Color variations in PMMA acrylic resins after thermocycling and mouthwash simulation / Variações de cor em resinas acrílicas de PMMA após termociclagem e simulação de enxaguatório bucal

Estabilidade de cor é um requisito estético fundamental das resinas acrílicas provisórias, em especial quando esses materiais são submetidos a longos períodos na cavidade oral. Embora resinas acrílicas temporárias novas e aprimoradas estejam disponíveis, os efeitos da variação térmica e de soluções antissépticas na estabilidade de cor de resinas acrílicas provisórias ainda não foram completamente elucidados. Portanto, este estudo avaliou a coloração de resinas autopolimerizáveis polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e bis-acrilo submetidas à termociclagem e imersão em clorexidina. Amostras padronizadas (n=10) foram preparadas de duas resinas acrílicas temporárias a base de PMMA (Alike® e Duralay®). Foram realizadas três avaliações de cor (T1 ­ 24h após o preparo da amostra, T2 ­ após termociclagem e T3 ­ após termociclagem e imersão em clorexidina) por meio de espectrofotômetro eletrônico de seleção de sombra (Vita Easy Shade). Os dados obtidos foram analisados por ANOVA e teste t (α=0,05). As resinas de PMMA Alike e Duralay apresentaram alteração de cor após a termociclagem e também após a imersão em clorexidina.

Color stability is a fundamental aesthetic requirement for temporary acrylic resins, especially when these materials are subjected to long periods in the oral cavity. Although new and improved temporary acrylic resins are available, the effects of thermal variation and antiseptic solutions on the color stability of temporary acrylic resins have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study evaluated the color of self-polymerizing resins polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and bis-acryl subjected to thermocycling and immersion in chlorhexidine. Standardized samples (n=10) were prepared from two PMMA-based temporary acrylic resins (Alike® and Duralay®). Three color evaluations were carried out (T1 ­ 24h after sample preparation, T2 ­ after thermocycling and T3 ­ after thermocycling and immersion in chlorhexidine) using an electronic shade selection spectrophotometer (Vita Easy Shade). The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and t test (α=0.05). PMMA Alike and Duralay resins showed color changes after thermocycling and also after immersion in chlorhexidine.

Tissue response in a rat model of denture stomatitis treated with tissue conditioner containing antifungal complexed with ß-cyclodextrin.

Introduction. Tissue conditioners modified with antifungals are a potential alternative to denture stomatitis (DS) treatment.Gap Statement. Information on tissue response to this treatment before its clinical application is lacking.Aim. This study aimed to evaluate the tissue response of a tissue conditioner modified with antifungals in a rat model of DS.Methodology. After DS induction for 4 days under antibiotic therapy, Wistar rats had their intraoral devices (IODs) relined with the tissue conditioner Softone without (Soft) or with the MICs against Candida albicans of nystatin (Nys) or chlorhexidine (Chx) complexed or not with ß-cyclodextrin (Nys:ßCD and Chx:ßCD). Three controls were included: healthy rats [negative control (Nc)], rats using a sterile IOD [sterile device (Sd)] and rats with DS that did not receive treatment (DS). After 4 days of treatment, the palatal mucosa under the IODs underwent histological processing for morphohistopathological and histometric analyses, morphology of collagen fibres (birefringence), immunohistochemistry for the expression of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and cytokine (IL-1ß).Results. The Nc and Sd groups were similar (P>0.05), displaying epithelial and connective tissues without any discernible changes in the parameters assessed. The DS and Soft groups exhibited pronounced epithelial alterations, cell proliferation and expression of the cytokine IL-1ß. In groups treated with drug incorporation (Nys, Chx, Nys:ßCD and Chx:ßCD), all samples demonstrated a reduction in tissue inflammation or complete tissue recovery, with an epithelium compatible with health. For the immunohistochemical parameters, the Chx, Nys:ßCD and Chx:ßCD groups were comparable with Nc (P>0.05).Conclusion. The proposed treatment could be promising for DS, as it led to the tissue recovery of the palatal mucosa. Nevertheless, much lower concentrations of complexed antifungals were required to achieve a similar or higher degree of tissue response compared with uncomplexed drugs in a modified tissue conditioner formulation.

Povidone Iodine vs Chlorhexidine Gluconate for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a challenge in healthcare, contributing to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and adverse patient outcomes, including mortality. Effective preoperative skin disinfection interventions, such as povidone-iodine (PVI) and chlorhexidine (CHG), are widely used but their efficacy remains debated. To address this gap, this meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of PVI and CHG. METHOD: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to June 2024 to identify studies comparing PVI versus CHG for preoperative skin antisepsis. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for binary outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A random-effects model was used with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Data were analysed using R software (version 4.4.0), and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. FINDINGS: Sixteen randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included, involving a total of 13,721 patients, among whom 6,836 (49.8%) received PVI. Compared to CHG, PVI was associated with a non-significant reduction in deep SSI (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.66 - 1.50; p = 0.994), but an increased risk of overall SSI (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.06 - 1.48; p = 0.007) and superficial SSI (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.25 - 2.24; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PVI as preoperative skin antisepsis demonstrated a non-significant reduction in deep SSI compared to CHG but was associated with an increased risk of overall and superficial SSI. Despite these findings, PVI remains an effective option, especially in resource-limited settings. Further research is needed to optimise its use and improve infection prevention strategies in clinical practice.

Outcome of Nonsurgical Root Canal Retreatment of Teeth with Persistent Apical Periodontitis Treated with Foraminal Enlargement and 2% Chlorhexidine Gel: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Nonsurgical root canal retreatment (NS-RCRT) becomes necessary when primary endodontic procedures fail. This study evaluates the efficacy of NS-RCRT using 2% chlorhexidine gel and foraminal enlargement techniques, aiming to assess whether these approaches enhance periapical healing outcomes and success rates compared to traditional NS-RCRT techniques reported in the literature. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 120 teeth diagnosed with persistent apical periodontitis, from 80 patients who underwent NS-RCRT between January 2014 and December 2018 at a specialist's private practice. Data were collected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Observational Studies in Endodontics 2023 guidelines. Periapical healing was evaluated using digital periapical radiographs by three calibrated examiners. The outcome of the treatment was analyzed through descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses, including the Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests. Treatment outcomes were deemed successful if they showed complete or incomplete repair and unsuccessful if no repair was observed. RESULTS: The average follow-up period was 30 months. Under loose criteria, 92.50% (n = 111) of the teeth were categorized as successful, and 7.5% (n = 9) as unsuccessful. Bivariate analysis indicated that the radiographic restoration of apical transportation was the only factor that significantly influenced the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: NS-RCRT performed in a single visit using the foraminal enlargement technique and 2% chlorhexidine gel demonstrated high success rates and may be an effective alternative to tooth extraction. This method promoted periapical healing and could significantly improve NS-RCRT protocols. Further prospective studies are recommended to corroborate these findings.

In Vitro Evaluation of Sodium Hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine, Propolis, and Calcium Hydroxide Effect on Lipoteichoic-Acid-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokines Production.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and the glycolic extract of propolis (GEP) as endodontic irrigants and of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], CHX, or Ca(OH)2 + CHX as intracanal medications on the capacity of the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Enterococcus faecalis in macrophages' proinflammatory cytokines production. Freshly extracted 108 human single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The LTA of E. faecalis was standardized in double-distilled pyrogen-free water (250 µg/mL) and inoculated into the specimens subdivided into nine subgroups (n = 12). Cultures of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were treated with 30 µL of each sample collected from root canals and incubated (37 °C, 5% CO2) for 24 h. Lastly, anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-6, anti-IP-10, anti-MIP-1α, anti-G-CSF, and anti-IL-1ß DuoSet kits were used to perform an ELISA assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≥ 0.05). It was found that 1% NaOCl was the most effective irrigant in reducing the capacity of LTA in cytokines production, followed by 12% GEP and 2% CHX, respectively. Ca(OH)2 + CHX presented the best results when associated with NaOCl or GEP. Thus, NaOCl or GEP associated with Ca(OH)2 + CHX were effective in reducing the capacity of LTA in different macrophages pro-inflammatory cytokines production.

Comparison of the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Malva mouthwashes: Randomized crossover clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Although mechanical oral hygiene is widely practiced, it faces several challenges. Mouthwashes, such as chlorhexidine (CHX), are being explored as adjuncts to biofilm control, but their prolonged use has several side effects. Consequently, there is ongoing research into natural alternatives. This randomized crossover clinical study aimed to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of 0.12 % CHX and a 5 % Malva sylvestris. METHODS: Forty-four participants were involved in two phases, each comprising three stages with variations in the mouthwash solution used only. During the study, participants refrained from mechanical plaque removal for seven days. At first day, they received whole-mouth prophylaxis and oral health assessment. After three days, gingival inflammation assessment and prophylaxis in were performed in contralateral quadrants. Participants then used a randomly assigned mouthwash solution for four days. On the 7th day, they completed a questionnaire about their perception and appreciation of the mouthwash. Additionally, gingival inflammation and plaque index were also performed by a calibrated examiner. After a minimum 21-day washout period, participants entered the second phase, repeating the three stages. RESULTS: Results showed no statistically significant differences between the Malva sylvestris and CHX groups regarding inflammation and plaque formation. However, CHX demonstrated a significantly greater mean reduction (7th - 4th day) in gingival inflammation compared to Malva (p = 0.02) (0.01 ± 0.19 and 0.00 ± 0.19, respectively). Additionally, participants using CHX reported a more pleasant taste and considered higher plaque control perception (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, both products exhibited similar antiplaque effects, but CHX outperformed Malva in controlling gingival inflammation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Mouthwashes with Malva sylvestris may be a good alternative, in a short-term period, to control biofilm. However, lower antigingivitis efficacy may be expected when compared to chlorhexidine.

Effect of glycerol on properties of chitosan/chlorhexidine membranes and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Introduction: Chitosan membranes with glycerol can function as an effective dispersing agent for different antibiotics or active ingredients that can be used in the treatment of diseases present in the oral cavity. Methods: The effects of the addition of glycerol on the mechanical, water absorption, swelling, pH, thickness, disintegration, rugosity, and antibacterial properties of chitosan-chlorhexidine- glycerol membranes were investigated in this study. Results and discussion: Mechanical results indicated that chitosan membranes' rugosity, strength, flexion, and thickness differed at loading 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of glycerol (p < 0.05). The chitosan membranes' rugosity, dissolution, strength, and pH results were significantly enhanced by the presence of glycerol at 3, 5, and 10% concentrations. In this investigation, the antimicrobial activity model used was the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans CDBB-B-1455 by chitosan-chlorhexidine membranes. It was observed that there was no change in inhibition with different concentrations of glycerol. The results suggest that chitosan-glycerol-chlorhexidine membranes may be a potential candidate for topical antiseptic application in buccal-dental disorders caused by S. mutans, such as caries, periodontal diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma, helping to prevent the development of serious conditions that can compromise human health.

Glass ionomer cement particles pre-reacted with chlorhexidine: Physical/chemical properties and antimicrobial activity.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the effects of the functionalization of pre-functionalized GIC particles with chlorhexidine on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups were prepared: (1) GIC (Bioglass R - Biodinamica) - control group; (2) GIC-CHX 1%: Group containing 1% pre-reacted CHX particles; (3) GIC-CHX 2.5%: Group containing 2.5% pre-reacted CHX particles; (4) GIC-CHX 5%: Group containing 5% pre-reacted CHX particles. Hourglass-shaped specimens (10 mm × 2 mm x 1 mm) were fabricated for mechanical tests including cohesive strength (n = 12), modulus of elasticity (n = 12) and microhardness (n = 10). Discs (10 mm × 2 mm) were prepared for the analysis of Ca+2, PO4- and F- ions release (n = 3), and roughness (n = 12). To evaluate the setting time, a Gilmore needle was used according to ISO 9917-1:2016. Disk-shaped specimens (5 × 1mm) were manufactured and subjected to bacterial activity (n = 9) (Streptococcus mutans ATCC 159). RESULTS: Modulus, roughness, setting time and ions release (Ca+2, PO4-, and F-) there were no statistically significant differences among the groups (p > 0.05). The setting time did not change with the incorporation of CHX. The GIC-CHX 2.5% and GIC-CHX 5% groups exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the control group and GIC-CHX 1% (p < 0.001). The GIC-CHX 5% group showed the highest microhardness values (p < 0.041), cohesive strength (p < 0.009) when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The pre-reacted CHX in GICs was able to confer antimicrobial activity, improve cohesive strength, microhardness, and did not impair ion release, setting time, and roughness.

Endodontic irrigants from a comprehensive perspective.

This review article explores the fundamental principles of modern endodontics with a focus on root canal cleaning and shaping. It reviews commonly used endodontic irrigant, namely sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), herbal extracts, chlorhexidine (CHX), and chelating agents, highlighting their properties, applications, and potential drawbacks. NaOCl, a key antimicrobial agent, demonstrates effectiveness against various microorganisms but poses challenges such as high cytotoxicity. Herbal extracts, gaining recognition in endodontics, present an alternative with potential advantages in preserving dentin integrity. CHX, known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, is discussed in both liquid and gel formulations, emphasizing its role in reducing smear layer formation and preserving hybrid layer durability. Chelating agents, specifically ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid, play a vital role in removing the smear layer, enhancing dentin permeability, and facilitating the penetration of antimicrobial agents. The review article underscores the importance of careful application and consideration of each irrigant's properties to ensure safe and effective endodontic procedures. It serves as a valuable guide for clinicians in selecting appropriate irrigants based on specific treatment requirements.

Low-cost antiseptic-impregnated tracheostomy tube for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria: In vitro and pilot study in humans.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of an in-house low-cost tracheostomy tube impregnated with chlorhexidine and violet crystal. The impregnated tracheostomy tubes demonstrated antimicrobial activity, including for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fourteen patients were evaluated. During ventilation, VAP occurred in one patient in the coated group and in three patients in the control group (p=0.28). A reduction of biofilm cells was observed. This study provides preliminary evidence to support that the antiseptic impregnation of a tracheostomy tube provides significant antimicrobial activity.

Antifungal Activity of Morinda citrifolia Methanolic Extract against Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study.

Aim: Natural medicine used as an alternative and/or complementary treatment to counteract diseases is of great importance in public health. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess the in vitro antifungal activity of Morinda citrifolia methanolic extract of peel, pulp, and seed against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: The present study was experimental in vitro and cross-sectional. Eight replicates were prepared in Sabouraud dextrose agar with five wells each, where 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and methanolic extract of seed, peel, and pulp of Morinda citrifolia fruit were placed at concentrations of 10,690, 8,270, and 6,430 mg/mL, respectively, to evaluate sensitivity according to Duraffourd's scale. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by dilution and agar seeding method. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test, considering a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The inhibition halos of Morinda citrifolia methanolic extract of seed, peel, and pulp against Candida albicans measured on average 15.94, 11.94, and 11.56 mm, respectively. The MIC of seed, peel, and pulp extract were 1366.25, 2067.5, and 1607.5 mg/mL respectively, whereas the MFC for seed, peel, and pulp extract were 2672.50, 2067.5, and 3215 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, seed extract presented significantly higher antifungal activity than peel and pulp (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Morinda citrifolia methanolic extract of peel, pulp, and seed showed fungistatic and fungicidal effect against Candida albicans, being this very sensitive to seed extract with a MIC of 1366.25 mg/mL and a MFC of 2672.5 mg/mL, which allows recommending the development of effective pharmacological formulations for the control of candidiasis.

Influence of different presentation forms of chlorhexidine on contaminated root canals during agitation.

This in vitro study aimed to verify the influence of chlorhexidine (CHX) (gel and solution) in association with different activation protocols on disinfection of root canals contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. In total, 120 lower premolar roots were selected, contaminated and divided into 12 groups according to irrigation technique and substance. Samples were collected before and after each irrigation technique and analysed for colony-forming units (CFU). Three dentin discs were obtained for quantification of viable intratubular cells by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). CFU results showed that sonic and ultrasonic were more effective than conventional irrigation. Ultrasonic activation was more effective than sonic for CHX gel (p < 0.05). CLSM showed that either activation was better than conventional in all groups and root canal thirds (p < 0.05). It was concluded that ultrasonic/sonic activation was more effective than conventional techniques and CHX enhanced intratubular dentin decontamination across all irrigation methods.

Effectiveness of a tissue conditioner containing antifungals in a rat model of denture stomatitis.

AIM: This study investigated the effectiveness of a drug-modified tissue conditioner in an animal model of denture stomatitis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wistar rats wore a Candida albicans-contaminated palatal device for 4 days. Next, nystatin (Nys) or chlorhexidine (Chx) were added to a tissue conditioner in their raw or ß-cyclodextrin-complexed (ßCD) forms at their minimum inhibitory concentrations. As controls, one group was not subjected to any procedure (NC), one group used sterile devices, one group had denture stomatitis but was not treated (DS), and another had the devices relined with the tissue conditioner without the addition of any drug (Soft). After 4 days of treatment, treatment effectiveness was assessed visually, histologically, and through CFU count, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) assays. Rats from the Soft, Nys, Nys:ßCD, and Chx groups presented a significant decrease in the microbial load compared with the untreated group. Treatment groups showed lower MPO and NAG activity compared to the non-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of antifungals to a soft tissue conditioner can be a promising approach for denture stomatitis treatment.

Analysis of chlorhexidine, antibiotics and bacterial community composition in water environments from Brazil, Cameroon and Madagascar during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The widespread of chlorhexidine and antibiotics in the water bodies, which grew during the global COVID-19 pandemic, can increase the dispersion of antibiotic resistance. We assessed the occurrence of these pharmaceutical compounds as well as SARS-CoV-2 and analysed the bacterial community structure of hospital and urban wastewaters from Brazil, Cameroon, and Madagascar. Water and wastewater samples (n = 59) were collected between January-June 2022. Chlorhexidine, azithromycin, levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin and meropenem were screened by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. SARS-CoV-2 was detected based on the nucleocapsid gene (in Cameroon and Madagascar), and envelope and spike protein-encoding genes (in Brazil). The total community-DNA was extracted and used for bacterial community analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene. To unravel likely interaction between pharmaceutical compounds and/or SARS-CoV-2 with the water bacterial community, multivariate statistics were performed. Chlorhexidine was found in hospital wastewater effluent from Brazil with a maximum concentration value of 89.28 µg/L. Additionally, antibiotic residues such as azithromycin and levofloxacin were also present at concentrations between 0.32-7.37 µg/L and 0.11-118.91 µg/L, respectively. In Cameroon, azithromycin was the most found antibiotic present at concentrations from 1.14 to 1.21 µg/L. In Madagascar instead, ceftriaxone (0.68-11.53 µg/L) and levofloxacin (0.15-0.30 µg/L) were commonly found. The bacterial phyla statistically significant different (P < 0,05) among participating countries were Proteobacteria, Patescibacteria and Dependentiae which were mainly abundant in waters sampled in Africa and, other phyla such as Firmicutes, Campylobacterota and Fusobacteriota were more abundant in Brazil. The phylum Caldisericota was only found in raw hospital wastewater samples from Madagascar. The canonical correspondence analysis results suggest significant correlation of azithromycin, meropenem and levofloxacin with bacteria families such as Enterococcaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Deinococcaceae, Thermacetogeniaceae and Desulfomonilaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Methanosaetaceae, Synergistaceae, respectively. Water samples were also positive for SARS-CoV-2 with the lowest number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Madagascar (n = 7) and Brazil (n = 30). Our work provides new data about the bacterial community profile and the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the hospital effluents from Brazil, Cameroon, and Madagascar, whose limited information is available. These compounds can exacerbate the spreading of antibiotic resistance and therefore pose a risk to public health.

Comparative evaluation of hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary interleukin-1ß levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial / Evaluación comparativa de enjuague bucal con peróxido de hidrógeno y clorhexidina sobre los niveles de interleucina-1ß salival en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y periodontitis crónica: ensayo clínico controlado aleatorio

Introduction: Periodontal inflammation causes dysbiosis and change in the microbiota. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) helps in removal of plaque and restoring periodontal health. Various adjunctive therapy like use of mouthwash helps in maintenance of periodontal health and reducing inflammatory load. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis were divided into three groups: Group 1 received NSPT and rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash for 3 months, Group 2 received NSPT and rinsing with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide mouthwash for 3 months, Group 3- received NSPT only (control group). The clinical parameters measured included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing (PD) at baseline, 1, 2, 3 months follow up. Salivary interleukin 1ßlevels were measured at baseline and 3 months interval. Results: Group 1, 2 and 3 showed significant reduction in PI, GI, BOP and PD at 1 and 3 months follow up (p<0.05). However, Intergroup comparison of clinical parameters showed significant reduction in group 1 and 2 when compared with group 3 (p<0.05). Salivary interleukin 1-ß levels showed significant reduction from baseline to 3 months in all the three groups and intergroup comparison didn't show any significant changes, (p>0.05). Conclusions: Hydrogen peroxide mouthwash as an adjunct to NSPT can be considered as a safe and effective measure to reduce periodontal inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic periodontitis.

Introducción: La inflamación periodontal causa disbiosis y cambios en la microbiota. La terapia periodontal no quirúrgica (NSPT) ayuda a eliminar la placa y restaurar la salud periodontal. Diversas terapias complementarias, como el uso de enjuague bucal, ayudan a mantener la salud periodontal y reducir la carga inflamatoria. Materiales y Métodos: Un total de 108 sujetos diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y periodontitis se dividieron en tres grupos: el grupo 1 recibió NSPT y enjuague con enjuague bucal de clorhexidina al 0,2% durante 3 meses, el grupo 2 recibió NSPT y enjuague con enjuague bucal de peróxido de hidrógeno al 1,5% durante 3 meses, y el Grupo 3 recibió NSPT únicamente (grupo de control). Los parámetros clínicos medidos fueron el índice de placa (PI), el índice gingival (GI), el sangrado al sondaje (BOP) y al sondaje (PD) al inicio del estudio, 1, 2, y 3 meses de seguimiento. Los niveles de interleucina 1ß en saliva se midieron al inicio y a los 3 meses. Resultado: Los grupos 1, 2 y 3 mostraron una reducción significativa en IP, GI, BOP y PD al mes y 3 meses de seguimiento (p<0,05). Sin embargo, la comparación intergrupal de los parámetros clínicos mostró una reducción significativa en los grupos 1 y 2 en comparación con grupo 3 (p<0,05). Los niveles de interleucina 1-ß salival mostraron una reducción significativa desde el inicio hasta los 3 meses en los tres grupos y la comparación entre grupos no mostró ningún cambio significativo (p>0,05). Conclusión: El enjuague bucal con peróxido de hidrógeno como complemento de la NSPT puede considerarse una medida segura y eficaz para reducir la inflamación periodontal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y periodontitis crónica.

Antimicrobial action and cytotoxicity of hypochlorous acid obtained from an innovative electrolytic device - An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect and cytotoxicity of hypochlorous acid(HClO) obtained from an innovative electrolytic device. DESIGN: The root canals of fifty extracted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 5 groups (n = 10): DW (control); 2% chlorhexidine gel(CHX); 2.5% sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl); 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO. The counting of colony forming units evaluated the decontamination potential of each group. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after inoculation of tested protocols in fibroblastic cells for 3 min, calculating the cell viability. Specific statistical analysis was performed (α = 5%). RESULTS: The highest bacterial reduction was observed in experimental groups, with no statistical differences from each other (p > 0.05). The highest number of viable cells was observed in control group, followed by 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO groups, with statistical differences from each other (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that HClO presented high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity at both tested concentrations.

Rol de la Clorhexidina en sus Diferentes Formatos para la Prevención de la Alveolitis Seca: Revisión Sistemática Exploratoria

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el rol de la clorhexidina en sus diferentes formatos en la prevención de la alveolitis seca posterior a la extracción dental. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. hasta el año 2021. Dos revisores de forma independiente realizaron el análisis de los artículos. La búsqueda inicial dio como resultado 192 artículos. Se descartaron 59 artículos duplicados y se realizó una revisión general inicial de títulos y resúmenes, verificando que se cumplan los criterios de inclusión y exclusión preestablecidos. De 192 estudios, 25 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. De los 25 artículos, 10 incluyeron pacientes con factores de riesgo asociados a alveolitis seca. Respecto al sitio de extracción dental, 19 artículos incluyeron pacientes con terceros molares mandibulares. Dentro de los artículos filtrados se utilizaron tres formatos de clorhexidina: enjuague, gel bioadhesivo e irrigante; estos en diferentes concentraciones, y comparadas con distintos grupos placebos. De los estudios incluidos, 18 informaron que la clorhexidina en sus diferentes formatos proporcionaba disminución en la incidencia de alveolitis seca versus el grupo control. El uso de clorhexidina en sus diferentes formatos después de la extracción dental es altamente efectivo en la prevención de la alveolitis seca. Sin embargo, inferimos que se necesitan nuevas líneas investigativas que incluyan pacientes con factores de riesgo asociados, y estudios que no utilicen terapias complementarias, puesto que, estos factores pueden conducir a confusión en los resultados obtenidos.

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of chlorhexidine in its different formats in the prevention of dry socket after dental extraction. The electronic search was performed using keywords and MeSH terms in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, until 2021. The reviewers independently performed the analysis of the articles. The initial search resulted in 192 articles. 59 duplicate articles were discarded, and an initial general review of titles and abstracts was performed, verifying that the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria were met. Of 192 studies, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Of the 25 articles, 10 included patients with risk factors associated with dry socket. Regarding the site of dental extraction, 19 articles included patients with mandibular third molars. Within the filtered articles, three formats of chlorhexidine were used: rinse, bioadhesive gel and irrigant, in different concentrations, and compared with different placebo groups. Of the included studies, 18 reported that chlorhexidine in its different formats provided a decrease in the incidence of dry socket versus the control group. The use of chlorhexidine in its different formats after dental extraction, is highly effective in preventing dry socket. However, we infer that new research lines are needed that include patients with associated risk factors, and studies that do not use complementary therapies.

Efficacy of calcium hypochlorite in disinfection of gutta-percha cones contaminated with Candida albicans.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2], and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) in the rapid disinfection of gutta-percha cones contaminated with Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations of each solution for C. albicans were determined and the ability of each solution to destroy and inhibit biofilm in culture wells was tested. In addition, ninety-eight gutta-percha cones contaminated with the fungal suspension were disinfected according to the type of solution (2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 or 2% CHX) in its different application methods (without agitation, ultrasonic agitation or agitation with Easy Clean), and regarding the exposure time to each irrigating solution (1 or 5 min). Next, the samples were checked for turbidity and evaluation of viable colonies. The compounds that showed the best performance in biofilm destruction were NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 at a concentration of 2xMIC (p < 0.001). Regarding inhibited biofilm, the only compound that was effective at all MIC concentrations tested was 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p < 0.0001). Regarding the viable colonies, all solutions were effective concerning the control group, for all application methods, in 1 and 5 min (p < 0.05). The densitometer reading showed that CHX was the only effective solution in all application methods performed (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that all tested solutions were effective in the rapid decontamination of cones contaminated with C. albicans.

Anti-Candida activity and in vitro toxicity screening of antifungals complexed with ß-cyclodextrin.

The emergence of resistant fungal species and the toxicity of currently available antifungal drugs are relevant issues that require special consideration. Cyclodextrins inclusion complexes could optimize the antimicrobial activity of such drugs and create a controlled release system with few side effects. This study aimed to assess the in vitro toxicity and antifungal effectiveness of nystatin (Nys) and chlorhexidine (Chx) complexed or not with ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD). First, a drug toxicity screening was performed through the Artemia salina bioassay. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Candida albicans were determined with the broth microdilution test. After MICs determination, the cytotoxicity of the drugs was evaluated through the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays and through cell morphology analysis. The PROBIT analysis was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50), and the cell viability values were submitted to one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)/Tukey (α = 0.05). Overall, the ßCD-complexed antifungals were less toxic against A. salina than their raw forms, suggesting that inclusion complexes can reduce the toxicity of drugs. The MICs obtained were as follows: Nys 0.5 mg/L; Nys:ßCD 4 mg/L; Chx 4 mg/L; and Chx:ßCD 8 mg/L. Chx showed significant cytotoxicity (MTT: 12.9 ± 9.6%; NR: 10.6 ± 12.5%) and promoted important morphological changes. Cells exposed to the other drugs showed viability above 70% with no cellular damage. These results suggest that antifungals complexed with ßCD might be a biocompatible option for the treatment of Candida-related infections.

Effect of two irrigating solutions on antimicrobial activity and clinical and radiographic success after endodontic treatment in primary teeth: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity, clinical and radiographic outcome of pulpectomy in primary teeth using either 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as irrigants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized double-blind controlled clinical study in which primary teeth were allocated to 1% NaOCl (n = 20) and 2% CHX (n = 20) groups. Microbiological collections were performed before and after irrigation for agar culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Clinical and radiographic success was assessed at different times. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests (p  < .05). RESULTS: For 1% NaOCl, the following clinical and radiographic success rates were observed: 7 days (93%/80%); 30 days, 3 and 6 months (100%). For 2% CHX: 7 days (73%/53%); 30 days (93%); 3 months (100%/93%); 6 months (100%) (p > .05). One percent NaOCl and 2% CHX effectively reduced total microorganisms (p < .05) but not mutans streptococci (p > .05). In qPCR analysis, the solutions promoted a reduction of total bacteria and Streptococcus mutans, and no difference was observed between times and groups (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: One percent NaOCl and 2% CHX were effective for clinical and radiographic success and antimicrobial activity in primary teeth submitted to pulpectomy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Studying the antimicrobial activity and clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpectomy in primary teeth using NaOCl and CHX as irrigants is clinically relevant because it provides information for optimizing treatment protocols and improving the quality of care for pediatric patients. It contributes to evidence-based practice and can potentially lead to better outcomes, reduced complications, and enhanced patient experiences.