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1.
World J Diabetes ; 15(7): 1390-1393, 2024 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39099818

ABSTRACT

This editorial focuses on the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) and the development and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D). NAFPD is characterized by intrapancreatic fatty deposition associated with obesity and not associated with alcohol abuse, viral infections, and other factors. Ectopic fat deposition in the pancreas is associated with the development of T2D, and the underlying mechanism is lipotoxic ß-cell dysfunction. However, the results on the relationship between intrapancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) and ß-cell function are conflicting. Regardless of the therapeutic approach, weight loss improves IPFD, glycemia, and ß-cell function. Pancreatic imaging is valuable for clinically monitoring and evaluating the management of T2D.

2.
Nutrients ; 16(15)2024 Jul 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39125287

ABSTRACT

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most effective treatment for severe obesity. A very low-calorie diet (VLCD) is another effective dietary intervention to treat obesity. This study evaluated the effect of a VLCD versus RYGB on weight reduction, changes in body composition and the resolution of comorbidities during a 12-week period. Individuals with obesity at the obesity clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 37.5 kg/m2 or ≥32.5 kg/m2 with obesity-related complications were recruited. Treatment options, either RYGB or VLCD, were assigned depending on patients' preferences and physicians' judgment. The analysis included 16 participants in the RYGB group and 15 participants in the VLCD group. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups; nevertheless, the participants in the VLCD group were significantly younger than those in the RYGB group. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) was slightly higher in the RYGB group (43.8% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.552). Additionally, patients in the RYGB group had a longer duration of T2D and were treated with anti-diabetic agents, while VLCD patients received only lifestyle modifications. At 12 weeks, total and percentage weight loss in the RYGB and VLCD groups, respectively, were as follows: -17.6 ± 6.0 kg vs. -15.6 ± 5.1 kg (p = 0.335) and -16.2% ± 4.3% vs. -14.1% ± 3.6% (p = 0.147). Changes in biochemical data and the resolution of comorbidities were similar between the groups at 12 weeks. A 12-week VLCD resulted in similar weight loss and metabolic improvement compared with RYGB. Large-scale studies with long follow-up periods are needed to elucidate whether VLCD is a viable alternative treatment to bariatric surgery.


Subject(s)
Body Composition , Caloric Restriction , Gastric Bypass , Weight Loss , Humans , Gastric Bypass/methods , Female , Male , Caloric Restriction/methods , Adult , Middle Aged , Obesity/surgery , Obesity/diet therapy , Obesity/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy , Body Mass Index , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Obesity, Morbid/diet therapy , Thailand
3.
Diabetes Metab Syndr ; 18(8): 103096, 2024 Aug 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39163706

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Conventional wisdom once asserted that diabetes was irreversible. However, contemporary research indicates that dietary changes may contribute to achieving diabetes remission in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to determine the effectiveness of food-based dietary approaches for T2D remission. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science, along with exploring grey literature, to identify longitudinal studies. Data extraction and quality assessment adhered to predetermined criteria, and the results of the included studies were analyzed using a narrative synthesis and graphical display. RESULTS: We included 52 original studies-40 % were rated as low-risk of bias. Overall, studies showed the low-carbohydrate Mediterranean diet (LCMD), compared to a low-fat diet, was more effective for achieving T2D remission in newly diagnosed patients who also had a weight loss of up to 6 kg. Compared to both the traditional Mediterranean diet and the American Diabetic Association diet, the LCMD was also more effective at diabetes remission for persons with T2D with any duration of diabetes; however, more substantial weight loss of 8 kg was required. Other diets that appeared effective for T2D remission included low-calorie diets and diets high in plant protein sources. Less weight loss was needed to achieve remission on plant-based diets than a low-calorie diet and low-carbohydrate diet. CONCLUSIONS: Diets high in plant protein sources may support T2D remission, particularly among newly diagnosed patients. For patients with a duration of over 2 years, the combination of plant-based diets with greater weight loss should be considered to induce remission.

4.
EBioMedicine ; 106: 105265, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39096744

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment option for obesity and provides long-term weight loss and positive effects on metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Alterations in bile acid metabolism have been suggested as a potential contributing factor, but comprehensive studies in humans are lacking. METHODS: In this study, we analysed the postprandial responses of bile acids, C4 and FGF19 in plasma, and excretion of bile acids in faeces, before and after bariatric surgery in patients (n = 38; 74% females) with obesity with or without type 2 diabetes from the BARIA cohort. FINDINGS: We observed that total fasting plasma bile acid levels increased, and faecal excretion of bile acids decreased after surgery suggesting increased reabsorption of bile acids. Consistent with increased bile acid levels after surgery we observed increased postprandial levels of FGF19 and suppression of the bile acid synthesis marker C4, suggesting increased FXR activation in the gut. We also noted that a subset of bile acids had altered postprandial responses before and after surgery. Finally, fasting plasma levels of 6α-hydroxylated bile acids, which are TGR5 agonists and associated with improved glucose metabolism, were increased after surgery and one of them, HDCA, covaried with diabetes remission in an independent cohort. INTERPRETATION: Our findings provide new insights regarding bile acid kinetics and suggest that bariatric surgery in humans alters bile acid profiles leading to activation of FXR and TGR5, which may contribute to weight loss, improvements in glucose metabolism, and diabetes remission. FUNDING: Novo Nordisk Fonden, Leducq Foundation, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the ALF-agreement, ZonMw.


Subject(s)
Bariatric Surgery , Bile Acids and Salts , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Fibroblast Growth Factors , Obesity , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Bile Acids and Salts/blood , Bariatric Surgery/methods , Female , Male , Obesity/surgery , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/blood , Middle Aged , Adult , Fibroblast Growth Factors/blood , Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism , Postprandial Period , Biomarkers , Feces/chemistry , Kinetics , Fasting
5.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 15: 1377918, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38962677

ABSTRACT

With changes in lifestyle behaviors, including dietary structure and habits, the prevalence of Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (YODM) has increased 2 to 3 times compared to 30 years ago. YODM patients experience complications earlier, progress faster, and exhibit more severe symptoms. However, limited and inconclusive direct evidence, coupled with poor patient compliance, poses challenges in the clinical management of YODM. Apart from the continuous decline in pancreatic ß-cell function and quantity, tissue-specific insulin resistance (IR) is also a typical characteristic of YODM. The main mechanisms of IR in YODM involve different aspects such as obesity, dietary imbalance, abnormal substance metabolism, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal fluctuations during adolescence. For the comprehensive management of YODM, besides achieving good control of blood glucose levels, it may be necessary to apply the most appropriate methods considering the uniqueness of the patient population and the specifics of the disease. Early identification and detection of the disease are crucial. Precise screening of patients with well-functioning pancreatic insulin ß-cells, primarily characterized by IR and obesity, represents the population most likely to achieve diabetes remission or reversal through lifestyle modifications, medications, or even surgical interventions. Additionally, considering potential emotional disorders or the impact of adolescent hormones in these patients, health education for patients and caregivers is essential to make them aware of the long-term benefits of well-controlled blood glucose. In conclusion, adopting comprehensive management measures to achieve diabetes remission or reversal is the ideal goal. Controlling high blood glucose, obesity, and other risk factors related to diabetes complications is the next priority to delay the occurrence and progression of complications. A comprehensive perspective on IR provides insights and references for identifying YODM and its management strategies.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Insulin Resistance , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Adolescent , Disease Management , Life Style , Obesity/therapy , Obesity/epidemiology , Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
6.
Diabet Med ; : e15354, 2024 May 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38822506

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Although behavioural interventions have been found to help control type 2 diabetes (T2D), it is important to understand how the delivery context can influence implementation and outcomes. The NHS committed to testing a low-calorie diet (LCD) programme designed to support people living with excess weight and T2D to lose weight and improve diabetes outcomes. Understanding what influenced implementation during the programme pilot is important in optimising rollout. This study explored the transferability of the NHS LCD Programme prior to wider adoption. METHODS: Twenty-five interviews were undertaken with stakeholders involved in implementing the LCD programme in pilot sites (health service leads, referring health professionals and programme deliverers). Interviews with programme participants (people living with T2D) were undertaken within a larger programme of work, exploring what worked, for whom and why, which is reported separately. The conceptual Population-Intervention-Environment-Transfer Model of Transferability (PIET-T) guided study design and data collection. Constructs of the model were also used as a deductive coding frame during data analysis. Key themes were identified which informed recommendations to optimise programme transfer. RESULTS: Population: Referral strategies in some areas lacked consideration of population characteristics. Many believed that offering a choice of delivery model would promote acceptability and accessibility of the eligible population. INTERVENTION: Overall, stakeholders had confidence in the LCD programme due to the robust evidence base along with anecdotal evidence, but some felt the complex referral process hindered engagement from GP practices. ENVIRONMENT: Stakeholders described barriers to accessing the programme, including language and learning difficulties. Transferability: Multidisciplinary working and effective communication supported successful implementation. CONCLUSION: Referral strategies to reach underrepresented groups should be considered during programme transfer, along with timely data from service providers on access and programme benefits. A choice of delivery models may optimise uptake. Knowledge sharing between sites on good working practices is encouraged, including increasing engagement with key stakeholders.

7.
Diabetes Metab Syndr ; 18(6): 103052, 2024 Jun 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38901179

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: With the prevalence of diabetes reaching an epidemic level, there is a growing interest in the investigation of its remission. Proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDP) have been shown to have a glucose-regulating effect. However, whether they play a role in diabetes remission remains poorly understood. AIM: To investigate changes in plasma levels of PGDP in glycaemic responders versus non-responders. METHODS: The study was a randomised placebo-controlled trial comprising 18 adults with prediabetes (registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov as NCT03889210). Following an overnight fast, participants consumed ketone ß-hydroxybutyrate (KEßHB)-supplemented beverage and placebo beverage in crossover manner. Serial blood samples were collected from baseline to 150 min at 30-min intervals. The endpoints were changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon, and major proglucagon fragment (MPGF). Participants were stratified into the 'responders' and 'non-responders' subgroups based on their glycaemic changes following the ingestion of KEßHB. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to estimate the accumulated changes in the studied PGDP and compared using paired-t test between the KEßHB and placebo beverages. RESULTS: Responders had a significantly greater reduction in plasma glucose compared with non-responders following acute ketosis (p < 0.001). The AUC0-150 for oxyntomodulin was significantly lower following the KEßHB beverage compared with the placebo (p = 0.045) in responders, but not in non-responders (p = 0.512). No significant differences in AUCs0-150 were found for GLP-1, glicentin, glucagon, and MPGF in either responders or non-responders. CONCLUSION: Oxyntomodulin is involved in lowering plasma glucose and may play an important role in diabetes remission.

8.
Endocr J ; 2024 Jun 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38866493

ABSTRACT

This study examined the potential correlation between the immoderate intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and the subsequent rate of diabetes remission (DR). 206 individuals who met the eligibility criteria between January 2019 and June 2022 were recruited. Inquiries were conducted to gather information on the participants' beverage consumption before the onset. Subsequently, the participants were separated into the diabetes remission group (DR group) and nondiabetes remission group (NDR group) depending on whether they met the diagnostic criteria for diabetes remission. Baseline clinical elements within the two groups were juxtaposed, and factors influencing diabetes remission were identified through logistic regression analyses. The cutoff values of each critical factor were determined based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. One hundred and nine patients reported a history of SSB consumption, while the remaining 58 reported no such history. After 1 year, 40 patients achieved remission from diabetes. Compared with the NDR group, a higher SSBs ratio, body mass index (BMI), and blood creatinine (BCr) was observed in the DR group after adjusting for confounders, SSBs (odds ratio [OR] = 3.503; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.334-9.202; p = 0.011) and BCr (OR = 1.038; 95% CI = 1.003-1.079; p = 0.042) emerged as independent predictors of DR. The composite index of SSBs and BCr efficaciously predicted DR (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.810, p < 0.001). SSBs and BCr were independent risk factors for DR. The amalgamation of these markers could more accurately predict DR.

9.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 15: 1394805, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38933821

ABSTRACT

Our understanding of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has evolved dramatically. Advances have upended entrenched dogmas pertaining to the onset and progression of T2D, beliefs that have prevailed from the early era of diabetes research-and continue to populate our medical textbooks and continuing medical education materials. This review article highlights key insights that lend new governing principles for gold standard management of T2D. From the historical context upon which old beliefs arose to new findings, this article outlines evidence and perspectives on beta cell function, the underlying defects in glucoregulation, the remediable nature of T2D, and, the rationale supporting the shift to complication-centric prescribing. Practical approaches translate this rectified understanding of T2D into strategies that fill gaps in current management practices of prediabetes through late type 2 diabetes.


Subject(s)
Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Humans , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism , Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects , Glycemic Control/methods , Disease Management
10.
J Hum Nutr Diet ; 37(4): 995-1006, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38798236

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The Manchester Intermittent versus Daily Diet App Study (MIDDAS) tested the feasibility and potential efficacy of two remotely delivered low-energy diet (LED) programmes (800 kcal/day) to support weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes: continuous [CLED] (8 weeks of daily LED) and intermittent [ILED] (2 days of LED/week for 28 weeks). Understanding participant experiences can help us to understand the acceptability of LED programmes to people with type 2 diabetes, informing future programme development and implementation. METHODS: Twenty participants (10 CLED; 10 ILED) took part in interviews conducted at the end of the active weight loss phase (CLED week 12, ILED week 28). Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically using the template analysis approach, with an a priori focus on acceptability. Four themes are presented: prospective acceptability, intervention coherence and perceived effectiveness, opportunity costs and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Both remotely supported CLED and ILED interventions appeared acceptable to participants. CLED participants found the rapid initial weight loss phase comparatively easy and highly motivating but expressed more concerns around weight maintenance. ILED participants found the more gradual weight loss initially frustrating but expressed greater confidence in their longer-term adherence. The importance of continued individualised support from healthcare professionals was emphasised, and evidence of weight loss and improvement in other medical markers through monitoring via the mobile phone app was useful. CONCLUSION: Different approaches to remotely delivered LEDs appear acceptable; therefore asking patients which approach may be more acceptable to them may be a useful way to offer individualised and tailored support.


Subject(s)
Caloric Restriction , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Weight Loss , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Caloric Restriction/methods , Aged , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Weight Reduction Programs/methods , Diet, Reducing/methods , Self Efficacy , Feasibility Studies , Remission Induction , Adult , Mobile Applications , Treatment Outcome , Prospective Studies
11.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 225: 116300, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38782075

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological evidence links chemical exposure with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk and prevalence. Chemical exposure may therefore also limit success of weight loss or restoration of glycemic control during calorie restricted diets. Few human studies examine this hypothesis. This systematic review and clustered meta-analysis examines preclinical evidence that exposure to anthropogenic environmental contaminants impedes weight loss and resumption of glycemic control during calorie restriction. Of five eligible papers from 212 unique citations, four used C57BL/6 mice and one used Sprague Dawley rats. In four the animals received high fat diets to induce obesity and impaired glycemic control. All examined persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 77 exposure did not affect final mass (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.35 [-1.09, 0.39]; n = 5 (experiments); n = 3 (papers)), or response to insulin in insulin tolerance tests (SMD = -1.54 [-3.25, 0.16] n = 3 (experiments); n = 2 (papers)), but impaired glucose control in glucose tolerance tests (SMD = -1.30 [-1.96, -0.63]; n = 6 (experiments); n = 3 (papers)). The impaired glycemic control following perfluoro-octane sulphonic acid (PFOS) exposure and enhanced mass loss following dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure have not been replicated. Animal studies thus suggest some chemical groups, especially PCB and PFOS, could impair glucose control management during calorie restriction, similar to conclusions from limited existing clinical studies. We discuss the research that is urgently required to inform weight management services that are now the mainstay prevention initiative for T2DM.


Subject(s)
Caloric Restriction , Glycemic Control , Persistent Organic Pollutants , Weight Loss , Animals , Mice , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Caloric Restriction/methods , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Glycemic Control/methods , Weight Loss/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Rats
12.
Public Health Pract (Oxf) ; 7: 100496, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38681115

ABSTRACT

Objectives: This research program involves two phases to identify enablers and barriers to diabetes care for Aboriginal people on Ngarrindjeri country; and co-design a strength-based metabolic syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) remission program with the Ngarrindjeri community. Study design: A study protocol on qualitative research. Methods: The study will recruit Aboriginal people living on Ngarrindjeri country above 18 years of age with a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome or T2D. Recruitment for phases one and two will occur through the Aboriginal Health Team at the Riverland Mallee Coorong Local Health Network. The lived experiences of T2D will be explored with 10-15 Aboriginal participants, through an Aboriginal conversational technique called 'yarning' (60-90 min) in phase 1. Elders and senior community representatives (n = 20-30) will participate in four co-design workshops (2-4 h) in phase 2. Qualitative data will be transcribed and thematically analysed (NVivo version 12). The analysis will focus on protective factors for the Cultural Determinants of Health. Ethics approval was obtained from Aboriginal Health Research Ethics Committee in South Australia (04-22-1009), and Flinders University Human Research Ethics Committee (5847). Results: This work will be used to pilot the co-designed diabetes remission trial. Outcomes will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences, focusing on following best practice guidelines from the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and National Health and Medical Research Council. Research translation will occur through digital posters, manuals, and infographics. Conclusions: The findings will be summarised to all Aboriginal organisations involved in this study, along with peak bodies, stakeholders, Aboriginal Services, and interested participants.

13.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 15: 1341531, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38596220

ABSTRACT

Objectives: A retrospective analysis of the clinical outcomes of personalized interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Under the guidance of an interdisciplinary team, 40 patients with T2DM underwent a systematic examination at the beginning of the intervention, 3 months after the intervention, and 3 months of follow-up at the end of the intervention (i.e., at 6 months). Key indicators such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG), fasting insulin level (FINS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood lipids, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Results: After the 3-month intervention, participants' BMI, FPG, 2hPG, FINS, and HbA1c improved significantly, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05).These metrics remained essentially stable at the 3-month follow-up. Of all the participants, 92.5% (37 cases in total) successfully discontinued their medication after 3 months of intervention, of which 80% (32 cases) remained stable during the 3-month follow-up after discontinuation, fulfilling the criteria for remission of T2DM; 2 cases successfully reduced the dose of their medication, and only 1 case was maintained on the original treatment. Conclusions: Through an interdisciplinary team intervention strategy, we significantly optimized the glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and BMI status of patients with T2DM, making diabetes remission an achievable goal, which provides valuable experience for further optimization of diabetes prevention and control protocols.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Humans , Glycated Hemoglobin , Retrospective Studies , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Insulin
14.
Ther Adv Gastrointest Endosc ; 17: 26317745241247175, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38682042

ABSTRACT

Background: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is a safe and effective obesity treatment. The individualized metabolic score (IMS) is a validated score that uses preoperative variables predicting T2D remission (DR) in bariatric surgery. Objectives: We evaluated the applicability of using the IMS score to predict DR in patients after ESG. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with obesity and T2D who underwent ESG. We calculated DR, IMS score, and severity, and divided patients based on IMS category. Results: The cohort comprised 20 patients: 25% (5) mild, 55% (11) moderate, and 20% (4) severe IMS stages. DR was achieved in 60%, 45.5%, and 0% of patients with mild, moderate, and severe IMS scores (p = 0.08), respectively. IMS score was significantly associated with DR (p = 0.03), with the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic for predicting DR 0.85. Conclusion: These pilot data demonstrate that the IMS score appears to be useful in predicting DR after ESG.


Use of individualized metabolic surgery score in endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty Why was the study done? Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is effective and safe as a treatment for obesity and has also shown improvement in diabetes in previous studies. However, there is no data showing the rates of diabetes remission after this procedure and no measures to predict this outcome. This study uses the individualized metabolic score (IMS) to predict diabetes remission after ESG. What did the researchers do? They analyzed a sample of patients who had undergone ESG, and evaluated the change in their diabetes parameters at 1 year compared to baseline, and then correlated this with their calculated baseline IMS score. What did the researchers find? Patients with a higher IMS score, representing more severe disease, were less likely to have an improvement in their diabetes after ESG. What do the findings mean? ESG can be an effective treatment option for patients with obesity and early-stage diabetes.

15.
Nutr Rev ; 2024 Mar 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38472140

ABSTRACT

With increasing attention to diabetes remission, various special dietary patterns have been found to be effective in achieving diabetes remission. The effect of a single dietary pattern on lowering blood glucose is clear, but studies on the synergistic effects of different dietary patterns are limited. This article describes the types of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets, potential mechanisms, contraindications of combination diets, recommendations for combination diets, and their health outcomes. This paper aims to illustrate the evidence for intermittent fasting combined with a ketogenic diet on outcomes of diabetes remission and effect on blood glucose control. Knowledge of these findings can help doctors and patients determine dietary patterns for achieving diabetes remission and understanding their application.

16.
Clin Obes ; 14(4): e12652, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38430217

ABSTRACT

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are chronic conditions with significant personal, societal, and economic impacts. Expanding on existing trial evidence, the NHS piloted a 52-week low-calorie diet programme for T2DM, delivered by private providers using total diet replacement products and behaviour change support. This study aimed to determine the extent to which providers and coaches adhered to the service specification outlined by NHS England. An observational qualitative study was conducted to examine the delivery of both one-to-one and group-based delivery of programme sessions. Observations of 122 sessions across eight programme delivery samples and two service providers were completed. Adherence to the service specification was stronger for those outcomes that were easily measurable, such as weight and blood glucose, while less tangible elements of the specification, such as empowering service users, and person-centred delivery were less consistently observed. One-to-one sessions were more successful in their person-centred delivery, and the skills of the coaches delivering the sessions had a strong impact on adherence to the specification. Overall, the results show that there was variability by provider and delivery mode in the extent to which sessions of the NHS Low-Calorie Diet Programme reflected the intended service specification. In subsequent programmes it is recommended that one-to-one sessions are used, with accompanying peer support, and that providers improve standardised training and quality assurance to ensure specification adherence.


Subject(s)
Caloric Restriction , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , State Medicine , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy , Obesity/diet therapy , Female , Male , England , Middle Aged , Qualitative Research
17.
Diabet Med ; 41(6): e15301, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38311881

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The UK Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) study was replicated in an Australian primary care setting. This qualitative study aimed to explore and understand the perceptions and experiences of both participants and healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in the DiRECT-Australia Type 2 Diabetes Remission Service. METHODS: All participants and HCPs delivering the service were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews via online videoconferencing. The interview guides explored perceptions and experiences in DiRECT-Australia, covering aspects such as barriers and facilitators to recruitment and participation, motivations and challenges across service phases, adequacy of support provided and the overall acceptability of the service. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Eight DiRECT-Australia participants and six HCPs (three general practitioners, two practice nurses and one dietitian) participated. Four overarching themes were identified: (1) Enablers and barriers to recruitment and continuous participation in DiRECT-Australia; (2) Motivators and overcoming barriers across the total diet replacement, food reintroduction and weight maintenance phases; (3) Importance of participant-HCP interactions and continuous support; (4) Acceptance and long-term need for DiRECT-Australia. Adherence to total diet replacement was less challenging than anticipated by participants. Transitioning to the food reintroduction phase was difficult but overcome through HCP support. DiRECT-Australia was well accepted by both participants and HCPs, and participants expressed willingness to continue with the service, if provided on a long-term basis. CONCLUSIONS: Both participants and HCPs were highly interested in the new diabetes remission service set up in an Australian primary care setting. The acceptability of DiRECT-Australia was underscored by participants emphasising the effectiveness of the service in achieving significant weight loss and diabetes remission. There is a need for long-term and wider implementation of the service to ensure that anyone with recent onset type 2 diabetes is offered the best possible chance to achieve remission.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Qualitative Research , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology , Australia , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Attitude of Health Personnel , Remission Induction , Primary Health Care , Aged , Health Personnel/psychology , Adult , Motivation
18.
Obes Surg ; 34(5): 1491-1495, 2024 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38407683

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bariatric and metabolic surgery is recommended for Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2. However, mid to long-term ·evidence is still lacking. METHODS: Patients' data that underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) as the primary surgery at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were analyzed. Patients with T2DM diagnosed with either fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level ≥ 7.0% and 27.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2 were included. RESULTS: 24 patients (7 male and 17 female) were included in this study. With a mean follow-up duration of 4.5 ± 1.1 years, the mean percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) was 14.4 ± 6.7%. Postoperatively, nine patients (37%) still required oral anti-diabetic medications, while no patients used insulin. FBG and HbA1c levels declined to 6.3 ± 1.5 mmol/L and 6.0 ± 1.0%, respectively. Fifteen patients (63%) were with HbA1c levels < 7% and without medication requirements, five patients (21%) were with HbA1c levels < 7% with the help of oral anti-diabetic medication, and four patients (16%) were with HbA1c levels > 7% with the help of oral anti-diabetic medication. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides further evidence that SG could result in both T2DM improvement and remission in patients with BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2. Longer follow-up duration and larger sample will be needed in the future.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Laparoscopy , Obesity, Morbid , Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Glycated Hemoglobin , Body Mass Index , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Treatment Outcome , Laparoscopy/adverse effects , Gastrectomy/adverse effects , Retrospective Studies
19.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 208: 111091, 2024 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38224874

ABSTRACT

AIM: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is considered one of the most effective interventions for weight loss and associated type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission. Multiple scores including the Individualized Metabolic Surgery (IMS), DiaRem, advanced DiaRem, and Robert et al. scores, have been developed predict T2DM remission after MBS. We aim to validate each of these scores in our cohort of patients undergoing MBS with long-term follow-up and assess their efficacy based on procedure type and preoperative BMI. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter cohort study including patients with T2DM undergoing either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Areas under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) were calculated to assess the discriminatory ability of the four models to detect T2DM remission. RESULTS: A total of 503 patients (67 % females, mean age 53.5 [11] years, BMI 46.2 [8.8] kg/m2) with T2DM were included. The majority (78 %) underwent RYGB, while the rest (28 %) had SG. All four scores predicted T2DM remission in our cohort with an ROC AUC of 0.79 for IMS, 0.78 for both DiaRem and advanced-DiaRem, and 0.75 for Robert et al. score. Specific subgroups for each of these scores demonstrated higher T2DM remission rates after RYGB compared to SG. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate the ability of the IMS, DiaRem, advanced-DiaRem and Robert et al. scores to predict T2DM remission in patients undergoing MBS. T2DM remission rates was demonstrated to decrease with more severe IMS, DiaRem and advanced-DiaRem scores and lower Robert et al. scores.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Gastric Bypass , Obesity, Morbid , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Male , Gastric Bypass/methods , Treatment Outcome , Cohort Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Patient Acuity , Gastrectomy/methods , Retrospective Studies , Obesity, Morbid/surgery
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