Based on machine learning, CDC20 has been identified as a biomarker for postoperative recurrence and progression in stage I & II lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Objective: By utilizing machine learning, we can identify genes that are associated with recurrence, invasion, and tumor stemness, thus uncovering new therapeutic targets. Methods: To begin, we obtained a gene set related to recurrence and invasion from the GEO database, a comprehensive gene expression database. We then employed the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify core gene modules and perform functional enrichment analysis on them. Next, we utilized the random forest and random survival forest algorithms to calculate the genes within the key modules, resulting in the identification of three crucial genes. Subsequently, one of these key genes was selected for prognosis analysis and potential drug screening using the Kaplan-Meier tool. Finally, in order to examine the role of CDC20 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), we conducted a variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments, including wound healing assay, colony formation assays, Transwell migration assays, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, western blotting, and a mouse tumor model experiment. Results: First, we collected a total of 279 samples from two datasets, GSE166722 and GSE31210, to identify 91 differentially expressed genes associated with recurrence, invasion, and stemness in lung adenocarcinoma. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these key gene clusters were primarily involved in microtubule binding, spindle, chromosomal region, organelle fission, and nuclear division. Next, using machine learning, we identified and validated three hub genes (CDC45, CDC20, TPX2), with CDC20 showing the highest correlation with tumor stemness and limited previous research. Furthermore, we found a close association between CDC20 and clinical pathological features, poor overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Lastly, our functional research demonstrated that knocking down CDC20 could inhibit cancer cell migration, invasion, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and tumor growth possibly through the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusion: CDC20 has emerged as a novel biomarker for monitoring treatment response, recurrence, and disease progression in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Due to its significance, further research studying CDC20 as a potential therapeutic target is warranted. Investigating the role of CDC20 could lead to valuable insights for developing new treatments and improving patient outcomes.

CDC20 Holds Novel Regulation Mechanism in RPA1 during Different Stages of DNA Damage to Induce Radio-Chemoresistance.

Targeting CDC20 can enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, but the function and mechanism of CDC20 on DNA damage repair response remains vague. To examine that issue, tumor cell lines, including KYSE200, KYSE450, and HCT116, were utilized to detect the expression, function, and underlying mechanism of CDC20 in radio-chemoresistance. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were employed to confirm CDC20 expression and location, and radiation could upregulate the expression of CDC20 in the cell nucleus. The homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) reporter gene systems were utilized to explore the impact of CDC20 on DNA damage repair, indicating that CDC20 could promote HR repair and radio/chemo-resistance. In the early stages of DNA damage, CDC20 stabilizes the RPA1 protein through protein-protein interactions, activating the ATR-mediated signaling cascade, thereby aiding in genomic repair. In the later stages, CDC20 assists in the subsequent steps of damage repair by the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of RPA1. CCK-8 and colony formation assay were used to detect the function of CDC20 in cell vitality and proliferation, and targeting CDC20 can exacerbate the increase in DNA damage levels caused by cisplatin or etoposide. A tumor xenograft model was conducted in BALB/c-nu/nu mice to confirm the function of CDC20 in vivo, confirming the in vitro results. In conclusion, this study provides further validation of the potential clinical significance of CDC20 as a strategy to overcome radio-chemoresistance via uncovering a novel role of CDC20 in regulating RPA1 during DNA damage repair.

CCDC68 Maintains Mitotic Checkpoint Activation by Promoting CDC20 Integration into the MCC.

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures chromosome segregation fidelity by manipulating unattached kinetochore-dependent assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). The MCC binds to and inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to postpone mitotic exit. However, the mechanism by which unattached kinetochores mediate MCC formation is not yet fully understood. Here, it is shown that CCDC68 is an outer kinetochore protein that preferentially localizes to unattached kinetochores. Furthermore, CCDC68 interacts with the SAC factor CDC20 to inhibit its autoubiquitination and MCC disassembly. Therefore, CCDC68 restrains APC/C activation to ensure a robust SAC and allow sufficient time for chromosome alignment, thus ensuring chromosomal stability. Hence, the study reveals that CCDC68 is required for CDC20-dependent MCC stabilization to maintain mitotic checkpoint activation.

Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of Cell Division Cycle 20 Homolog in Breast Cancer.

Cell division cycle 20 homolog (CDC20) is a well-known regulator of cell cycle progression. Abnormal expression of CDC20 leads to mitotic defects, which play a significant role in cancer development. In breast cancer (BC), CDC20 has been identified as a biomarker that has been linked to poor patient outcomes. In this study, we investigated the association of CDC20 with BC prognosis and immune cell infiltration by using multiple online databases, including UALCAN, KM plotter, TIMER2.0, HPA, TNM-plot, bc-GenExMiner, LinkedOmics, STRING, and GEPIA. The results demonstrate that BC patients have an elevated CDC20 expression in tumor tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissue. In addition, BC patients with overexpressed CDC20 had a median survival of 63.6 months compared to 169.2 months in patients with low CDC20 expression. Prognostic analysis of the examined data indicated that elevated expression of CDC20 was associated with poor prognosis and a reduction of overall survival in BC patients. These findings were even more prevalent in chemoresistance triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Furthermore, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis tool indicated that CDC20 regulates BC cells' cell cycle and apoptosis. CDC20 also significantly correlates with increased infiltrating B cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in BC. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that CDC20 may be involved in immunomodulating the tumor microenvironment and provide evidence that CDC20 inhibition may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of BC patients. In addition, the data indicates that CDC20 can be a reliable prognostic biomarker for BC.

Identification of ubiquitination-related hub genes in chronic myeloid leukemia cell by bioinformatics analysis.

Purpose: Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells (CML-LSCs) are posited as the primary instigators of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and recurrence of CML. Ubiquitination, a post-translational modification, has been implicated in the worsening process of CML. A more detailed understanding of their crosstalk needs further investigation. Our research aims to explore the potential ubiquitination-related genes in CML-LSC using bioinformatics analysis that might be the target for the eradication of LSCs. Methods: The ubiquitination modification-related differentially expressed genes (UUC-DEGs) between normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and LSCs were obtained from GSE47927 and iUUCD database. Subsequently, the hub UUC-DEGs were identified through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis utilizing the STRING database and the MCODE plug-in within the Cytoscape platform. The upstream regulation network of the hub UUC-DEGs was studied by hTFtarget, PROMO, miRDB and miRWalk databases respectively. Then the correlation between the hub UUC-DEGs and the immune cells was analyzed by the CIBERSORT algorithm and "ggcorrplot" package. Finally, we validated the function of hub UUC-DEGs in CML animal models, CML cell lines and CD34+ cells of the GSE24739 dataset. Results: There is a strong association between the 4 hub UUC genes (AURKA, Fancd2, Cdc20 and Uhrf1) of LSCs and the infiltration of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, NK cells and monocytes. 8 TFs and 23 miRNAs potentially targeted these 4 hub genes were constructed. Among these hub genes, Fancd2, Cdc20 and Uhrf1 were found to be highly expressed in CML-LSC, which knocking down resulted in significant inhibition of CML cell proliferation. Conclusions: From the perspective of bioinformatics analysis, UHRF1 and CDC20 were identified as the novel key ubiquitination-related genes in CML-LSCs and the pathogenesis of CML.

WWP2 deletion aggravates acute kidney injury by targeting CDC20/autophagy axis.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The molecular mechanisms underlying AKI are currently being extensively investigated. WWP2 is an E3 ligase that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Whether WWP2 plays a regulatory role in AKI remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the implication of WWP2 in AKI and its underlying mechanism in the present study. METHODS: We utilized renal tissues from patients with AKI and established AKI models in global or tubule-specific knockout (cKO) mice strains to study WWP2's implication in AKI. We also systemically analyzed ubiquitylation omics and proteomics to decipher the underlying mechanism. RESULTS: In the present study, we found that WWP2 expression significantly increased in the tubules of kidneys with AKI. Global or tubule-specific knockout of WWP2 significantly aggravated renal dysfunction and tubular injury in AKI kidneys, whereas WWP2 overexpression significantly protected tubular epithelial cells against cisplatin. WWP2 deficiency profoundly affected autophagy in AKI kidneys. Further analysis with ubiquitylation omics, quantitative proteomics and experimental validation suggested that WWP2 mediated poly-ubiquitylation of CDC20, a negative regulator of autophagy. CDC20 was significantly decreased in AKI kidneys, and selective inhibiting CDC20 with apcin profoundly alleviated renal dysfunction and tubular injury in the cisplatin model with or without WWP2 cKO, indicating that CDC20 may serve as a downstream target of WWP2 in AKI. Inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine blocked apcin's protection against cisplatin-induced renal tubular cell injury. Activating autophagy by rapamycin significantly protected against cisplatin-induced AKI in WWP2 cKO mice, whereas inhibiting autophagy by 3-methyladenine further aggravated apoptosis in cisplatin-exposed WWP2 KO cells. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our data indicated that the WWP2/CDC20/autophagy may be an essential intrinsic protective mechanism against AKI. Further activating WWP2 or inhibiting CDC20 may be novel therapeutic strategies for AKI.

Gene Expression Analysis of Yeast Strains with a Nonsense Mutation in the eRF3-Coding Gene Highlights Possible Mechanisms of Adaptation.

In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are two translation termination factors, eRF1 (Sup45) and eRF3 (Sup35), which are essential for viability. Previous studies have revealed that presence of nonsense mutations in these genes leads to amplification of mutant alleles (sup35-n and sup45-n), which appears to be necessary for the viability of such cells. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon remained unclear. In this study, we used RNA-Seq and proteome analysis to reveal the complete set of gene expression changes that occur during cellular adaptation to the introduction of the sup35-218 nonsense allele. Our analysis demonstrated significant changes in the transcription of genes that control the cell cycle: decreases in the expression of genes of the anaphase promoting complex APC/C (APC9, CDC23) and their activator CDC20, and increases in the expression of the transcription factor FKH1, the main cell cycle kinase CDC28, and cyclins that induce DNA biosynthesis. We propose a model according to which yeast adaptation to nonsense mutations in the translation termination factor genes occurs as a result of a delayed cell cycle progression beyond the G2-M stage, which leads to an extension of the S and G2 phases and an increase in the number of copies of the mutant sup35-n allele.

Suppressing Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome-Cell Division Cycle 20 Activity to Enhance the Effectiveness of Anti-Cancer Drugs That Induce Multipolar Mitotic Spindles.

Paclitaxel induces multipolar spindles at clinically relevant doses but does not substantially increase mitotic indices. Paclitaxel's anti-cancer effects are hypothesized to occur by promoting chromosome mis-segregation on multipolar spindles leading to apoptosis, necrosis and cyclic-GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS-STING) pathway activation in daughter cells, leading to secretion of type I interferon (IFN) and immunogenic cell death. Eribulin and vinorelbine have also been reported to cause increases in multipolar spindles in cancer cells. Recently, suppression of Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome-Cell Division Cycle 20 (APC/C-CDC20) activity using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis has been reported to increase sensitivity to Kinesin Family 18a (KIF18a) inhibition, which functions to suppress multipolar mitotic spindles in cancer cells. We propose that a way to enhance the effectiveness of anti-cancer agents that increase multipolar spindles is by suppressing the APC/C-CDC20 to delay, but not block, anaphase entry. Delaying anaphase entry in genomically unstable cells may enhance multipolar spindle-induced cell death. In genomically stable healthy human cells, delayed anaphase entry may suppress the level of multipolar spindles induced by anti-cancer drugs and lower mitotic cytotoxicity. We outline specific combinations of molecules to investigate that may achieve the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of anti-cancer agents.

Antitumor Effect of Apcin on Endometrial Carcinoma via p21-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a prevalent gynecological malignancy characterized by increasing incidence and mortality rates. This underscores the critical need for novel therapeutic targets. One such potential target is cell division cycle 20 (CDC20), which has been implicated in oncogenesis. This study investigated the effect of the CDC20 inhibitor Apcin on EC and elucidated the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS: The effects of Apcin on EC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle were evaluated using CCK8 assays and flow cytometry. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was subsequently conducted to explore the underlying molecular mechanism, and Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation were subsequently performed to validate the results. Animal studies were performed to evaluate the antitumor effects in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis was also conducted to identify CDC20 as a potential therapeutic target in EC. RESULTS: Treatment with Apcin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in EC cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Pathways associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle were activated following treatment with Apcin. Notably, Apcin treatment led to the upregulation of the cell cycle regulator p21, which was verified to interact with CDC20 and consequently decrease the expression of downstream cyclins in EC cells. In vivo experiments confirmed that Apcin treatment significantly impeded tumor growth. Higher CDC20 expression was observed in EC tissue than in nonmalignant tissue, and increased CDC20 expression in EC patients was associated with shorter overall survival and progress free interval. CONCLUSION: CDC20 is a novel molecular target in EC, and Apcin could be developed as a candidate antitumor drug for EC treatment.

The ubiquitin E3 ligase APC/CCdc20 mediates mitotic degradation of OGT.

O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme that catalyzes all O-GlcNAcylation reactions intracellularly. Previous investigations have found that OGT levels oscillate during the cell division process. Specifically, OGT abundance is downregulated during mitosis, but the underlying mechanism is lacking. Here we demonstrate that OGT is ubiquitinated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase, anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-cell division cycle 20 (Cdc20). We show that APC/CCdc20 interacts with OGT through a conserved destruction box (D-box): Arg-351/Leu-354, the abrogation of which stabilizes OGT. As APC/CCdc20-substrate binding is often preceded by a priming ubiquitination event, we also used mass spectrometry and mapped OGT Lys-352 to be a ubiquitination site, which is a prerequisite for OGT association with APC/C subunits. Interestingly, in The Cancer Genome Atlas, R351C is a uterine carcinoma mutant, suggesting that mutations of the D-box are linked with tumorigenesis. Paradoxically, we found that both R351C and the D-box mutants (R351A/L354A) inhibit uterine carcinoma in mouse xenograft models, probably due to impaired cell division and proliferation. In sum, we propose a model where OGT Lys-352 ubiquitination primes its binding with APC/C, and then APC/CCdc20 partners with OGT through the D-box for its mitotic destruction. Our work not only highlights the key mechanism that regulates OGT during the cell cycle, but also reveals the mutual coordination between glycosylation and the cell division machinery.

The C-terminal disordered loop domain of Apc8 unlocks APC/C mitotic activation.

The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a critical and tightly regulated E3 ligase that orchestrates the cellular life cycle by controlling the degradation of cell cycle regulators. An intriguing feature of this complex is an autoinhibition mechanism: an intrinsically disordered loop domain, Apc1-300L, blocks Cdc20 coactivator binding, yet phosphorylation of Apc1-300L counteracts this autoinhibition. Many such disordered loops within APC/C remain unexplored. Our systematic analysis of loop-deficient APC/C mutants uncovered a pivotal role for Apc8's C-terminal loop (Apc8-L) in mitotic activation. Apc8-L directly recruits the CDK adaptor protein, Xe-p9/Cks2, positioning the Xe-p9-CDK-CycB complex near Apc1-300L. This stimulates the phosphorylation and removal of Apc1-300L, prompting the formation of active APC/CCdc20. Strikingly, without both Apc8-L and Apc3-L, the APC/C is rendered inactive during mitosis, highlighting Apc8-L's synergistic role with other loops and kinases. This study broadens our understanding of the intricate dynamics in APC/C regulation and provides insights on the regulation of macromolecular complexes.

CDK1-PP2A-B55 interplay ensures cell cycle oscillation via Apc1-loop300.

Cell cycle control relies on a delicate balance of phosphorylation with CDK1 and phosphatases like PP1 and PP2A-B55. Yet, identifying the primary substrate responsible for cell cycle oscillations remains a challenge. We uncover the pivotal role of phospho-regulation in the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), particularly through the Apc1-loop300 domain (Apc1-300L), orchestrated by CDK1 and PP2A-B55. Premature activation of PP2A-B55 during mitosis, induced by Greatwall kinase depletion, leads to Apc1-300L dephosphorylation, stalling APC/C activity and delaying Cyclin B degradation. This effect can be counteracted using the B55-specific inhibitor pEnsa or by removing Apc1-300L. We also show Cdc20's dynamic APC/C interaction across cell cycle stages, but dephosphorylation of Apc1-300L specifically inhibits further Cdc20 recruitment. Our study underscores APC/C's central role in cell cycle oscillation, identifying it as a primary substrate regulated by the CDK-PP2A partnership.

The Arabidopsis BUB1/MAD3 family protein BMF3 requires BUB3.3 to recruit CDC20 to kinetochores in spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures faithful chromosome segregation during cell division by monitoring kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Plants produce both sequence-conserved and diverged SAC components, and it has been largely unknown how SAC activation leads to the assembly of these proteins at unattached kinetochores to prevent cells from entering anaphase. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the noncanonical BUB3.3 protein was detected at kinetochores throughout mitosis, unlike MAD1 and the plant-specific BUB1/MAD3 family protein BMF3 that associated with unattached chromosomes only. When BUB3.3 was lost by a genetic mutation, mitotic cells often entered anaphase with misaligned chromosomes and presented lagging chromosomes after they were challenged by low doses of the microtubule depolymerizing agent oryzalin, resulting in the formation of micronuclei. Surprisingly, BUB3.3 was not required for the kinetochore localization of other SAC proteins or vice versa. Instead, BUB3.3 specifically bound to BMF3 through two internal repeat motifs that were not required for BMF3 kinetochore localization. This interaction enabled BMF3 to recruit CDC20, a downstream SAC target, to unattached kinetochores. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that plant SAC utilizes unconventional protein interactions for arresting mitosis, with BUB3.3 directing BMF3's role in CDC20 recruitment, rather than the recruitment of BUB1/MAD3 proteins observed in fungi and animals. This distinct mechanism highlights how plants adapted divergent versions of conserved cell cycle machinery to achieve specialized SAC control.

MAPK-dependent control of mitotic progression in S. pombe.

BACKGROUND: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) preserve cell homeostasis by transducing physicochemical fluctuations of the environment into multiple adaptive responses. These responses involve transcriptional rewiring and the regulation of cell cycle transitions, among others. However, how stress conditions impinge mitotic progression is largely unknown. The mitotic checkpoint is a surveillance mechanism that inhibits mitotic exit in situations of defective chromosome capture, thus preventing the generation of aneuploidies. In this study, we investigate the role of MAPK Pmk1 in the regulation of mitotic exit upon stress. RESULTS: We show that Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells lacking Pmk1, the MAP kinase effector of the cell integrity pathway (CIP), are hypersensitive to microtubule damage and defective in maintaining a metaphase arrest. Epistasis analysis suggests that Pmk1 is involved in maintaining spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling, and its deletion is additive to the lack of core SAC components such as Mad2 and Mad3. Strikingly, pmk1Δ cells show up to twofold increased levels of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) activator Cdc20Slp1 during unperturbed growth. We demonstrate that Pmk1 physically interacts with Cdc20Slp1 N-terminus through a canonical MAPK docking site. Most important, the Cdc20Slp1 pool is rapidly degraded in stressed cells undergoing mitosis through a mechanism that requires MAPK activity, Mad3, and the proteasome, thus resulting in a delayed mitotic exit. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal a novel function of MAPK in preventing mitotic exit and activation of cytokinesis in response to stress. The regulation of Cdc20Slp1 turnover by MAPK Pmk1 provides a key mechanism by which the timing of mitotic exit can be adjusted relative to environmental conditions.

Upregulation of lnc-FOXD2-AS1, CDC45, and CDK1 in patients with primary non-M3 AML is associated with a worse prognosis.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy with an unfavorable outcome. The present research aimed to identify novel biological targets for AML diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we performed an in-silico method to identify antisense RNAs (AS-RNAs) and their related co-expression genes. GSE68172 was selected from the AML database of the Gene Expression Omnibus and compared using the GEO2R tool to find DEGs. Antisense RNAs were selected from all the genes that had significant expression and a survival plot was drawn for them in the GEPIA database, FOXD2-AS1 was chosen for further investigation based on predetermined criteria (logFC ≥|1| and P < 0.05) and its noteworthy association between elevated expression level and a marked reduction in the overall survival (OS) in patients diagnosed with AML. The GEPIA database was utilized to investigate FOXD2-AS1-related co-expression and similar genes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and gene ontology (GO) function analysis of the mentioned gene lists were performed using the DAVID database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then constructed using the STRING database. Hub genes were screened using Cytoscape software. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted using the GEPIA database to explore the relationship between FOXD2-AS1 and the hub genes. The transcription of the selected coding and non-coding genes, including FOXD2-AS1, CDC45, CDC20, CDK1, and CCNB1, was validated in 150 samples, including 100 primary AML non-M3 blood samples and 50 granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized healthy donors, using quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). qRT-PCR results displayed significant upregulation of lnc-FOXD2-AS1, CDC45, and CDK1 in primary AML non-M3 blood samples compared to healthy blood samples (P = 0.0032, P = 0.0078, and P = 0.0117, respectively). The expression levels of CDC20 and CCNB1 were not statistically different between the two sets of samples (P = 0.8315 and P = 0.2788, respectively). We identified that AML patients with upregulation of FOXD2-AS1, CDK1, and CDC45 had shorter overall survival (OS) and Relapse-free survival (RFS) compared those with low expression of FOXD2-AS1, CDK1, and CDC45. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the potential biomarkers of lnc -FOXD2-AS1, CDC45, and CDK1 in primary AML non-M3 blood samples. This research proposed that the dysregulation of lnc-FOXD2-AS1, CDC45, and CDK1 can contribute to both disease state and diagnosis as well as treatment. The present study proposes the future evolution of the functional role of lnc-FOXD2-AS1, CDC45, and CDK1 in AML development.

Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation reveal that CDC20 overexpression promotes bladder cancer progression and potential underlying mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a prevalent malignancy. CDC20, a pivotal cell cycle regulator gene, plays a significant role in tumour cell proliferation, but its role in bladder cancer remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse CDC20 expression in bladder cancer and explore its roles in tumour progression, treatment response, patient prognosis, and cellular proliferation mechanisms. METHODS: We systematically analysed CDC20 expression in bladder cancer using bioinformatics. Our study investigated the impact of CDC20 on chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitivity, patient prognosis, and changes in CDC20 methylation levels. We also explored the role and potential underlying mechanisms of CDC20 in bladder cancer cell growth. We used lentiviral transfection to downregulate CDC20 expression in 5637 and T24 cells, followed by CCK-8, colony formation, scratch, invasion, apoptosis, and cell cycle analyses. RESULTS: CDC20 is highly expressed in bladder cancer and is significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Moreover, CDC20 demonstrated high diagnostic potential for bladder cancer (AUC > 0.9). The tumour methylation levels of CDC20 in tumour tissues markedly decreased compared with those in normal tissues, and lower methylation levels were associated with a worse prognosis. Elevated CDC20 expression is linked to increased mutation burden. Our findings suggested a potential association between high CDC20 expression and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as CDC20 expression may impact immune cell infiltration levels. Mechanistic analysis revealed the influence of CDC20 on bladder cancer cell proliferation through cell cycle-related pathways. According to the cell experiments, CDC20 downregulation significantly impedes bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion, leading to G1 phase arrest. CONCLUSION: Aberrantly high CDC20 expression promotes tumour progression in bladder cancer, resulting in a poor prognosis, and may also constitute a promising therapeutic target.

SETDB2 interacts with BUBR1 to induce accurate chromosome segregation independently of its histone methyltransferase activity.

SETDB2 is a H3K9 histone methyltransferase required for accurate chromosome segregation. Its H3K9 histone methyltransferase activity was reported to be associated with chromosomes during metaphase. Here, we confirm that SETDB2 is required for mitosis and accurate chromosome segregation. However, these functions are independent of its histone methyltransferase activity. Further analysis showed that SETDB2 can interact with BUBR1, and is required for CDC20 binding to BUBR1 and APC/C complex and CYCLIN B1 degradation. The ability of SETDB2 to regulate the binding of CDC20 to BUBR1 or APC/C complex, and stabilization of CYCLIN B1 are also independent of its histone methyltransferase activity. These results suggest that SETDB2 interacts with BUBR1 to promote binding of CDC20 to BUBR1 and APC3, then degrades CYCLIN B1 to ensure accurate chromosome segregation and mitosis, independently of its histone methyltransferase activity.

Effects of the insecticide imidacloprid on the post-embryonic development of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has been linked to declines in bee populations worldwide. Imidacloprid is a widely used systemic insecticide that can be found in the pollen and nectar of plants and has the potential to negatively impact the development of bee larvae. We investigated the effects of oral exposure to a realistic field concentration (20.5 ng g-1) of imidacloprid on the midgut and fat body of Apis mellifera worker larvae. Our results showed that larvae exposed to imidacloprid exhibited changes in the midgut epithelium, including disorganization of the brush border, nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasm vacuolization, and release of cell fragments indication cell death. Additionally, histochemical analysis revealed that the midgut brush border glycocalyx was disorganized in exposed larvae. The fat body cells of imidacloprid-exposed larvae had a decrease in the size of lipid droplets from 50 to 8 µm and increase of 100 % of protein content, suggesting possible responses to the stress caused by the insecticide. However, the expression of de cdc20 gene, which plays a role in cell proliferation, was not affected in the midgut and fat body of treated larvae. These results suggest that imidacloprid negatively affects non-target organs during the larval development of A. mellifera potentially impacting this important pollinator species.

A co-formulation of interferons alpha2b and gamma distinctively targets cell cycle in the glioblastoma-derived cell line U-87MG.

BACKGROUND: HeberFERON is a co-formulation of α2b and γ interferons, based on their synergism, which has shown its clinical superiority over individual interferons in basal cell carcinomas. In glioblastoma (GBM), HeberFERON has displayed promising preclinical and clinical results. This led us to design a microarray experiment aimed at identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the distinctive effect of HeberFERON compared to the individual interferons in U-87MG model. METHODS: Transcriptional expression profiling including a control (untreated) and three groups receiving α2b-interferon, γ-interferon and HeberFERON was performed using an Illumina HT-12 microarray platform. Unsupervised methods for gene and sample grouping, identification of differentially expressed genes, functional enrichment and network analysis computational biology methods were applied to identify distinctive transcription patterns of HeberFERON. Validation of most representative genes was performed by qPCR. For the cell cycle analysis of cells treated with HeberFERON for 24 h, 48 and 72 h we used flow cytometry. RESULTS: The three treatments show different behavior based on the gene expression profiles. The enrichment analysis identified several mitotic cell cycle related events, in particular from prometaphase to anaphase, which are exclusively targeted by HeberFERON. The FOXM1 transcription factor network that is involved in several cell cycle phases and is highly expressed in GBMs, is significantly down regulated. Flow cytometry experiments corroborated the action of HeberFERON on the cell cycle in a dose and time dependent manner with a clear cellular arrest as of 24 h post-treatment. Despite the fact that p53 was not down-regulated, several genes involved in its regulatory activity were functionally enriched. Network analysis also revealed a strong relationship of p53 with genes targeted by HeberFERON. We propose a mechanistic model to explain this distinctive action, based on the simultaneous activation of PKR and ATF3, p53 phosphorylation changes, as well as its reduced MDM2 mediated ubiquitination and export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. PLK1, AURKB, BIRC5 and CCNB1 genes, all regulated by FOXM1, also play central roles in this model. These and other interactions could explain a G2/M arrest and the effect of HeberFERON on the proliferation of U-87MG. CONCLUSIONS: We proposed molecular mechanisms underlying the distinctive behavior of HeberFERON compared to the treatments with the individual interferons in U-87MG model, where cell cycle related events were highly relevant.