Portuguese version of the Short-Form Condom Attitude Scale and psychometric properties among undergraduate students / Versão em português da Short-Form Condom Attitude Scale e propriedades psicométricas entre estudantes universitários

Abstract The condom use can be influenced by psychological and sociocultural aspects, which can be modulated by individual's attitudes. The aim was to propose a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Short-Form Condom Attitude Scale (Short-Form CAS), describing all procedures of translation, transcultural adaptation, and psychometric properties evaluation when applied to undergraduate students. A cross sectional study was conducted among students enrolled at University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Ribeirão Preto (n = 491; 61.2% female; average age: 22 years; standard deviation: four years). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. A one-factor model with seven items exhibited good factorial validity and reliability, suggesting to be a better factorial solution of the Short-Form CAS in the sample. Few studies have been carried out on the behavioral factors associated with condom use in key populations, which can be exacerbated by a lack of appropriate scales. Therefore, the main contribution of the present study was to propose a simplified and transculturally adapted version of the Short-form CAS with some psychometric properties verified. Since the use of condoms is a component of the study of sexual risk behavior, this scale might be an option to be applied in various Brazilian population segments for this purpose.

Resumo O uso de preservativos pode ser influenciado por aspectos psicológicos e socioculturais, que podem ser modulados por atitudes individuais. O objetivo foi propor uma versão em português brasileiro da Short-Form Condom Attitude Scale (Short-Form CAS), descrevendo os procedimentos de tradução, adaptação transcultural e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas em uma amostra de universitários. Trata-se de estudo transversal com estudantes matriculados na Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Campus Ribeirão Preto (n = 491; 61,2% feminino; média de idade: 22 anos; desvio-padrão: quatro anos). Foi realizada análise fatorial confirmatória. O modelo unifatorial com sete itens apresentou boa validade fatorial e confiabilidade, sugerindo ser a melhor solução fatorial para a Short-Form CAS. Há poucos estudos sobre os fatores comportamentais associados ao uso de preservativos em populações-chave, o que pode ser influenciado pela falta de instrumentos. A principal contribuição deste estudo foi propor uma versão simples e adaptada transculturalmente da Short-Form CAS com algumas propriedades psicométricas verificadas. Uma vez que o uso de preservativos é um componente do comportamento sexual de risco, a escala se apresenta como uma nova opção para futuros estudos na população brasileira.

Conductas sexuales protectoras en estudiantes universitarios de primer año de una universidad de Chillán, Chile / Protective Sexual Behaviors in First-Year University Students at a University in Chillán, Chile

Objetivo: Determinar las conductas sexuales protectoras en estudiantes de una universidad de Chillán, Chile. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo con un muestreo probabilístico por conveniencia de 234 estudiantes universitarios, para los criterios de inclusión destaca haber iniciado actividad sexual. La recolección de datos fue a través de Google forms. El instrumento utilizado fue "Cuestionario de conducta sexual segura". Resultados: Del total de los alumnos encuestados el 64,1 % son mujeres. En cuanto al estado civil, el 93,5 % se identifica soltero. Solo el 47,4 % detiene la actividad sexual para utilizar condón. El 80,8 % evita relaciones sexuales en la primera cita, un 81,6 % nunca tienen relaciones anales sin condón, y el 99,6 % nunca ha tenido sexo con personas que utilizan drogas. Se encontró que la media para conducta sexual protectora es de 70,2 %. Conclusión: Los encuestados presentan conductas sexuales protectoras(AU)

Objective: To determine protective sexual behaviors in students at a university in Chillán, Chile. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive study with a probability sampling by convenience of 234 university students, for the inclusion criteria it stands out to have initiated sexual activity. Data collection was through Google form. The instrument used was the "Safe sexual behavior questionnaire". Results: Of the total students surveyed, 64.1% are women. Regarding marital status, 93.5% identify themselves as single. Only 47.4% stop sexual activity to use a condom. 80.8% avoid sexual relations on the first date, 81.6% never have anal relations without a condom, and 99.6% have never had sex with people who use drugs. It was found that the mean for protective sexual behavior is 70.2 %. Conclusion: The respondents present protective sexual behaviors(AU)

A Contextualization of Transgender Women and Condom Use Using the HIV Syndemic Framework: Scoping Review.

Objective: To contextualize condom use in the transgender women population utilizing the HIV syndemic framework. Methods: Studies reporting condom use frequency and syndemic factors associated with HIV risk in transgender women were systematically searched. We followed the Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Results: Social factors have a proven relationship with using condoms and HIV among transgender women. Syndemic factors, defined as co-occurring adverse factors that interact to contribute to risk behaviors, deserve a specific analysis to develop strategies to face HIV among transgender women. Conclusions: A syndemic perspective allows to generate specific health intervention and prevention policies to protect transgender women.

A non-latex condom has no influence on male physiological sexual arousal.

Background/Objective: Men do not use external condoms for several reasons, which can result in public health problems. One of these is related to Condom-Associated Erectile Problems. This study aimed to examine the sexual arousal response of heterosexual men when using an external condom made of synthetic resin type AT-10. Method: A total of 82 Colombian young men (Mage = 23.17 years, SD = 3.04, age range = 18-30) participated in this experimental study. Two random groups (experimental and control; n = 41 each) were compared. The experimental group used condoms, whereas the control group did not. Fit and feel condom perceptions, initial erectile scores, age, and substance use were controlled for. Erection was measured while viewing a sexual video by using penile plethysmography and subjective arousal. Results: The results, obtained from comparing the experimental group (using pre-erection condoms) with the control group (not using condoms), revealed no significant difference in both subjective and physiological sexual arousal. This suggests that pre-erection condoms do not have an effect on the erectile response. Discussion: More research is needed in this area to provide treatment and clinical interventions or sexual and reproductive education to mitigate the occurrence of sexual dysfunction, unplanned pregnancies, or sexually transmitted infections. Also, research addresses public health issues related to the prevention and/or intervention of sexual risk behaviors and sexual dysfunctions, highlighting their significance in sexual education and clinical practice.

Profile of sexually transmitted infections among attendees of special clinics (Suraksha) at an apex regional sexually transmitted disease centre in North India ­ a five-year study

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) present significant global and national health challenges, particularly in India. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and characteristics of STIs among attendees at the Suraksha Clinic in the Apex Regional STD Centre, Safdarjung Hospital. Methods:Retrospective data from January 2018 to December 2022 were statistically analyzed using Excel and SPSS. The study included the examination for diagnosis of various STIs, such as syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), gonorrhoea, chlamydiasis, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, chancroid, and genital herpes. Gender distribution and syndromic diagnoses, including vaginal/cervical discharge and genital ulcers, were also considered. Referrals to Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres for HIV testing were analyzed. Results: The outcomes reveal a substantial burden of STIs, with 3.06% showing reactivity to syphilis, 1.74% testing positive for HIV, 3.36% for gonorrhoea, 11.78% for chlamydiasis, 1.05% for trichomoniasis, 26.24% for candidiasis, 9.97% for bacterial vaginosis, 7.80% for chancroid, 11.64% for herpes genitalis, and 4.01% for other non-STIs. Attendees' interactions included 34.36% of referrals to Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres for HIV testing. The gender distribution showed 58.92% male and 40.94% female attendees. Conclusion: Syndromic diagnoses, including vaginal/cervical discharge (21.22%) and genital warts (8.00%), highlight prevalent conditions, necessitating routine screening, early detection, and targeted interventions for effective disease control and prevention. These findings underscore the significance of integrated screening, patient education, and proactive strategies to safeguard public health in the face of rising STI rates. (AU)

Introdução: As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) apresentam desafios de saúde globais e nacionais significativos, particularmente na Índia. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e as características das IST entre os pacientes atendidos na Clínica Suraksha do Centro Regional de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) Apex, Hospital Safdarjung. Métodos: Dados retrospectivos de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2022 foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando Excel e Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). O estudo inclui o exame para diagnóstico de diversas IST, como sífilis, HIV, gonorreia, clamídia, tricomoníase, candidíase, vaginose bacteriana, cancroide e herpes genital. A distribuição por gênero e os diagnósticos sindrômicos, incluindo corrimento vaginal/cervical e úlceras genitais, também foram considerados. Foram analisados encaminhamentos para Centros Integrados de Aconselhamento e Testagem para testagem de HIV. Resultados: Os resultados revelam uma carga substancial de IST, com 3,06% apresentando reatividade à sífilis, 1,74% testando positivo para HIV, 3,36% para gonorreia, 11,78% para clamídia, 1,05% para tricomoníase, 26,24% para candidíase, 9,97% para vaginose bacteriana, 7,80% para cancroide, 11,64% para herpes genital e 4,01% para outras infecções não IST. As interações dos participantes incluíram 34,36% de encaminhamentos para Centros Integrados de Aconselhamento e Testagem para testes de HIV. A distribuição por gênero mostrou 58,92% de participantes do sexo masculino e 40,94% do sexo feminino. Conclusão: Os diagnósticos sindrômicos, incluindo corrimento vaginal/cervical (21,22%) e verrugas genitais (8,00%), destacam condições prevalentes, necessitando de exames de rotina, detecção precoce e intervenções direcionadas para controle e prevenção eficazes de doenças. Estas conclusões sublinham a importância do rastreio integrado, da educação dos pacientes e de estratégias proativas para salvaguardar a saúde pública diante do aumento das taxas de IST. (AU)

Aids e prevenção do HIV entre adolescentes e jovens em seis municípios brasileiros / AIDS and HIV prevention among adolescents and young adults in six Brazilian municipalities

Resumo A ausência de um debate mais amplo sobre prevenção do HIV e o recrudescimento do conservadorismo, nos últimos anos, podem ter impactado nas concepções e nas práticas dos jovens em relação ao HIV/aids. Entrevistas semiestruturadas conduzidas com 194 jovens, de 16 a 24 anos, em quatro capitais e duas cidades do interior do Brasil, revelaram que, para eles, a aids é percebida como uma "doença que não tem cara", sendo impossível identificar quem tem HIV. As concepções sobre o HIV oscilam entre o medo e a percepção de que é tratável. O risco foi percebido como algo abstrato, que não é central nas preocupações cotidianas, cujo foco é evitar uma gravidez. O uso do preservativo é visto como uma estratégia temporária de prevenção, rapidamente substituído pela confiança na parceria sexual. As tecnologias de informação disponíveis parecem não ter sido capazes de fazer frente ao aumento do conservadorismo e à carência de políticas de prevenção do HIV entre os jovens. Essas políticas devem passar pela melhora na provisão de informações de qualidade, adaptadas aos interesses dos jovens, pela ampliação da oferta dos diferentes insumos de prevenção, e também devem trazer as IST e o HIV de volta para a arena de discussões.

Abstract The lack of a broader debate on HIV prevention and the resurgence of conservatism in recent years may have influenced the perceptions and practices of young people regarding HIV/AIDS. Semi-structured interviews conducted with 194 young individuals, aged 16 to 24, in four state capitals and two small municipalities in Brazil, revealed that they perceive AIDS as a "faceless disease," making it impossible to identify who has HIV. Conceptions about HIV oscillate between fear and the perception that it is treatable. The risk was perceived as abstract, something that is not central to daily concerns, with the primary focus being in preventing pregnancy. Condom use is seen as a temporary prevention strategy, quickly replaced by trust in the sexual partnership. Available information technology appears unable to address the rise in conservatism and the lack of HIV prevention policies among young people. These policies should improve the provision of quality information tailored to the interest of young people, expand the availability of various prevention resources, and bring STIs and HIV back into the discussion arena.

Técnica de condón de Rivera en el manejo de fístulas entero-atmosféricas / Rivera's condom technique for the management of enteroatmospheric fistula

RESUMEN Gran cantidad de dispositivos se han descripto con el objetivo de recolectar el efluente de una fístula enteroatmosférica. Podríamos resumir que existen dispositivos comerciales o artesanales; caros o accesibles; aspirativos y no aspirativos; que permiten la deambulación del paciente y aquellos que no colaboran con la movilidad posoperatoria. Cuando nos enfrentamos a esta patología, suelen ser varios los intentos de conseguir un dispositivo adecuado antes de encontrar el indicado para tal o cual paciente. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 60 años con una fístula entero atmosférica en quienes el empleo del dispositivo del condón de Rivera permitió obtener un buen resultado.

ABSTRACT Many devices have been described to collect the effluent from an enteroatmospheric fistula. We can summarize that devices can be manufactured or handmade, expensive or affordable, or vacuum assisted or not. Additionally, they may allow the patient to ambulate or may not assist with postoperative mobility. When facing this condition, several attempts are typically made to obtain a suitable device before discovering the right one for each individual patient. We present the case of a 60-year- old woman with an enteroatmospheric fistula successfully managed using Rivera's condom technique.

Descuento sexual y conductas sexuales arriesgadas en una muestra de adultos jóvenes de Colombia / Sexual Discounting and Sexual Risk Behavior in a Sample of Young Adults from Colombia / Desconto sexual e comportamento sexual de risco em uma amostra de jovens adultos da Colômbia

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir la tasa de descuento sexual y evaluar la relación entre el autorreporte de conductas sexuales arriesgadas (csa) y el descuento sexual en una muestra de adultos jóvenes en Colombia. Para esto, se realizó una investigación no experimental de corte transversal y correlacional. Ciento treinta y seis participantes fueron sometidos a un cuestionario de autorreporte de conductas de riesgo sexual, a la tarea de descuento sexual (sddt) y al cuestionario de elección monetaria (mcq). Los análisis de la curva de descuento sexual demuestran que el valor de la opción de tener sexo seguro disminuye con el in-cremento en la demora en la obtención de un condón (i. e., descuento sexual). Adicionalmente, se observa que el grado de descuento sexual está asociado con csa, como el número de parejas sexuales y el número de relaciones sexuales en los últimos tres meses, y que hay una diferencia en el patrón de descuento sexual entre hombres y mujeres.

The goal of this study was to describe the rate of sexual discounting and its relation with the self-report of sexual risk behavior in a sample of young adults from Colombia. To achieve this goal, a correlational cross-sectional non-experimental study was done. One hundred thirty six young adult participants responded to a sexual risk behavior self-report questionnaire, a sexual delay discounting task (sddt), and a monetary choice questionnaire (mcq). The results suggest that the value of the safe sex option decreases with the delay to obtain a condom (i. e., sexual discounting). Additionally, it was observed that the sexual discounting rate was associated with the self-report of sexual risk behavior, like, the number of sexual partners and sexual encounters in the last three months. It was also observed a different pattern of sexual discounting between men and women

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a taxa de desconto sexual e avaliar a relação entre o autorrelato de com-portamentos sexuais de risco (csr) e o desconto sexual em uma amostra de jovens adultos na Colômbia. Para isso, foi realizada uma investigação não experimental, transversal e correlacional. 136 participantes foram submetidos a um questionário de comportamentos se-xuais de risco autorreferidos, à tarefa de desconto sexual (sddt) e ao questionário de escolha monetária (mcq). As análises da curva de desconto sexual mostram que o valor da opção de praticar sexo mais seguro diminui com o aumento do atraso na obtenção do preservativo (ou seja, desconto sexual). Adicionalmente, observa-se que o grau de desconto sexual está associado à csr, assim como o número de parceiros sexuais e o número de relações sexuais nos últimos 3 meses, e que existe uma diferença no padrão de desconto sexual entre homens e mulheres.

Balance decisional sobre el uso del condón asociado a la conducta sexual de riesgo en universitarios / Decisional balance of condom use associated with risky sexual behavior in university students

Resumen La adquisición de alguna Infección de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) y los embarazos no planificados son riesgos a los que se enfrentan los jóvenes ante la decisión de no usar condón al tener relaciones sexuales. La aproximación del balance decisional enfatiza qué costos y beneficios están asociados a la conducta sexual de riesgo. Las decisiones acerca del uso del condón son un precursor de la conducta y este proceso puede estar influido por los beneficios que se perciban sobre él. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar la relación de las ganancias y pérdidas del uso del condón con la conducta sexual de riesgo. Se evaluó la conducta sexual de riesgo y el uso del condón masculino en sus relaciones sexuales. Se midieron las ganancias y las pérdidas del condón con una escala de medición, en una muestra de 257 universitarios, con una edad entre 18 y 39 años (. = 22.34; DE = 3.6) de Querétaro, México. La evaluación del balance decisional indica que las ganancias son mayores que las pérdidas (costos) del uso consistente del condón en las relaciones sexuales. Se encontraron asociaciones entre las ganancias y las pérdidas con indicadores de la conducta sexual de riesgo. Se observa que los universitarios que no utilizan condón manifiestan mayores pérdidas por utilizarlo. En las ganancias, se aprecia un aumento en las puntuaciones cuando se usa condón. Lo encontrado provee apoyo para el desarrollo de intervenciones que promuevan las ganancias o beneficios para incrementar el uso consistente del condón.

Abstract The acquisition of a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and unplanned pregnancies are risks that young people deal when deciding not to use a condom when having sexual intercourse. During the decision-making process, individuals value the benefits (gains) and losses (costs) associated with a behavior. Cost-benefit analysis has been investigated to examine the differential impact of gains and losses on risky behaviours. The decisional balance approach emphasizes that costs and benefits are associated with risky sexual behavior. Decisions about condom use are a precursor to behavior, and this process may be influenced by perceived benefits. In the present study, it is proposed that the balance between the benefit and the loss of condom use contributes to consistent condom use. These factors as determinants of behaviour must be considered under the cultural context in which they are carried out. The objective of this research is to identify the relationship of gains and losses from condom use with risky sexual behaviour. It was hypothesized that: 1) Young people will evaluate the benefits (gains) with higher scores compared to the losses (costs) in deciding to use a condom in sexual intercourse. 2) The gains will be greater in those college students who use a condom more frequently and the losses will not be the same among those who use a condom. To evaluate risky sexual behavior and the use of the male condom in their sexual relations were considered. Condom gains and losses were measured with a measurement scale in a sample of 257 university students, aged between 18 and 39 years (. = 22.34; SD = 3.6) from Querétaro, México. With reference to sexual behavior, it was found that 89.1 % have started their sexual activity. The average age of initiation of sexual life is 15.41 years. The frequency of sexual activity is once or twice each month. The mean of sexual partners is 4.2, with a median of 3. The 68.5 % reported using some contraceptive method and regarding the use of condoms, 27.8 % always use it and 5.7 % never use it. To evaluate the decisional balance, subtracting the gain and loss factors created a net difference score. The gain factor was subtracted from its counterpart of the loss factor to indicate the preference for having sex with a condom. The decisional balance assessment indicates that the gains are greater than the losses (costs) of consistent condom use in sexual intercourse. Associations were found between gains and losses with indicators of risky sexual behavior. It is observed that university students who do not use a condom show greater losses from using it. In gains, there is an increase in scores when using a condom. Additionally, it is observed that university students, who sometimes use a condom, show greater losses for using it, unlike those who always use it, which show low scores in the losses of using it. In gains factor, there is an increase in the scores when using a condom, that is, those who never or almost never use a condom have the lowest scores and as the scores increase, the frequency of using a condom in their sexual relations also increases. In conclusion, gains and losses from male condom use are associated with risky sexual behavior (age of sexual activity, number of partners and condom use) in the university context. The findings provide support for the development of interventions that promote gains or benefits to increase consistent condom use. It is important to consider in specific interventions those young people who decide to continue having sex without using a condom despite the costs and possible consequences of not using it.

Association between HIV Perceived Risk and Intimate Partner Violence among Women / Asociación entre Percepción de Riesgo de VIH y Violencia de Pareja en Mujeres

Abstract HIV risk perception and Intimate partner violence (IPV) are related to HIV infection in women. However, there is a lack of information regarding on the association between risk perception and IPV in the Mexican population. This study aimed to identify and characterize subgroups based on their risk perception through the analysis of latent classes and to evaluate the variables associated with HIV risk perception. An online survey was conducted to assess sexual and preventive behavior, HIV risk perception, and intimate partner violence. Three hundred thirty-two women participated; the sampling was for convenience. Two latent classes were identified: a group with risk perception (85%) and one without risk perception (14.6%). The variables associated with the risk perception were a sexual attraction to men, not having a stable partner, perceiving oneself as at risk of acquiring HIV due to sexual behavior, and the presence of IPV. HIV prevention programs for women must address the stigmas related to HIV, such as the idea that the risk only occurs when they have multiple sexual partners, promote accurate HIV risk perception and prevent IPV in all its expressions and contexts.

Resumen En mujeres, la violencia de pareja está relacionada a una mayor probabilidad de adquirir la infección por VIH. De igual forma, una inadecuada percepción de riesgo de adquirir el virus coloca a las mujeres en una situación vulnerable. Existe una falta de información ente la asociación de la VPI y la percepción de riesgo es mujeres mexicanas. Este estudio persiguió dos objetivos: el primero fue identificar y caracterizar subgrupos en función de su percepción de riesgo a través del análisis de clases latentes; el segundo objetivo consistió en evaluar las variables asociadas con la percepción de riesgo de VIH. Se realizó una encuesta en línea para evaluar el comportamiento sexual y preventivo, la percepción del riesgo de VIH y la VP. Participaron 332 mujeres; el muestreo fue por conveniencia. Se identificaron dos clases latentes: un grupo con percepción de riesgo (85%) y otro sin percepción de riesgo (14,6%). Las variables asociadas a la percepción de riesgo fueron atracción sexual por hombres, no tener pareja estable, percibirse en riesgo de adquirir el VIH por la conducta sexual y haber sufrido de violencia de pareja en los últimos seis meses. Se concluye que los programas de prevención del VIH para mujeres deben abordar los estigmas relacionados con el VIH, como la idea de que el riesgo solo ocurre cuando tienen múltiples parejas sexuales, promover una percepción precisa del riesgo del VIH y principalmente, prevenir la VP en todas sus expresiones y contextos; así como también dar atención personalizada a mujeres que ya sufren de violencia de pareja.

[Discourses about condom use and non-use among gay, bisexual men, and other men who have sex with men in two colombian cities.] / Discursos identificados sobre el uso y no uso del condón en hombres gais, bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres en dos ciudades de Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The HIV increase cases raises concern worldwide. This phenomenon is related, among other things, to sexual practices where condom use is limited. To achieve the eradication of AIDS, international organizations have been interested in analyzing and understanding the sexual practices of certain population groups, within these men who have sex with other men. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the discourses on the use and non-use of condoms held by a group of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBHSH) men from two cities in Colombia. METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out with data analysis through the iterative process, from the interpretation of the Information, Motivation and Behavioral Skills (IMB) model. The collection of information was carried out between 2020 and 2021 through in-depth interviews, virtually and in person, with a sample of 20 GBHSH from Colombia from the cities of Cali and Medellín. RESULTS: In the Information component, it was identified that traditional sexual education had a negative impact and was very focused on a cisheterosexual and reproductive perspective. Regarding Motivational, it was highlighted that the majority were oriented towards not using condoms and that perceiving a low risk of contracting an STI was the main motivation for not using condoms. Regarding Behavioral Skills, it was analyzed that distrust towards the sexual partner promoted its use, but the intensification of pleasure, added to the consumption of alcohol and drugs, caused its use to decrease. It was also evidenced that the use of drugs such as PreP or PEP discouraged condom use in relationships. CONCLUSIONS: The information on condom use revolves around cisheteronormative practices, leaving aside the care related to STIs. The motivation for not using condoms revolves around misinformation, pleasure and trust in the couple, while the motivation for condom use revolves around health care. The behavior regarding the non-use of condoms is related to the previous points, while misinformation and pleasure in non-use predominate.

OBJETIVO: El aumento de casos de VIH suscita preocupación a nivel mundial. Este fenómeno se relaciona, entre otras cosas, con prácticas sexuales en donde se limita el uso del condón. Para lograr la erradicación del sida, organismos internacionales se han interesado en analizar y comprender las prácticas sexuales de ciertos grupos poblacionales, dentro de estos, los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los discursos sobre el uso y no uso del condón que tenía un grupo de hombres gais, bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (GBHSH) de dos ciudades de Colombia. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con análisis de datos por medio del proceso iterativo, desde la interpretación del modelo Información, Motivación y Habilidades conductuales (IMB, por sus siglas en inglés). La recolección de la información se realizó entre los años 2020 y 2021 por medio de entrevistas en profundidad, de manera virtual y presencial, con una muestra de 20 GBHSH de Colombia de las ciudades de Cali y Medellín. RESULTADOS: En el componente Información se identificó que la educación sexual tradicional tenía un impacto negativo y muy enfocado a una mirada cisheterosexual y reproductiva. Respecto a lo Motivacional, se destacó que la mayoría se orientaban al no uso del condón y que percibir un bajo riesgo de contraer una ITS era la principal motivación del no uso del condón. Con relación a las Habilidades Conductuales se analizó que la desconfianza hacia la pareja sexual promovía su uso, pero la intensificación del placer, sumado al consumo de alcohol y drogas, hacía que su uso disminuyera. También se evidenció que el uso de fármacos como el PreP o el PEP desestimulaban el uso del condón en las relaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La información sobre el uso del condón gira alrededor de prácticas cisheteronormativas, dejando de lado los cuidados relacionados con las ITS. La motivación sobre el no uso del condón gira alrededor de la desinformación, el placer y la confianza en la pareja, mientras que la motivación para el uso del condón gira alrededor del cuidado a la salud. El comportamiento sobre el no uso del condón se relaciona con los puntos anteriores, en tanto que predominan la desinformación y placer en el no uso.

Prevalence and factors associated with condom use among sexually active young women in Haiti: evidence from the 2016/17 Haiti demographic and health survey.

BACKGROUND: Young women in Haiti remain vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. However, little is known about condom use among this population. This study examined the prevalence and the factors associated with condom use among sexually active young women in Haiti. METHODS: Data from the 2016/17 Haiti demographic and health survey were used. The prevalence and the factors associated with condom use among sexually active young women in Haiti were assessed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of condom use was 15.4% (95% CI 14.0-16.8). Being teenage (AOR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04-1.74), living in urban areas (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.04-1.90), having higher education level (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.44-4.00), being in the middle or rich category of household wealth index (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.53-3.53 and AOR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.90-4.52), having correct knowledge of ovulatory cycle (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.30-2.10), having 2-3 lifetime sexual partners and one lifetime sexual partner (AOR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.36-3.06 and AOR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.35-3.17) had significantly higher odds of using condom. In addition, sexually active young women whose last partner was their boyfriend (AOR = 4.38; 95% CI: 2.82-6.81), and those whose last partner was a friend/casual acquaintance/commercial sex worker (AOR = 5.29; 95% CI: 2.18-12.85) were associated with increased likelihood of using condom compared with their counterparts whose partner was their spouse. CONCLUSION: The Haitian government as well as institutions involved in sexual health should consider these factors when designing sexual and reproductive health interventions targeting young women. More specifically, to increase condom use and reduce risky sexual behaviors, they should combine efforts to raise awareness and induce sexual behavioral changes at two levels. In the education system, they should reinforce sexual education in primary and secondary schools while paying special attention to rural areas. In the whole society, it is important to deepen efforts toward increased awareness on family planning and condom use, through mass media and local organizations including religious ones. Priority should be given to the poorer households, young people and women, and rural areas, in order to maximize reduction in early and unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections. Interventions should include a condom price subsidy and a campaign to destigmatize condom use which is actually a "male affair".

Barriers to Condom Negotiation and Use Among Female Sex Workers in the United States and United States-Mexico Border Cities: A Systematic Review.

Despite the effectiveness of male condoms, many Female Sex Workers (FSWs) report using condoms infrequently with multiple clients during sexual activity. As such, inconsistent condom use by FSWs is a public health concern as it can increase STI and HIV transmission. This systematic review synthesized extant evidence regarding barriers to condom use experienced by FSWs in the U.S and U.S. - Mexico border towns. The search was conducted through PubMed, CINAL, Cochrane, Medline, and PsychInfo. Studies were included if: they were conducted in the U.S. or U.S. - Mexico borders, their target population was FSWs, they examined condom use barriers experienced by FSWs, and they were published in English between 2011 and February 2021. Condom use barriers among FSWs were reported in all the articles including alcohol consumption and drug use before sex, venue stability, socio-economic status vulnerability, violence and gendered power dynamics, trust of regular clients, and age. The review findings indicate the need to develop interventions promoting condom use for both FSWs and their clients, as well as alternative interventions for HIV prevention such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Conocimiento y mitos del preservativo interno en población de 15 a 25 años, Región Metropolitana / Knowledge and myths of the internal condom in the population aged 15 to 25, Metropolitan Region

INTRODUCCIÓN: El preservativo interno, de vagina o femenino, es un método de barrera fabricado principalmente de poliuretano, que tiene una longitud de la funda de 17 cm y un diámetro de 7,8 cm. Se usa para tener prácticas sexuales seguras, ya que, al igual que el condón de pene, evita la gestación y disminuye el riesgo de adquirir una infección de transmisión sexual. OBJETIVO: Analizar conocimientos y mitos sobre el preservativo interno en personas de 15 a 25 años de las provincias de Santiago, Melipilla y Talagante, de la Región Metropolitana, Chile, en 2021. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cinco mujeres y cinco hombres, con un total de 110 participantes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo como resultado que tan solo un 5% de los encuestados (6/110) ha utilizado el preservativo interno; en contraste, el de pene ha sido utilizado por el 79% de las personas participantes (87/110). Respecto a los mitos, un 55% de la población (60/110) afirma que al usar ambos preservativos aumenta su efectividad. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible concluir que factores como la edad y el nivel de educación sexual influyen en los conocimientos y mitos que giran alrededor del preservativo interno.

INTRODUCTION: The internal, vaginal or female condom is a barrier method made mainly of polyurethane, which has a sheath length of 17 cm and a diameter of 7.8 cm. It is used to have safe sexual practices, since, like the penis condom, they prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. OBJECTIVE: To analyze knowledge and myths about the internal condom in people between 15 and 25 years of age in the provinces of Santiago, Melipilla and Talagante of the Metropolitan Region, Chile, in 2021. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 5 females and 5 males, with a total of 110 participants. RESULTS: It was obtained as a result that only 5% of the respondents (6/110) have used the internal condom; in contrast, the penis condom has been used by 79% of the participants (87/110). Regarding myths, 55% of the population (60/110) affirm that using both condoms increases their effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to conclude that factors such as age and level of sexual education influence the knowledge and myths that revolve around the internal condom.

Validation of Brief Condom Use Attitudes Scales for Spanish-Speaking People Who Use Crack Cocaine in El Salvador.

People who use crack cocaine (PWUCC) are a population severely impacted by a concentrated epidemic of HIV. Behavioral interventions to prevent and treat HIV among PWUCC have been implemented around the world including in low- and middle-income countries which have been disproportionately affected by HIV. However, few studies have validated and assessed psychometric properties of measures on PWUCC, especially in transnational populations. Our sample was comprised of 1324 PWUCC, Spanish mono-lingual speakers, residing in the metropolitan area of San Salvador, El Salvador. Exploratory factor analysis and subsequent confirmatory factor analysis using statistical softwares SPSS and Amos were conducted on three abbreviated and translated condom use attitude measures (i.e., Condom Use Attitudes Scale-Spanish Short Form, Condom Use Social Norm-Spanish Short Form [CUSN-SSF], Condom Use Self-Efficacy-Spanish Short Form). Convergent validity was examined by computing bivariate correlations between the scales and condom use and sexually transmitted disease diagnosis. Results indicated that a two-factor, 8-item correlated model for the CUAS-SSF scale had an excellent fit and adequate reliability (α = .76). The confirmatory factor analysis for the 5-item CUSN-SSF scale indicated a satisfactory fit with 3 of 6 fit indices indicating adequate fit. Analysis of the two-factor 5-item CUSE-SSF scale indicated satisfactory fit and adequate reliability (α = .84). There were significant correlations between all measures and with self-reported condom use. Results indicate that these brief measures are reliable and valid and can be utilized to assess the effectiveness of HIV risk reduction interventions among Spanish-speaking PWUCC.

Exploring Contextual Differences for Sexual Role Strain Among Transgender Women and Men Who Have Sex with Men in Lima, Peru.

Sexual and gender politics inform relational expectations surrounding sexual experiences of Peruvian transgender women (TW) and men who have sex with men (MSM). We used the framework of sexual role strain, or incongruence between preferred sexual role and actual sexual practices, to explore potential conflicts between personally articulated identities and externally defined norms of gender and sexuality and its potential to increase HIV/STI risk. Cross-sectional individual- and dyad-level data from 766 TW and MSM in Lima, Peru were used to assess the partnership contexts within which insertive anal intercourse was practiced despite receptive role preference (receptive role strain), and receptive anal intercourse practiced despite insertive role preference (insertive role strain). Sexual role strain for TW was more common with non-primary partners, while for MSM it occurred more frequently in the context of a primary partnership. Receptive role strain was more prevalent for TW with unknown HIV status (reference: without HIV) or pre-sex drug use (reference: no pre-sex drug use). For homosexual MSM, receptive role strain was more prevalent during condomless anal intercourse (reference: condom-protected) and with receptive or versatile partners (reference: insertive). Among heterosexual or bisexual MSM, insertive role strain was more prevalent with insertive or versatile partners (reference: receptive), and less prevalent with casual partners (reference: primary). Our findings suggest TW and MSM experience different vulnerabilities during sexual role negotiation with different partner-types. Future studies should explore the impact of sexual role strain on condom use agency, HIV/STI risk, and discordances between public and private presentations of gender and sexual orientation.

Teoría de la Conducta Planeada en la predicción del uso del condón en mujeres latinas / Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting condom use in Latin-American Women

RESUMEN Introducción: La Teoría de la Conducta Planeada (TCP) se utiliza para predecir el uso del condón. El presente estudio evaluó la TCP en un contexto cultural diferente al cual fue propuesto. Objetivo: Evaluar las relaciones causales entre las variables que propone la TCP para determinar si éstas predicen el uso consistente del condón en dos grupos de mujeres latinas e identificar las semejanzas inter grupales en ambos colectivos y las discrepancias con lo que propone el modelo para la población norteamericana. Método: Se evaluaron en dos muestras de mujeres latinas (mexicanas y argentinas) un conjunto de variables como: la consistencia del uso del condón, la intención de usarlo en el próximo encuentro sexual, la norma subjetiva de amigos y padres, las actitudes hacia el preservativo y el control conductual percibido para usarlo. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados: Se encontró que la intención del uso del condón es el mejor predictor del uso del condón. La norma subjetiva fue más importante que las actitudes; aunque esta última variable, no se configuró como un predictor en las mujeres argentinas. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones entre las variables de la TCP y los valores predictivos de las variables, pueden cambiar de acuerdo con el grupo cultural evaluado; el control conductual percibido, en ambas muestras, no resultó ser un predictor directo de la conducta para usar condón, pero si para la intención de utilizarlo. Además, se discute la relevancia de las variables que propone la TCP en relación al contexto cultural de los latinos y el uso crítico del modelo en poblaciones diferentes a la norteamericana.

ABSTRACT Background: The theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is used to predict condom use. The present study assessed the causal relationships of the TPB in a cultural context different from the one that was proposed. Objective: To assess the causal relationships among the variables proposed by the TCP to determine if they predict consistent condom use in two groups of Latina women and to identify the inter-group similarities in both groups and the discrepancies with what the model proposes for the North American population. Method: A set of variables were evaluated in two samples of Latina women (Mexican and Argentine): consistency of condom use, intention to use condoms in the next sexual encounter, the subjective norm of friends and parents, attitudes towards condoms, and perceived behavioral control to use condoms. We used the Linear regression analysis. Results: Intention to use condoms was found to be the best predictor of condom use. Subjective norm was more important than attitudes; although the latter variable was not configured as a predictor in Argentine women. Conclusion: The associations between the CTP variables and the predictive values of the variables may change according to the cultural group evaluated; perceived behavioral control, in both samples, was not a direct predictor of condom use behavior, but it was a predictor of intention to use condoms. In addition, we discussed the relevance of the variables proposed by the TCP about the cultural context of Latinos and the critical use of the model in populations other than North America.

Development and Evidence of the Validity of the Condom Use Attitudes Scale for Youth and Adults in a Chilean Context.

Condom use is the most effective preventive behavior against HIV transmission, and its inadequate use is a public health problem that occurs mostly among youth and young adults. Although there are scales that measure condom use, those that exist correspond to English-speaking developments or do not have psychometric evidence to support them, so it is possible that the available adaptations of instruments do not adequately reflect the phenomenon in the Chilean population. Thus, the study aims to develop a scale to assess attitudes toward condom use in Chilean youth and young adults. Initially, a sample of students between 18 and 39 years (n = 520) was used for debugging the instrument. Then, a second sample was taken from the general population aged 18 to 40 (n = 992) to confirm the factor structure of the proposed model. The final scale has 10 items and 3 attitudinal dimensions (affective, cognitive, and behavioral). The results show that the identified structure provides adequate levels (ω > 0.7) or at least sufficient of reliability (ω > 0.6) and presents evidence of validity, based on the internal structure of the test, through ESEM (CFI = 0.993; TLI = 0.984; RMSEA = 0.056). In addition, evidence of validity was obtained based on the relationship with other variables and strong invariance between the scores of men and women. It is concluded that the scale developed has adequate psychometric properties to assess, in brief form, condom use attitudes in equal samples for research and screening purposes.

Percepciones sobre el uso del condón en migrantes haitianos en la frontera noroeste de México / Perceptions of condom use in Haitian migrants on the northwestern border of México

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las percepciones sobre el uso de condón en migrantes haitianos en la frontera noroeste de México. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de enfoque cualitativo y diseño etnográfico, en el abordo a siete migrantes haitianos en la zona fronteriza de la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California, México, con quienes se desarrolló una entrevista semiestructurada, la información fue analizada por el programa NVivo, para comprender frecuencia y estructura de los datos; posteriormente se realizó un proceso de categorización, interpretación y teorización del fenómeno de estudio. De un total de 281 unidades de análisis, se realizó un proceso de categorización, que permitió estructurar dos categorías, seis subcategorías y 12 códigos. Resultados: Se identifica que el uso del condón en migrantes haitianos, es interpretado como un elemento de protección a la salud sexual en la prevención de embarazos no planeados; no obstante, se identifican barreras y consecuencias del uso a nivel personal, cultural y religioso. La construcción de la idea de usarlo, recae en el tipo de relación y nivel de confianza que se tiene de la pareja sexual por lo que estar casado o vivir en concubinato, exime de la obligación o del compromiso social de usar el condón. Así mismo la idea de protección, no refleja la preocupación sobre la transmisión de las ITS. Conclusiones: El condón se percibe como un elemento de importancia para la prevención de embarazos no planeados y del VIH, sin embargo, la presencia de factores personales, sensoriales e ideológicos limitan el uso constante del condón; por lo que el desarrollo de intervenciones culturalmente adaptadas, a la población de migrantes haitianos, en el contexto de la frontera norte de México, pueden fortalecer el uso del condón y la prevención del VIH

Abstract Objective: To identify the perceptions of condom use in Haitian migrants in the northwestern border of Mexico. Materials and methods: Study with a qualitative approach and ethnographic design, on board seven Haitian migrants in the border area of the city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, with whom a semi-structured interview was developed, the information was analyzed by the NVivo program, to understand the frequency and structure of the data; later a process of categorization, interpretation and theorization of the study phenomenon was carried out. Out of a total of 281 units of analysis, a categorization process was carried out, which made it possible to structure two categories, six subcategories and 12 codes. Results: It is identified that the use of condoms in Haitian migrants is interpreted as an element of protection of sexual health in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies; however, barriers and consequences of use are identified on a personal, cultural and religious level. The construction of the idea of using it relies on the type of relationship and level of trust that one has in the sexual partner, so being married or living in a common-law relationship exempts the obligation or social commitment of using the condom. Likewise, the idea of protection does not reflect the concern about the transmission of STIs. Conclusions: The condom is perceived as an important element for the prevention of unintended pregnancies and HIV, however, the presence of personal, sensory and ideological factors limit the constant use of the condom; Therefore, the development of culturally adapted interventions for the Haitian migrant population, in the context of the northern border of Mexico, can strengthen condom use and HIV prevention.

Trabajo sexual y pandemia de la COVID-19: salud sexual y mental de una muestra de trabajadoras sexuales de Colombia

Introducción: En diversos países las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales han sido estigmatizadas y discriminadas, lo que causa en ellas problemas de salud mental y sexual. No obstante, se desconoce cómo la pandemia por COVID-19 y el distanciamiento social han impactado en su salud. El objetivo de la presente investigación, de tipo descriptivo, fue evaluar factores psicosociales, la salud mental, las estrategias para prácticas sexuales con protección, las actitudes hacia el VIH y la sexualidad durante el periodo de confinamiento. . Método: Participaron 98 mujeres trabajadoras sexuales de tres sectores de la Bogotá, quienes respondieron a escalas psicométricas en salud mental y sexual. Resultados: Más del 60 % de las participantes indican sentir abandono estatal, baja clientela y poco o ningún ingreso económico; afectación emocional, una tendencia a presentar actitudes negativas frente a la sexualidad, actitudes favorables hacia el uso del condón, las pruebas de detección del VIH y una alta tendencia a emplear estrategias de persuasión cuando el cliente se niega a usar protección. Conclusiones: Las problemáticas en salud mental y sexual se mantienen e intensifican en pandemia para las trabajadoras sexuales en Colombia, lo cual sigue siendo un reto a escala nacional que requiere una intervención eficaz y efectiva desde lo económico y psicosocial.

Introduction: In different countries, women sex workers have been stigmatized and discriminated against causing mental and sexual health problems in them. However, it is unknown how the pandemic and social distancing have impacted on their health. The objective of this descriptive research was to evaluate psychosocial factors, mental health, strategies for safe sexual practices, attitudes towards HIV and sexuality during the confinement period. Method: 98 female sex workers from three sectors of Bogotá participated, who responded to psychometric scales on mental and sexual health. Results: More than 60% of the participants indicate feeling abandonment of the state, low clientele and little or no economic income; emotional involvement, a tendency to present negative attitudes towards sexuality, positive attitudes towards condom use, HIV testing and a high tendency to use persuasion strategies when the client refuses to use protection. Conclusions: Mental and sexual health problems continue and intensify in pandemic for sex workers in Colombia, which continues to be a national challenge that requires efficient and effective intervention from the economic and psychosocial aspects.