A noma case report: A warning message from Northern Uganda.

Noma, or Cancrum oris, is a severe and rapidly progressing gangrenous infection that primarily affects the face. It is most commonly observed in children living in impoverished conditions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid diagnosis and early management are crucial to prevent devastating consequences, such as functional limitations and serious psychological repercussions. Herein, we present a case of an 8-month-old child affected by noma, whose positive outcome is attributed to the prompt recognition by healthcare personnel. In our patient, the condition was likely related to malnutrition and the preceding extraction of a deciduous tooth reported by the mother and probably associated with a traditional Ugandan practice called Ebiino. This is the second case reported in Uganda, and given the limited healthcare access in most of the country, coupled with the high prevalence of poverty and other predisposing factors, it becomes evident that the incidence of noma is underestimated. Noma, as a neglected disease, requires greater awareness within communities and among healthcare professionals. A collective effort is needed to significantly reduce risk factors and promote prevention of this life-threatening disease.

Prevalence and dental effects of infant oral mutilation or Ebiino among 3-5 year-old children from a rural district in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Ebiino, a form of Infant Oral Mutilation (IOM), involves the gauging or enucleation of primary canine tooth buds in infants, and is believed to be a form of remedy to a range of childhood diseases. The effects of this practice have ranged from the child experiencing excessive bleeding, opportunistic infections and even death, besides the potential negative dental effects on primary and the developing permanent dentition of the affected child. The purpose of the study was to establish the occurrence of Ebiino and its dental effects in a rural child-population in Uganda. METHODS: This study formed part of a larger descriptive cross-sectional study on dental caries and gingivitis, in which 432 children aged 3-5 years old from Nyakagyeme Sub-county, Rukungiri District, Uganda, participated. All the 432 participants (230 males and 202 females, mean age 4.1 SD = 0.8) who had been recruited through stratified random sampling procedure, and whose caregivers had provided a written informed consent, were included in the study. Initially the past dental history of each participant was obtained, and all the children had an oral examination carried out to establish their dental status. RESULTS: The data gathered were entered in a computer and analysed using Windows SPSS version 23.0. The results of the analysis showed the prevalence of missing teeth not due to reasons like caries or trauma was 8.1%, with the primary canine being the most commonly missing tooth. These unusual missing teeth were attributed to a traditional practice called Ebiino. Chi-square test showed no statistically significant association of Ebiino with gender and age (p = 0.352 and p = 0.909, respectively). Also found in the study were enamel hypoplasia or damage of some primary canines and/or the primary lateral incisors and first primary molars, as well as displacement of adjacent teeth, a result found to be associated with the practice. CONCLUSION: The practice of Ebiino appears to be endemic within the communities in Rukungiri region in spite of the negative impacts in form of hypoplasia, midline shift, trauma, dental displacement and missing adjacent teeth that it had on the primary dentition of the child.

Noma as a complication of false teeth (Ebiino) extraction: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Ebiino, also known as false tooth extraction, is a traditional practice done mainly in the remote areas of African countries, including Uganda. It involves the extraction of tooth buds in babies with common childhood illnesses such as fever, cough, and diarrhea. It is thought that the tooth buds are responsible for the ailments seen in these infants. The practice is performed by traditional healers using unsterile instruments. The complications associated with this dangerous practice have been mentioned in the literature and include anemia and septicemia, among others. This case report describes a baby with noma, an orofacial gangrenous infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 16-month-old girl from western Uganda belonging to the Banyankole ethnic group was admitted to Mbarara University Teaching Hospital with a 5-day history of a dark lesion on the left cheek. The lesion had started from the left upper gum at the site where a tooth bud had been extracted 1 week prior to admission. The child had experienced occasional cough and fever and also had erupting tooth buds. These tooth buds had been seen as the cause of the cough and fever by the traditional herbalist; hence, they were extracted. An unsterile instrument had been used for the procedure. At the hospital, a local examination showed necrotic tissue involving the left cheek and extending into the left upper gingival area of the girl's mouth. A clinical diagnosis of orofacial gangrene (noma) was then made. CONCLUSIONS: Ebiino, or false tooth extraction, is still practiced in some remote areas of Uganda. Noma has been mentioned as a possible complication of this traditional practice; however, case reports in the literature are scant. Public awareness of the dangers of this practice is therefore still required to prevent this dangerous complication.