Long-Term Evaluation of Patients with Neurotrophic Keratopathy Undergoing Staged Keratoplasty After Corneal Neurotization.

PURPOSE: Corneal neurotization (CN) is a novel, potentially curative surgical procedure for the treatment of neurothophic keratopathy (NK). Patients with severe NK can present with corneal opacification requiring optical keratoplasty, which would likely fail without a proper trophic support of corneal nerves in the recipient cornea. METHODS: This is a pilot study on 4 patients undergoing keratoplasty after CN. Pre- and postoperative data at 12, 24 months and at the last follow-up were collected for the examination of (i) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), (ii) slit lamp examination and photograph acquisition with and without fluorescein staining, (iii) corneal aesthesiometry, (iv) in vivo confocal microscopy of the central cornea. Neurophysiological study of the corneal reflex before corneal graft and at last follow up was performed. RESULTS: Four female patients (47.25 ± 5.06 y.o.) underwent keratoplasty after CN (3 penetrating keratoplasty, 1 deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty). The mean interval between CN and keratoplasty was 22 (± 12) months. The mean graft survival time was 42 (± 25) months. Graft follow-up ranged from 72 to 132 months. At the final follow-up, BCVA was improved in 2 out of 4 patients. The mean corneal sensitivity was 11.9 ± 8.3 mm at last follow-up. In vivo confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of functioning nerves at the last follow-up in all patients. NK-related complications occurred in 3 eyes (2 persistent epithelial defect, 1 corneal melting). The former complication was successfully treated by autologous serum eye drops while the latter required repeated keratoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Keratoplasty is a viable strategy to improve visual acuity in patients with corneal opacity who underwent CN for the treatment of NK. Even in the presence of functioning corneal nerves before keratoplasty, surgeons should be aware of the increased rate of NK-related complications that could require the need for repeated procedure.

Assessment of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Models in Creating Medical Illustrations for Various Corneal Transplant Procedures.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to task and assess generative artificial intelligence (AI) models in creating medical illustrations for corneal transplant procedures such as Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), and penetrating keratoplasty (PKP).  Methods: Six engineered prompts were provided to Decoder-Only Autoregressive Language and Image Synthesis 3 (DALL-E 3) and Medical Illustration Manager (MIM) to guide these generative AI models in creating a final medical illustration for each of the four corneal transplant procedures. Control illustrations were created by the authors for each transplant technique for comparison. A grading system with five categories with a maximum score of 3 points each (15 points total) was designed to objectively assess AI's performance. Four independent reviewers analyzed and scored the final images produced by DALL-E 3 and MIM as well as the control illustrations. All AI-generated images and control illustrations were then provided to Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer-4o (ChatGPT-4o), which was tasked with grading each image with the grading system described above. All results were then tabulated and graphically depicted. RESULTS: The control illustration images received significantly higher scores than produced images from DALL-E 3 and MIM in legibility, anatomical realism and accuracy, procedural step accuracy, and lack of fictitious anatomy (p<0.001). For detail and clarity, the control illustrations and images produced by DALL-E 3 and MIM received statistically similar scores of 2.75±0.29, 2.19±0.24, and 2.50±0.29, respectively (p=0.0504). With regard to mean cumulative scores for each transplant procedure image, the control illustrations received a significantly higher score than DALL-E 3 and MIM (p<0.001). Additionally, the overall mean cumulative score for the control illustrations was significantly higher than DALL-E 3 and MIM (14.56±0.51 (97.1%), 4.38±1.2 (29.2%), and 5.63±1.82 (37.5%), respectively (p<0.001)). When assessing AI's grading performance, ChatGPT-4o scored the images produced by DALL-E 3 and MIM significantly higher than the average scores of the independent reviewers (DALL-E 3: 10.0±0.0 (66.6%) vs. 4.38±1.20 (29.2%), p<0.001; MIM: 10.0±0.0 (66.6%) vs. 5.63±1.82 (37.5%), p<0.001). However, mean scores for the control illustrations between ChatGPT-4o and the independent reviewers were comparable (15.0±0.0 (100%) vs. 14.56±0.13 (97.1%); p>0.05). CONCLUSION: AI is an extremely powerful and efficient tool for many tasks, but it is currently limited in producing accurate medical illustrations for corneal transplant procedures. Further development is required for generative AI models to create medically sound and accurate illustrations for use in ophthalmology.

Outcomes of Corneal Transplantation for Herpetic Keratitis: A Narrative Review.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common etiologic agents of corneal disease and a significant cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Although most cases can be successfully managed with medical therapy, HSV keratitis associated with visually significant stromal scarring often requires corneal transplantation for visual rehabilitation. While penetrating keratoplasty (PK) represented the traditional keratoplasty technique, the past few decades have seen a shift towards lamellar keratoplasty procedures, including deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and mushroom keratoplasty. This paper describes the current surgical techniques and perioperative antiviral prophylaxis regimen for herpetic keratitis and reviews their postoperative clinical outcomes.

Surgical Outcomes of Different Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Techniques-A Single-Centre UK Study.

Background: Anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) is a less invasive procedure than PK, and thus avoids many of the intraocular complications associated with PK. DALK can be performed using several different techniques, with either a manual dissection, a keratome or femtosecond-laser assisted dissection, or with a big bubble technique. To analyse the outcomes and compare the results of three deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) techniques. Methods: This study included 105 DALK cases performed at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK, in the period between January 2016 and May 2022. Cases were classified into four groups based on technique: BB-DALK, manual DALK, FS-DALK and 'converted to PK group'. Results: There was significant improvement in VA and Kmax compared to the preoperative values in all groups. There was no significant difference detected in VA and Kmax between all groups. Conclusions: Performing DALK surgery with any suitable technique (manual, big-bubble or femtosecond-assisted) is effective and causes significant improvements in VA and Kmax, even in cases where a conversion to penetrating keratoplasty is required. However, every technique has its pros and cons and should be tailored according to surgeon preference and individual case pathology.

Postoperative Astigmatism after Keratoplasty: A Systematic Review Meta-Analysis Based on PRISMA.

Background: The number of corneal transplants is rising, with the aim to treat a spectrum of diseases ranging from dystrophies to corneal opacities caused by trauma or chemical burns. Refractive outcomes after this procedure are often impossible to predict and associated with high levels of astigmatism. However, there are many techniques that affect the reduction of astigmatism and improve the quality of life of patients. Objectives: The aim was to compare the improvement in postoperative visual acuity (logMAR) and amount of corneal astigmatism (Diopters) after corneal keratoplasty in patients who additionally underwent a surgical procedure, which affects the reduction in postoperative astigmatism, and to determine the most effective method. Search Methods and Selection Criteria: A thorough search was carried out across online electronic databases including PubMed, Embrase, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, using combinations containing the following phrases: postoperative astigmatism, post-keratoplasty astigmatism, anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), posterior lamellar keratoplasty, endothelial keratoplasty (EK), penetrating keratoplasty (PK), corneal transplant, keratoplasty, refractive surgery, kerato-refractive surgery, laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and femtosecond LASIK. This was to determine all English-language publications that discuss refractive operations for postoperative or post-keratoplasty astigmatism. These bibliographies were searched for English-language publications published between 2010 and 2023. We proceeded to review each detected record's reference list. Data Extraction: Study characteristics such as study design, sample size, participant information, operations performed, and clinical outcomes were all extracted. Data Statistical Analyses: The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (version 3.3.070, 2014) was used to perform the analysis. The threshold of 0.05 for p-values was considered statistically significant. All effect sizes are reported as standardized differences (Std diff) in means with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and visualized graphically as forest plots. Publication bias is presented as a funnel plot of standard error by Std diff in means. Four methods were used to evaluate the heterogeneity among the studies: Q-value, I2, chi-square (χ2), and tau-squared. Main Results: We included 21 studies that randomized 1539 eyes that underwent corneal transplantation surgery either by PKP, DALK, or DSEAK techniques. The results showed the most significant improvement in the visual acuity and significant decrease in the corneal astigmatism after laser surgery procedures, like femtosecond-assisted keratotomy after DALK and PKP and LASIK after DSEAK.

Endothelial Migration and Regeneration after Penetrating Trauma Injury in a Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Graft: Case Presentation and Literature Overview.

Background: Traumatic injuries in eyes previously treated with Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) can lead to ruptures in the Descemet Membrane (DM) and damage to the corneal endothelium, a crucial layer for maintaining corneal clarity. Due to cell cycle constraints, the human corneal endothelium cannot proliferate; instead, it compensates for injury through cell enlargement and migration from adjacent areas. Methods: This study examines a notable case of corneal endothelial cell migration following a penetrating eye injury in a patient previously treated with DALK for keratoconus, supplemented by a review of relevant literature to contextualize the regenerative response. Results: A 39-year-old male with a history of DALK suffered a traumatic eye injury, resulting in damage to the Descemet Membrane and loss of the crystalline lens. After primary repair and considerations for further surgery, the patient's cornea cleared remarkably, with an improved visual acuity. This demonstrates the DM's potential for self-repair through endothelial cell migration. Conclusions: The outcomes suggest that delaying corneal transplant surgery for up to 3 months following Descemet Membrane injury due to ocular trauma could be advantageous. Allowing time for natural healing processes might eliminate the need for further invasive surgeries, thereby improving patient recovery outcomes.

Post-Keratoplasty Microbial Keratitis in the Era of Lamellar Transplants-A Comprehensive Review.

Microbial keratitis in a post-transplant cornea should be considered a distinct entity from microbial keratitis in a non-transplant cornea. Firstly, the use of immunosuppressive treatments and sutures in corneal transplants changes the etiology of keratitis. Secondly, corneal transplant has an impact on corneal biomechanics and structure, which facilitates the spread of infection. Finally, the emergence of lamellar transplants has introduced a new form of keratitis known as interface keratitis. Given these factors, there is a clear need to update our understanding of and management strategies for microbial keratitis following corneal transplantation, especially in the era of lamellar transplants. To address this, a comprehensive review is provided, covering the incidence, risk factors, causes, and timing of microbial keratitis, as well as both clinical and surgical management approaches for its treatment in cases of penetrating and lamellar corneal transplants.

Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy in a Spanish family: Clinical, genetic and histological analysis.

PURPOSE: To present the clinical, genetic, and histopathological features of the ninth family affected by congenital stromal corneal dystrophy (CSCD) to date. METHODS: Twelve cases of a Spanish family affected by CSCD were analyzed regarding history, visual acuity (VA, decimal scale), an ophthalmologic exam and specular microscopy. Five eyes were treated by deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), and thirteen eyes by penetrating keratoplasty (PK). In the two last generations, a genetic study was performed. RESULTS: Most of the patients affected were born with opaque corneas except for three, whose corneas were clear at birth. Biomicroscopy showed a whitish diffuse stromal opacity with an unaltered epithelium, causing poor VA (from hand motions to 0.4). Patients treated with PK presented mean postoperative VA of 0.19±0.20 over a follow-up time of 235.3±101.4months with 38% recurrences. Patients who underwent DALK experienced VA improvement to 0.17±0.11 over a follow-up time of 10.8±2.6months without signs of recurrence. In the latter, the big bubble technique was not achieved, so a manual technique was performed. The genetic study showed heterozygosis for a 1-bp deletion at nucleotide 962 in exon 8 of the decorin gene. CONCLUSIONS: CSCD is a rare entity, which should be treated by DALK whenever possible, obtaining better results than PK. Close monitoring of children of affected individuals is important, because CSCD can progress during the early years of life.

Familial primary calcific band-shaped keratopathy with late onset systemic disease: a case series and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Familial calcific band-shaped keratopathy (BSK) is a very rare disease, with no underlying cause. There is no underlying disease in this form of the disease. This article introduces a family with seven children, three of whom were diagnosed with familial primary calcific BSK. One of them developed a systemic disease 38 years after ocular manifestation. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case report, three Iranian siblings from a family with familial calcific band-shaped keratopathy (BSK) are introduced. Systemic and ocular examinations performed on these patients indicated the occurrence of chronic kidney disease in the older child, a 41-year-old woman, 38 years after ocular manifestation. The examinations conducted on the other two siblings revealed no pathological findings. The 41-year-old sister and 37-year-old brother underwent unilateral deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), while the 33-year-old sister underwent bilateral superficial keratectomy (SK). CONCLUSION: Considering the late onset of systemic disease in one of the siblings diagnosed with familial calcific band-shaped keratopathy (BSK), it is crucial to emphasize the necessity of long-term follow-up for these patients and their families.

Concomitant double-fusion of PLEKHA7-ALK and INPP5D-ALK reveals favorable alectinib sensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion is a classic driver mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, ALK double-fusion variants in NSCLC have rarely been reported. In this study, we reported a case with extremely uncommon ALK double-fusion variants. A 32-year-old female diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, who had developed multiple intrapulmonary and brain metastases, experienced worsening of her condition despite undergoing prior chemotherapy. Subsequent testing using next-generation sequencing (NGS) detected the presence of PLEKHA7-ALK and INPP5D-ALK double-fusion. The prescription of alectinib revealed potent efficacy and resulted in an increase in the survival rate. This case presented two uncommon and concomitant ALK fusion partners in NSCLC; more importantly, the INPP5D-ALK subtype has not been reported, therefore this study broadens the spectrum of ALK double-fusion variants and provides insight into the use of ALK inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC in patients with double ALK fusions.

Descemetic Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty versus Penetrating Keratoplasty in Advanced Keratoconus: Comparison of Visual and Refractive Outcomes.

Purpose: To assess and contrast the visual and refractive results of Descemetic deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in the treatment of advanced keratoconus. Design: Retrospective, comparative, interventional study. Methods: This study enrolled eyes affected by keratoconus with preoperative mean keratometry ≥60 diopters (D) that were treated with either Descemetic DALK (30 eyes) or PK (29 eyes) by using always the same corneal diameters (8.00mm recipient; 8.25mm donor cornea) and the same suture technique (10-0 nylon double-running 12-bites continuous suture). The outcome measures were postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), subjective refractive astigmatism (SRAst), and keratometric astigmatism at 3mm area (SimK), spherical equivalent (SEq). Results: Postoperative visual acuity significantly improved in both groups. Mean CDVA was higher in the DALK group 3 months (DALK 0.61, PK 0.42, p<0.05), 6 months (DALK 0.69, PK 0.44, p<0.05), and 12 months (DALK 0.72, PK 0.45, p<0.05) postoperatively. However, 6 months after suture removal, CDVA was not statistically different between the two groups (DALK 0.71, PK 0.75, p>0.05). Final SRAst and SimK also were comparable between the two groups (respectively DALK 2.97, PK:2.81, p>0.05; DALK 3.91, PK 2.37, p>0.05). No significant statistical differences were noted for UCVA and SEq data during the entire follow-up period between the two groups. Conclusion: Both methods of corneal transplantation resulted in a notable enhancement of visual and refractive outcomes in eyes afflicted by advanced keratoconus. Descemetic DALK demonstrated superior visual acuity before suture removal, whereas DALK and PK exhibited comparable results in terms of visual acuity, refractive correction, and keratometric astigmatism after suture removal.

Vector Analysis and Prognostic Factors for Femtosecond Arcuate Keratotomy in Post-Keratoplasty Astigmatism.

Purpose: To analyze different tomographic and refractive parameters for predicting successful visual outcome following femtosecond laser-assisted arcuate keratotomy (FSAK) for post-keratoplasty astigmatism. Design: Retrospective. Methods: Retrospective study evaluating patients with astigmatism following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) who underwent FSAK. Vector analysis using the Alpins method was done to calculate surgically induced astigmatism (SIA). An improvement of 3 lines of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) lines was used for successful outcome. Outcome was measured at 3 months and 17 months. Results: This study included 106 eyes from 104 patients (65 males and 39 females). Mean age was 31.8±8.6 years, and 89.4% (n=93) of cases were keratoconus (KC), 3.8% (n=4) scar, 3.8% (n=4) granular dystrophy, 1.9% (n=2) post-LASIK ectasia, and 1.0% (n=1) macular dystrophy. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) improved from 1.02±0.53 logarithm minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) to 0.87±0.49 logMAR (p=0.01) at 3 months and to 0.92±1.08 logMAR (p=0.57) at 17 months. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) improved from 0.41±0.30 logMAR to 0.31±0.19 logMAR (p<0.01) at 3 months and to 0.23±0.27 logMAR (p<0.01) at 17 months. Success was achieved in 50% (n=53) and 49% (n=52) at 3 and 17 months follow-up, respectively. Success group showed worse preoperative UCVA (1.21±0.56 vs 0.83±0.44 logMAR; p<0.01), worse preoperative BSCVA (0.50±0.36 vs 0.33±0.19 logMAR; p=0.01). Preoperative UCVA had an area under the curve of 0.721 (95% CI: 0.622-0.820; p< 0.01). The Youden's optimal cutoff point was 0.90 logMAR (equivalent Snellen 20/159) with 76.9% sensitivity and 35.2% specificity. Flattening index (FI) was 87% in DALK and 73% in PKP (p=0.14). Correction index (CI) was 99% and 86% (p=0.18) for DALK and PKP, respectively. Success of the astigmatic surgery for DALK and PKP was 44% vs 42% (p=0.29), respectively. Conclusion: Improvement of at least three lines was achieved in 49% of patients who underwent FSAK following PKP or DALK; this improvement was achieved in patients who had a worse preoperative UCVA.

Common-path optical coherence tomography guided vertical pneumodissection for DALK.

We reported a design and evaluation of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) sensor-integrated 27 gauge vertically inserted razor edge cannula (VIREC) for pneumatic dissection of Descemet's membrane (DM) from the stromal layer. The VIREC was inserted vertically at the apex of the cornea to the desired depth near DM. The study was performed using ex vivo bovine corneas (N = 5) and rabbit corneas (N = 5). A clean penumodissection of a stromal layer was successfully performed using VIREC without any stomal blanching on bovine eyes. The "big bubble" was generated in all five tests without perforation. Only micro bubbles were observed on rabbit eyes. The results proved that VIREC can be an effective surgical option for "big bubble" DALK.

Secondary angle closure glaucoma due to iatrogenic big bubble formation in manual DALK for stromal degeneration: An unusual presentation.

A 65-year-old male was planned for Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) to improve his visual quality from the underlying spheroidal degeneration along the visual axis. An attempt for a big bubble was futile, hence converted to a manual DALK. On postoperative day 1, he developed secondary angle closure glaucoma due to reverse pupillary block by the host DM. Decompression of the big bubble was done and angle closure was resolved with a good visual outcome at 1-month post-op. We present the first case of secondary angle closure glaucoma due to reverse pupillary block by a big bubble in a rigid cornea. Abbreviations: DALK = Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, OD = oculus dexter, OS = oculus sinister, DS = Diopters Sphere, DC = Diopters cylinder, AS-OCT = anterior segment optical coherence tomography, DM = Descemet's membrane, IOP - Intraocular pressure, GHJ = Graft-host junction, BSS = Balanced salt solution.

Indications and types of keratoplasties: Trends in the past 10 years (2011-2020) in Eastern India.

Purpose: To observe the trends of various types of keratoplasties in different etiologies over a period of 10 years (2011-2020) in a tertiary eye care center of eastern India. Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing keratoplasties from 2011 to 2020 was performed in a tertiary eye care hospital situated in eastern part of India. Apart from demographic data, primary indication for each surgery and type of procedure carried out was recorded. For comparison, data were divided into two time periods: Group I: Jan 2011 to Dec 2015 and Group II: Jan 2016 to Dec 2020. Results: Over a period of 10 years, a total of 2365 (Group I: 902, Group II: 1463) keratoplasties were performed. The average age of patients was 45.8 ± 19.9 and 46.9 ± 20.9 years in Group I and Group II, respectively. Among all the corneal grafts, 1747 (74%) surgeries were full-thickness. Although optical penetrating keratoplasty (OPK) was most the common indication for full-thickness keratoplasties, Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) remained most performed lamellar keratoplasty. Keratitis, corneal scars, and bullous keratopathies remain to be most common indications in both groups. Number of lamellar keratoplasties increased significantly from Group I to Group II for corneal scars (P = 0.02), bullous keratopathies (P = 0.01), and endothelial dystrophies (P = 0.00). Conclusion: With change in time, the indication and technique of keratoplasty has witnessed a changing trend from full-thickness keratoplasty to lamellar keratoplasty. There is rise in trend of lamellar keratoplasties over the period.

Bovine pericardium membrane (TutoPatch) for emergency repair of total corneal melting over an infected corneal graft.

Purpose: Corneal perforation due to severe melting is a very dangerous, sight-threatening condition requiring immediate management due to the high risk of endophthalmitis and critical hypotony. In the case of perforated corneal grafts, retransplantation is usually postponed to avoid the detrimental effects of inflammation on the new graft. We describe the first case of the use of a TutoPatch graft for emergency replacement of a lamellar graft perforation over acute infectious total melting. Observations: A 42-year-old male patient presented to the Emergency Department with pain in the left eye, which was red photophobic. He had been treated with bilateral deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for advanced keratoconus 5 years previously and had been experiencing recurrent corneal ulcers in the left eye within the last 8 months. Clinical examination documented corneal perforation over acute infectious melting involving the total graft surface in the left eye. The infected graft was removed along with the perforated infected residual Descemet membrane, and a double-layer TutoPatch covering was sutured to the host's margin with 10.0 nylon. The covering was left in place for three weeks, allowing the patient to undergo retransplant three weeks later without complications. Conclusions and importance: TutoPatch covering can be safely used as an easy-to-preserve emergency material for a temporary bridge to retransplantation in large acute infectious corneal melting.

Comparison of Robot-Assisted and Manual Cannula Insertion in Simulated Big-Bubble Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of robot-assisted and manual cannula insertion in simulated big-bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). Novice surgeons with no prior experience in performing DALK were trained to perform the procedure using manual or robot-assisted techniques. The results showed that both methods could generate an airtight tunnel in the porcine cornea, and result in successful generation of a deep stromal demarcation plane representing sufficient depth reached for big-bubble generation in most cases. However, the combination of intraoperative OCT and robotic assistance received a significant increase in the depth of achieved detachment in non-perforated cases, comprising a mean of 89% as opposed to 85% of the cornea in manual trials. This research suggests that robot-assisted DALK may offer certain advantages over manual techniques, particularly when used in conjunction with intraoperative OCT.

Intraoperative OCT for Lamellar Corneal Surgery: A User Guide.

Intraoperative OCT is an innovative and promising technology which allows anterior and posterior segment ocular surgeons to obtain a near-histologic cross-sectional and tomographic image of the tissues. Intraoperative OCT has several applications in ocular surgery which are particularly interesting in the context of corneal transplantation. Indeed, iOCT images provide a direct and meticulous visualization of the anatomy, which could guide surgical decisions. In particular, during both big-bubble and manual DALK, the visualization of the relationship between the corneal layers and instruments allows the surgeon to obtain a more desirable depth of the trephination, thus achieving more type 1 bubbles, better regularity of the plane, and a reduced risk of DM perforation. During EK procedures, iOCT supplies information about proper descemetorhexis, graft orientation, and interface quality in order to optimize the postoperative adhesion and reduce the need for re-bubbling. Finally, mushroom PK, a challenging technique for many surgeons, can be aided through the use of iOCT since it guides the correct apposition of the lamellae and their centration. The technology of iOCT is still evolving: a larger field of view could allow for the visualization of all surgical fields, and automated tracking and iOCT autofocusing guarantee the continued centration of the image.

Management of Stromal Corneal Dystrophies; Review of the Literature with a Focus on Phototherapeutic Keratectomy and Keratoplasty.

Corneal dystrophies are a group of non-inflammatory inherited disorders of the cornea. This review considers treatment options for epithelial-stromal and stromal corneal dystrophies: namely Reis-Bücklers, Thiel-Behnke, lattice, Avellino, granular, macular and Schnyder corneal dystrophies. Where there is visual reduction, treatment options may include either phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) or corneal transplantation. Due to the anterior location of the deposits in Reis-Bücklers and Thiel-Behnke dystrophies, PTK is considered the treatment of choice. For lattice, Avellino, granular and macular corneal dystrophies, PTK provides temporary visual improvement; however, with recurrences, repeat PTK or a corneal transplant would be needed. For Schnyder dystrophy, should treatment be required, PTK may be the preferred option due to the potential for recurrence of the disease in corneal transplantation. This review discusses the literature and evidence base for the treatment of corneal dystrophies in terms of visual outcomes and recurrence rate.

DALK rejection following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: 2 case reports.

PURPOSE: To report two cases of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) rejection occurring in association with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS: Two patients with prior history of DALK developed immunologic rejection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The first patient, a 15-year-old girl, had a stromal and sub-epithelial rejection nine days after receiving the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBV152(COVAXINTM, Bharat Biotech, India). The second patient, an 18-year-old male, had a stromal rejection 13 days after receiving the second dose of the ChAdOx1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (COVISHIELDTM, Serum Institute of India, India). RESULTS: Both patients received frequent topical corticosteroids. The first patient recovered within four weeks and the second patient recovered within two weeks of initiating therapy. Both patients experienced complete resolution of corneal edema and had improvement in their visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: DALK rejection is a rare but distinct possibility in patients following SARS-CoV-2 immunization. Further studies are required before establishing clear guidelines regarding risk, follow-up and treatment strategies in such a scenario.