological development of reliable, integrated, and remotely accessible devices for food-quality monitoring.
Subject(s)
Nanotubes, Carbon , Smart Materials , Biogenic Amines , Food Quality , Food SafetyABSTRACT
Tomatoes and their by-products are indisputable sources of substances with antioxidants properties. Several factors limit the production and influence the nutritional and antioxidant quality of tomato fruit. However, consumers can benefit from the effects of environmental factors, such as water and hydric stress, UV radiation, agronomic practices, among others, which lead to changes in the content of secondary metabolites in tomatoes. Molecules as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and biogenic amines are often formed in response to environmental adversities. In this way, the consumption of tomato fruits or their by-products with higher levels of antioxidants may be important adjuvants in the prevention or reduction of diseases. In this mini-review, we will present how pre- and postharvest conditions may influence the content of some bioactive compounds in tomatoes. Furthermore, we will present how some heat processing methods may change the antioxidant content, as well as, the functional and nutritional properties of the final product.
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Cemetery leachate generated by the process of cadaveric decomposition is a significant contaminant of several matrices in the cemetery environment (soil, groundwater, and surface water). The biogenic amines cadaverine and putrescine stand out among the cemetery leachate contaminants, since they are potentially carcinogenic compounds. This review article presents a discussion of possible environmental impacts caused by the increase in deaths resulting from COVID-19 as its central theme. The study also aims to demonstrate the importance of considering, in this context, some climatic factors that can alter both the time of bodily decomposition and the longevity of the virus in the environment. Additionally, some evidence for the transmission of the virus to health professionals and family members after the patient's death and environmental contamination after the burial of the bodies will also be presented. Several sources were consulted, such as scientific electronic databases (NCBI), publications by government agencies (e.g., ARPEN, Brazil) and internationally recognized health and environmental agencies (e.g., WHO, OurWorldInData.org), as well as information published on reliable websites available for free (e.g., CNN) and scientific journals related to the topic. The data from this study sounds the alarm on the fact that an increase in the number of deaths from the complications of COVID-19 has generated serious environmental problems, resulting from Cemetery leachate.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Environment , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Groundwater , Cemeteries , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing dosages of a commercial product composed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (YAM), with active metabolites, which are beta glucans, nucleotides, organic acids, polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins and minerals (Original XPCtm, Diamond V, IOWA, USA) added to a commercially available dry cat food. Apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients, fecal microbiota, fecal fermentation products and immunological parameters were evaluated. Twenty-seven healthy cats of mixed sexes, with a mean body weight of 4.19 ± 0.83 kg and a mean age of 9.44 ± 5.35 years were distributed by age in an unbalanced randomized block design, consisting of three experimental treatments: CD (control diet), YAM 0.3 (control diet with 0.3% yeast with active metabolites) and YAM 0.6 (control diet with 0.6% yeast with active metabolites). RESULTS: The inclusion of the additive elevated the apparent digestibility of crude fiber (p = 0.013) and ash (p < 0.001) without interfering feed consumption, fecal production and fecal characteristics. Regarding fermentation products present in the feces, prebiotic inclusion increased lactic acid concentration (p = 0.004) while reducing isovaleric acid (p = 0.014), only in the treatment YAM 0.3. No differences were noticed on biogenic amines (BA), fecal pH, ammonia concentration, total and individuals short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and total and individuals branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) (except isovaleric acid in YAM 0.3). As regards to fecal microbiota, prebiotic inclusion has resulted in the reduction of Clostridium perfringens (p = 0.023). No differences were found in the immunological parameters evaluated. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the additive, at the levels of inclusion assessed shows prebiotic potential and it has effects on fecal fermentation products and microbiota without interfering on crude protein and dry matter digestibility. More studies evaluating grater inclusion levels of the prebiotic are necessary to determine optimal concentration.
Subject(s)
Cats/physiology , Diet/veterinary , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Cell Wall , Digestion , Feces/chemistry , Feces/microbiology , Female , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Male , PrebioticsABSTRACT
Cloning techniques are used to improve agronomical traits and answer to the demand for fine chocolate. The objective of this study was to predict the concentrations of bioactive amines, phenolic compounds, and the antioxidant potential of dark monoclonal chocolate from nine fine cocoa varieties by FTIR analysis and conventional techniques. Total phenolic compounds, bioactive amines and antioxidant activity varied significantly among chocolates. The antioxidant activity was also affected by the analytical method (DPPH vs. Rancimat). Chemometric models based on FTIR data provided satisfactory predictions of the concentrations of the amines: spermidine (R2 = 0.92; RMSEP = 0.39; RMSEC = 0.21), tryptamine (R2 = 0.92; RMSEP = 0.41; RMSEC = 0.20), cadaverine (R2 = 0.82; RMSEP = 1.58; RMSEC = 0.75) and tyramine (R2 = 0.87; RMSEP = 1.87; RMSEC = 0.68); as well as phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by Rancimat® (R2 = 0.98; RMSEP = 0.32; RMSEC = 0.21) and DPPH (R2 = 0.97; RMSEP = 4.05; RMSEC = 1.66). The wavenumbers of amines vibrations are among those that most affected antioxidant prediction models, confirming the contribution of amines to the antioxidant activity of chocolates.
ABSTRACT
Iron (Fe) is used in various cellular functions, and a constant balance between its uptake, transport, storage, and use is necessary to maintain its homeostasis in the body. Changes in Fe metabolism with a consequent overload of this metal are related to neurological changes and cover a broad spectrum of diseases, mainly when these changes occur during the embryonic period. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure to Fe overload during the embryonic period of Drosophila melanogaster. Progenitor flies (male and female) were exposed to ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) for ten days in concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5 âmM. After mating and oviposition, the progenitors were removed and the treatment bottles preserved, and the number of daily hatches and cumulative hatching of the first filial generation (F1) were counted. Subsequently, F1 flies (separated by sex) were subjected to behavioral tests such as negative geotaxis test, open field test, grooming, and aggression test. They have evaluated the levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), octopamine (OA), tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), acetylcholinesterase, reactive species, and the levels of Fe in the progenitor flies and F1. The Fe levels of F1 flies are directly proportional to what is incorporated during the period of embryonic development; we also observed a delay in hatching and a reduction in the number of the hatch of F1 flies exposed during the embryonic period to the 5mM Fe diet, a fact that may be related to the reduction of the cell viability of the ovarian tissue of progenitor flies. The flies exposed to Fe (1 and 5 âmM) showed an increase in locomotor activity (hyperactivity) and a significantly higher number of repetitive movements. In addition to a high number of aggressive encounters when compared to control flies. We can also observe an increase in the levels of biogenic amines DA and 5-HT and an increase in TH activity in flies exposed to Fe (1 and 5 âmM) compared to the control group. We conclude that the hyperactive-like behavior demonstrated in both sexes by F1 flies exposed to Fe may be associated with a dysregulation in the levels of DA and 5-HT since Fe is a cofactor of TH, which had its activity increased in this study. Therefore, more attention is needed during the embryonic development period for exposure to Fe overload.
Subject(s)
Drosophila melanogaster/embryology , Hyperkinesis/physiopathology , Iron Overload/embryology , Animals , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Biogenic Amines/metabolism , Biogenic Amines/physiology , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism , Female , Gene Expression/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics , Hyperkinesis/etiology , Iron/metabolism , Iron/physiology , Iron/toxicity , Iron Overload/metabolism , Iron Overload/physiopathology , Locomotion/drug effects , Male , Maternal Exposure , Motor Activity/drug effects , Oxidation-Reduction , Paternal ExposureABSTRACT
Sequential injection chromatography (SIC) is an alternative for fast chromatographic separations with low consumption of organic solvents. However, its separation capacity is restricted by the use of short chromatographic columns and the limitations for gradient elution. The present work aimed to expand the analytical capacity of SIC by exploiting a multidimensional approach with two chromatographic columns, different in their separation mechanisms, which increased the selectivity and peak resolution. The viability of the proposal was demonstrated by separation of aromatic biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, and tryptamine), whose unidimensional separation was not achieved either by using cyanopropyl or C18 chromatographic columns. In the two-dimensional approach, the fraction of the eluate unresolved in the first dimension (containing tyramine and phenylethylamine) was collected in a sampling loop and, subsequently, inserted in the second chromatographic dimension (heart-cutting mode). Under the optimized conditions, the first chromatographic dimension was based on a cyanopropyl monolithic column and an aqueous mobile phase composed of phosphoric acid solution, pH 2.5, while the second dimension employed a C18 superficially porous particle column and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and phosphoric acid aqueous solution, pH 2.5 (7:93, v/v). The total analysis time was 8 min, and a resolution of 1.72 was achieved between the nearest peaks (tyramine and phenylethylamine). Linear responses were obtained within 10 and 50 mg L-1 (r > 0.997), with detection limits estimated at 2.7, 7.7, 1.9, and 0.3 mg L-1, for histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, and tryptamine, respectively, and a coefficient of variation of 3.0% (n = 12).
Subject(s)
Chromatography/methods , Acetonitriles/chemistry , Biogenic Amines/isolation & purification , Phosphoric Acids/chemistry , Solvents/chemistryABSTRACT
The composition of microbiota and the content and pattern of bioactive compounds (biogenic amines, polyphenols, anthocyanins and flavanols), as well as pH, color, antioxidant and reducing properties were investigated in fermented Criollo cocoa beans and shells. The analyses were conducted after fermentation and drying (T1) and after two thermal roasting processes (T2, 120 °C for 22 min; T3, 135 °C for 15 min). The fermentation and drying practices affected the microbiota of beans and shells, explaining the great variability of biogenic amines (BAs) content. Enterobacteriaceae were counted in a few samples with average values of 103 colony forming units per gram (CFU g-1), mainly in the shell, while Lactobacillus spp. was observed in almost all the samples, with the highest count in the shell with average values of 104 CFU g-1. After T1, the total BAs content was found to be in a range of 4.9÷127.1 mg kg-1DFW; what was remarkable was the presence of cadaverine and histamine, which have not been reported previously in fermented cocoa beans. The total BAs content increased 60% after thermal treatment T2, and of 21% after processing at T3, with a strong correlation (p < 0.05) for histamine (ß = 0.75) and weakly correlated for spermidine (ß = 0.58), spermine (ß = 0.50), cadaverine (ß = 0.47) and serotonine (ß = 0.40). The roasting treatment of T3 caused serotonin degradation (average decrease of 93%) with respect to unroasted samples. However, BAs were detected in a non-alarming concentration (e.g., histamine: n.d ÷ 59.8 mg kg-1DFW; tyramine: n.d. ÷ 26.5 mg kg-1DFW). Change in BAs level was evaluated by principal component analysis. PC1 and PC2 explained 84.9% and 4.5% of data variance, respectively. Antioxidant and reducing properties, polyphenol content and BAs negatively influenced PC1 with both polyphenols and BA increasing during roasting, whereas PC1 was positively influenced by anthocyanins, catechin and epicatechin.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Direct-fed microbials (DFM), such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, may improve gut functionality of the host by favouring non-pathogenic bacteria and reducing the formation of putrefactive compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics and intestinal-fermentation products in dogs fed diets with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Sixteen dogs were randomly divided into two groups. Every eight dogs were fed with the control diet or the diet with the addition of 62.5 g of DFM (B. subtilis and B. licheniformis)/ton. Diets were provided throughout a 20-day adaptation period, followed by 5 days of total faecal collection. Nutrient digestibility and the metabolisable energy of the diets, plus the dogs' faecal characteristics and intestinal fermentation products were assessed. RESULTS: There were no differences in nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05). However, DFM supplementation improved faecal score and resulted in less fetid faeces (P < 0.001). DFM inclusion reduced (P < 0.05) the biogenic amines concentration: putrescine, spermidine and cadaverine, besides the concentration of phenols and quinoline. CONCLUSIONS: The use of B. subtillis and B. licheniformis as DFM reduce the concentration of nitrogen fermentation products in faeces and faecal odour, but the digestibility of nutrients is not altered in dogs.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/microbiology , Bacillus licheniformis/physiology , Bacillus subtilis/physiology , Dogs/physiology , Feces/chemistry , Animals , Biogenic Amines/analysis , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Digestion/physiology , Dogs/microbiology , Fermentation , Odorants , Probiotics , Random AllocationABSTRACT
Ants (Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Formicoidea) comprise a well-succeeded group of animals. Like bees and wasps, ants are mostly venomous, having a sting system to deliver a mixture of bioactive organic compounds and peptides. The predatory giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps belongs to the subfamily Ponerinae that includes one of the largest known ant species in the world. In the present study, low molecular weight compounds and peptides were identified by online peptide mass fingerprint. These include neuroactive biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, and dopamine), monoamine alkaloid (phenethylamine), free amino acids (e.g. glutamic acid and proline), free thymidine, and cytosine. To the best of our knowledge, most of these components are described for the first time in an ant venom. Multifunctional dinoponeratoxin peptide variants (pilosulin- and ponericin-like peptides) were characterized that possess antimicrobial, hemolytic, and histamine-releasing properties. These venom components, particularly peptides, might synergistically contribute to the overall venom activity and toxicity, for immobilizing live prey, and for defending D. quadriceps against aggressors, predators, and potential microbial infection.
Subject(s)
Ant Venoms/chemistry , Peptides/chemistry , Animals , Ants , Molecular WeightABSTRACT
A new approach for biogenic amines (BA) determination in fermented beverages was developed coupling ultrafast dansylation conditions with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method. Derivatization conditions for 8 amines analysis were optimized using D-optimal and central composite designs reducing in 88% the reaction time. Dansylated amines were separated on C18 column using a mobile phase composed of ammonium formate buffer and acetonitrile. Detection was performed by UV and fluorescence. Migration from conventional HPLC to UHPLC allowed a 60% reduction in analysis. The developed method was validated following ICH recommendations. Calibration data fitted a linear regression model with R2 were values highest to 0.984. Repeatability and intermediate precision in matrix showed relative standard deviation (RSD) values lower than 4.86 and 11.53%, respectively. Detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 and from 0.20 to 0.59â¯mgâ¯mgâ¯L-1. BA content in beer and wine samples were 10.53 to 73.17â¯mgâ¯L-1.