Wing mechanics and acoustic communication of a new genus of sylvan katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae) from the Central Cordillera cloud forest of Colombia.

Stridulation is used by male katydids to produce sound via the rubbing together of their specialised forewings, either by sustained or interrupted sweeps of the file producing different tones and call structures. There are many species of Orthoptera that remain undescribed and their acoustic signals are unknown. This study aims to measure and quantify the mechanics of wing vibration, sound production and acoustic properties of the hearing system in a new genus of Pseudophyllinae with taxonomic descriptions of two new species. The calling behaviour and wing mechanics of males were measured using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, microscopy, and ultrasound sensitive equipment. The resonant properties of the acoustic pinnae of the ears were obtained via µ-CT scanning and 3D printed experimentation, and numerical modelling was used to validate the results. Analysis of sound recordings and wing vibrations revealed that the stridulatory areas of the right tegmen exhibit relatively narrow frequency responses and produce narrowband calls between 12 and 20 kHz. As in most Pseudophyllinae, only the right mirror is activated for sound production. The acoustic pinnae of all species were found to provide a broadband increased acoustic gain from ~40-120 kHz by up to 25 dB, peaking at almost 90 kHz which coincides with the echolocation frequency of sympatric bats. The new genus, named Satizabalus n. gen., is here derived as a new polytypic genus from the existing genus Gnathoclita, based on morphological and acoustic evidence from one described (S. sodalis n. comb.) and two new species (S. jorgevargasi n. sp. and S. hauca n. sp.). Unlike most Tettigoniidae, Satizabalus exhibits a particular form of sexual dimorphism whereby the heads and mandibles of the males are greatly enlarged compared to the females. We suggest that Satizabalus is related to the genus Trichotettix, also found in cloud forests in Colombia, and not to Gnathoclita.

Functional modularity and mechanical stress shape plastic responses during fish development.

The adaptive potential of plastic phenotypes relies on combined developmental responses. We investigated how manipulation of developmental conditions related to foraging mode in the fish Megaleporinus macrocephalus induces plastic responses at different levels: (a) functional modularity of skull bones, (b) biomechanical properties of the chondrocranium using finite element models, (c) bmp4 expression levels, used as a proxy for molecular pathways involved in bone responses to mechanical load. We identified new modules in experimental groups, suggesting increased integration in specific head bone elements associated with the development of subterminal and upturned mouths, which are major features of Megaleporinus plastic morphotypes released in the lab. Plastic responses in head shape involved differences in the magnitude of mechanical stress, which seem restricted to certain chondrocranium regions. Three bones represent a "mechanical unit" related to changes in mouth position induced by foraging mode, suggesting that functional modularity might be enhanced by the way specific regions respond to mechanical load. Differences in bmp4 expression levels between plastic morphotypes indicate associations between molecular signaling pathways and biomechanical responses to load. Our results offer a multilevel perspective of epigenetic factors involved in plastic responses, expanding our knowledge about mechanisms of developmental plasticity that originate novel complex phenotypes.

Dental implant and abutment in PEEK: stress assessment in single crown retainers on anterior region.

OBJECTIVE: Stress distribution assessment by finite elements analysis in poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) implant and abutment as retainers of single crowns in the anterior region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five 3D models were created, varying implant/abutment manufacturing materials: titanium (Ti), zirconia (Zr), pure PEEK (PEEKp), carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (PEEKc), glass fiber-reinforced PEEK (PEEKg). A 50 N load was applied 30o off-axis at the incisal edge of the upper central incisor. The Von Mises stress (σvM) was evaluated on abutment, implant/screw, and minimum principal stress (σmin) and maximum shear stress (τmax) for cortical and cancellous bone. RESULTS: The abutment σvM lowest stress was observed in PEEKp group, being 70% lower than Ti and 74% than Zr. On the implant, PEEKp reduced 68% compared to Ti and a 71% to Zr. In the abutment screws, an increase of at least 33% was found in PEEKc compared to Ti, and of at least 81% to Zr. For cortical bone, the highest τmax values were in the PEEKp group, and a slight increase in stress was observed compared to all PEEK groups with Ti and Zr. For σmin, the highest stress was found in the PEEKc. Stress increased at least 7% in cancellous bone for all PEEK groups. CONCLUSION: Abutments and implants made by PEEKc concentrate less σvM stress, transmitting greater stress to the cortical and medullary bone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The best stress distribution in PEEKc components may contribute to decreased stress shielding; in vitro and in vivo research is recommended to investigate this.

A Review of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Designs.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs) for lower-limb prosthetic designs. It covers the characteristics, types, and properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites as well as their advantages and drawbacks in prosthetic designs. This review also discusses successful prosthetic designs that incorporate NFRCs and the factors that make them effective. Additionally, this study explores the use of computational biomechanical models to evaluate the effectiveness of prosthetic devices and the key factors that are considered. Overall, this document provides a valuable resource for anyone interested in using NFRCs for lower-limb prosthetic designs.

Influence of size-anatomy of the maxillary central incisor on the biomechanical performance of post-and-core restoration with different ferrule heights.

PURPOSE: The study aims to investigate the influence of the ferrule effect and types of posts on the stress distribution in three morphological types of the maxillary central incisor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine models were created for 3 maxillary central incisor morphology types: "Fat" type - crown 12.5 mm, root 13 mm, and buccolingual cervical diameter 7.5 mm, "Medium" type - crown 11 mm, root 14 mm, and buccolingual cervical diameter 6.5 mm, and "Slim" type - crown 9.5 mm, root 15 mm, and buccolingual cervical diameter 5.5 mm. Each model received an anatomical castable post-and-core or glass-fiber post with resin composite core and three ferrule heights (nonexistent, 1 mm, and 2 mm). Then, a load of 14 N was applied at the cingulum with a 45° slope to the long axis of the tooth. The Maximum Principal Stress and the Minimum Principal Stress were calculated in the root dentin, crown, and core. RESULTS: Higher tensile and compression stress values were observed in root dentin using the metallic post compared to the fiber post, being higher in the slim type maxillary central incisor than in the medium and fat types. Concerning the three anatomical types of maxillary central incisors, the slim type without ferrule height in mm presented the highest tensile stress in the dentin, for both types of metal and fiber posts. CONCLUSION: Post system and tooth morphology were able to modify the biomechanical response of restored endodontically-treated incisors, showing the importance of personalized dental treatment for each case.

Stability of Proximal Femoral Osteotomies in Pediatric Bone Models Fixed with Flexible Intramedullary Nails and Evaluated by the Finite Element Method.

Objective To evaluate the stability of osteotomies created in the subtrochanteric and trochanteric regions in a pediatric femur model fixed by flexible intramedullary rods. Method Tomographic sections were obtained from a pediatric femur model with two elastic titanium rods and converted to a three-dimensional model. This model created a mesh with tetrahedral elements according to the finite element method. Three virtual models were obtained, and osteotomies were performed in different regions: mediodiaphyseal, subtrochanteric, and trochanteric. A vertical load of 85N was applied to the top of the femoral head, obtaining the displacements, the maximum and minimum main stress, and the equivalent Von Mises stress on the implant. Results With the applied load, displacements were observed at the osteotomy site of 0.04 mm in the diaphyseal group, 0.5 mm in the subtrochanteric group, and 0.06 mm in the trochanteric group. The maximum stress in the diaphyseal, subtrochanteric, and trochanteric groups was 10.4 Pa, 7.52 Pa, and 26.4 Pa, respectively. That is around 40% higher in the trochanteric group in regards to the diaphyseal (control). The minimum stress of the bone was located in the inner cortical of the femur. The equivalent Von Mises stress on the implants occurred at osteotomy, with a maximum value of 27.6 Pa in the trochanteric group. Conclusion In both trochanteric and subtrochanteric osteotomies, fixation stability was often lower than in the diaphyseal model, suggesting that flexible intramedullary nails are not suitable implants for proximal femoral fixations.

Biomechanical analysis of total arch maxillary distalization using infrazygomatic crest miniscrews: a finite element analysis study.

AIM: To evaluate the maxillary incisors and canine's immediate movement tendency using three different power arms (PA) height levels during total arch maxillary distalization supported on infrazygomatic crest (IZC) miniscrews according to finite element analysis (FEA). METHODS: Three finite element models of the maxilla were developed based on CBCT imaging of a teenage male patient presenting a Class II Division 1 malocclusion in the early permanent dentition. Maxillary complex, periodontium, orthodontic accessories, IZC miniscrews and an orthodontic wire were digitally created. The PAs were placed between canines and lateral incisors and projected at 4, 7, and 10 mm height distances. After that, distalization forces were simulated between PA and IZC miniscrews. RESULTS: The anterior teeth deformation produced in the FEA models was assessed according to a Von Mises equivalent. The stress was measured, revealing tendencies of initial maxillary teeth movement. No differences were found between the right and left sides. However, there was a significant difference among models in the under-stress areas, especially the apical and cervical root areas of the maxillary anterior teeth. More significant extrusion and lingual tipping of incisors were observed with the 4 mm power arm compared to the 7 mm and 10 mm ones. The 10 mm power arm did not show any tendency for extrusion of maxillary central incisors but a tendency for buccal tipping and intrusion of lateral incisors. CONCLUSION: The maxillary incisors and canines have different immediate movement tendencies according to the height of the anterior point of the en-masse distalization force application. Based on the PA height increase, a change from lingual to buccal tipping and less extrusion tendency was observed for the incisors, while the lingual tipping and extrusion trend for canines increased.

The Role of Trabecular, Ligamentous-Intervertebral Disk and Facet Joints Systems: A Finite Element Analysis in the L4-S1 Vertebrae.

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive. OBJECTIVES: Trabecular bone in the vertebrae is critical for the distribution of load and stress throughout the neuroaxis, as well as the intervertebral disk, ligamentous complex, and facet joints. The objective was to assess the stress and strain distribution of the L4-S1 spine segment by a finite element analysis. METHODS: A lumbosacral spine model was built based on a CT-Scan. Trabecular-to-cortical bone distribution, ligaments, intervertebral disk, and facet joints with cartilage were included. A perpendicular force was applied over the L4 upper terminal plate of 300 N, 460 N and 600 N in neutral, plus 5 Nm and 7.5 Nm for flexion and extension movements. Maximum principal stress and total deformation were the main studied variables. RESULTS: Trabecular bone confers resistance to axial loads on the vertebrae by elastic capacity and stress distribution. MPS and TD showed axial stress attenuation in the nucleus pulposus and longitudinal ligaments, as well as load distribution capacity. Facet joints and discontinuous ligaments showed greater TD values in flexion moments but greater MPS values in extension, conferring stability to the lumbosacral junction and axial load distribution. CONCLUSION: We propose 3 anatomical systems for axial load distribution and stress attenuation in the lumbosacral junction. Trabecular bone distributes loads, while the ligamentous-intervertebral disk transmits and attenuate axial stress. Facet joints and discontinuous ligaments act as stabilizers for flexion and extension postures. Overall, the relationship between trabecular bone, ligamentous-intervertebral disk complex and facet joints is necessary for an efficient load distribution and segmental axial stress reduction.This slide can be retrieved from the Global Spine Congress 2023.

Repair of monolithic zirconia restorations with different direct resin composites: effect on the fatigue bonding and mechanical performance.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to evaluate the shear bond and flexural strength fatigue behavior of yttrium-stabilized zirconia (4YSZ) repaired using different resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindric specimens of 4YSZ were obtained for the bond strength (Ø = 6 mm, 1.5 mm of thickness) and biaxial flexural strength (Ø = 15 mm, 1 mm of thickness) fatigue tests and divided into 3 groups according to the repair resin composite: EVO (nanohybrid), BULK (bulk-fill), and FLOW (flowable). The zirconia surface was air-abraded with alumina particles, a 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) primer was applied, and the resin composite was build-up over the zirconia. Fatigue shear bond strength and flexural fatigue strength tests were performed (n = 15). One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were carried out for both outcomes, besides scanning electron microscopy and finite element analysis. RESULTS: The repair material affected the fatigue shear bond strength of zirconia ceramic. The BULK group (18.9 MPa) depicted higher bond strength values than FLOW (14.8 MPa) (p = 0.04), while EVO (18.0 MPa) showed similar results to both groups. No effect was observed for the mechanical behavior (p = 0.53). The stress distribution was similar for all groups. CONCLUSION: The repair of yttrium-stabilized zirconia (4YSZ) ceramics with bulk-fill resin composites was the best option for high fatigue bond strength. However, the fatigue mechanical performance was similar regardless of the applied repair material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The repair of yttrium-stabilized zirconia (4YSZ) monolithic restorations may be performed with nanohybrid and bulk-fill resin composites in order to promote longevity in the treatment.

Comparative study of two retrograde locked intramedullary nail designs for ankle arthrodesis: A finite element analysis.

Ankle arthrodesis is the gold standard for treatment of end-stage arthritis. The goal of ankle arthrodesis is to obtain bony union between the tibia and the talus. Retrograde intramedullary nailing is typically reserved for ankle and subtalar joints arthrodesis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of two different materials, two locking pin configurations and two nail designs of a retrograde locked intramedullary nail used for ankle arthrodesis. Using the finite element analysis, a numerical study of ankle arthrodesis was developed to evaluate the effect of materials: TI-6Al-4V and stainless steel AISI 316 LVM; two locking pin configurations: five and six pins, on two intramedullary nails: Ø10 × 180 mm and Ø11 × 200 mm. A model of a healthy foot was created from tomographic scans. It was found that the mechanical stimulus required to achieve bone fusion were higher for Ø10 × 180 nails (6.868 ± 0.047) than the Ø11 × 200 nails (5.918 ± 0.047; p < 0.001; mean ± SEM). We also found that six-pin configuration had a higher mechanical stimulus (6.470 ± 0.047) than the five-pin configuration (6.316 ± 0.046; p = 0.020). Similarly, it was higher for titanium (6.802 ± 0.047) than those for stainless steel (5.984 ± 0.046; p < 0.001). Finally, the subtalar zone presented higher values (7.132 ± 0.043) than the tibiotalar zone (5.653 ± 0.050; p < 0.001). The highest mechanical stimulus around the vicinity of tibiotalar and subtalar joint was obtained by Ø10 × 180 nails, made of titanium alloy, with 6P.

A finite element study comparing Advansync® and Twin Block in mandibular anterior repositioning.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to utilize the finite element method (FEM) to compare the dentoalveolar and mandibular effects associated with anterior mandibular repositioning using AdvanSync® (ADV) and Twin Block (TB). METHODS: A patient with Class II skeletal malocclusion and mandibular retrognathism was selected. A TB appliance was subsequently applied. Computed Tomography (CT) scans were acquired at the beginning of treatment (T1) and 8 months later (T2). Concurrently, a numerical TB model was validated through FEM simulations, which were compared with the T2 results. The ADV appliance was virtually simulated to evaluate stress and deformation on the condyle, symphysis, first lower molar and lower central incisors. RESULTS: Both simulations demonstrated significant mandibular advancement. However, ADV led to less incisor proclination and more molar intrusion compared to TB. ADV exhibited increased stress in the lower molar area, while TB had higher stress in the lower incisor region. Stress and deformations in the condyle and mandibular symphysis were similar in both simulations, with the highest stress observed at the condylar neck and the lowest at the upper pole of the condylar head. CONCLUSIONS: Both appliances achieved similar levels of mandibular advancement, with greater proclination of the lower central incisors and more widespread distribution of stress and molar intrusion when using ADV compared to TB.

Single-plane osteotomy model is inaccurate for evaluating the optimal strategy in treating vertical femoral neck fractures: A finite element analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The conventional method for simulating vertical femoral neck fractures (vFNFs) is via a vertical single-plane osteotomy (SPO) across the entire femur. However, the accuracy of SPO for evaluating the optimal internal fixation strategy (IFS) and the appropriate assessment parameters is not clear. This study thus aimed to examine the accuracy of SPO in evaluating IFSs and to identify appropriate evaluation parameters using finite element analysis. METHODS: Eighty patient-specific finite element models were developed based on CT images from eight vFNF patients. The natural fracture model was built using structural features of the affected side, while the SPO was simulated on the healthy side. Five different IFSs were applied to both the natural fracture and SPO groups. Thirteen parameters, including stress, displacement, and stiffness, were subjected to a two-way repeated measures ANOVA to determine the effect of IFSs and fracture morphology on stability. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed on varied parameters with various IFSs to identify independent parameters. Based on these independent parameters, the entropy evaluation method (EEM) score was used to rank the performance of IFSs for each patient. RESULTS: Eight of the thirteen parameters were significantly influenced by IFSs (p < 0.05), two by fracture morphology (p < 0.01), and none by the interaction between IFS and fracture morphology. In the natural fracture group, parameters including screw stress and displacement, bone cut rate (BCR), and compression effects varied independently with distinct IFSs. In the SPO group, trunk displacement, BCR, cut-out risk, and compression effects parameters changed independently. The BCR of the Alpha strategy was significantly higher than that of the Inverted strategy in the natural fracture group (p = 0.002), whereas the opposite was observed in the SPO group (p = 0.016). Regarding compression effects, two IFS pairings in the natural fracture group and seven IFS pairings in the SPO group exhibited significant differences. None of the five IFSs achieved the optimal EEM score for each patient. CONCLUSIONS: The single-plane osteotomy model may have limitations in assessing IFSs, particularly when the bone cut rate and compression effects are the main influencing factors. Parameters of the screw stress and displacement, BCR, and compression effects appear to be relevant in evaluating IFSs for natural fracture models. It indicates that individualized natural fracture models could provide more comprehensive insights for determining the optimal IFS in treating vFNFs.

Occlusal Loading Effect on Stress Distribution of Endodontically Treated Teeth: Finite Element Analysis Study.

AIM: Evaluate the influence of occlusal loading on the stress distribution of endodontically treated teeth after root canal preparation with different file's sizes and tapers by means of finite element analysis. METHODOLOGY: Seven three-dimensional models of a single-rooted, single-canal lower second premolar were established, one healthy control and six endodontically treated and restored models. The shape of root canal preparations followed file configurations 30/.05, 30/.09, 35/.04, 35/.06, 40/.04, and 40/.06. Von- Mises equivalent stresses were calculated by applying 30 N, 90 N and 270 N loads to the buccal cusp tip, each one at 90º, 45º and 20º angles from the occlusal plane simulating occlusion, dental interference and laterality, respectively. RESULTS: 45º loading was more prone to formation of higher stress values. The simulation of occlusion and laterality resulted in maximum stress areas located at the inner side of the root curvature, while under occlusal interference they were on the lingual surface over the tooth's long axis. CONCLUSIONS: The angulation of occlusal loading and magnitude were determinants for stress distribution on dental structure. Both variations of size and taper were not determinants for the increase in the maximum stress areas.

The effect of the simulated aging by thermocycling on the elastic modulus of ethylene-vinyl acetate brands and stress/strain development during an impact: An in vitro and 3D-FEA analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Mouthguards are used to prevent dental trauma and orofacial injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) aging by thermocycling on elastic modulus, stress, strain and shock absorption ability of different ethylene-vinyl acetate brands used for mouthguards. METHODS: Thirty EVA samples with a dimension of 70 × 10 × 3 mm were obtained from four commercial brands (Bioart®, Erkodent®, Polyshok® and Proform®). Fifteen samples were submitted to 10,000 cycles (5°C-55°C) in a thermocycling machine with an immersion time of 30 s and a transfer time of 5 s. The samples were submitted to a uniaxial tensile test in a universal testing machine to calculate the elastic modulus. Data were statistically evaluated by two-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test. A three-dimensional model of the anterior maxilla was created using Rhinoceros 5.0. A 3 mm custom-fitted mouthguard was simulated. The three-dimensional volumetric mesh was generated using the Patran software (MSC Software) with isoparametrics, 4-noded tetrahedral elements and exported to Marc/Mentat (MSC Software) as element number 134. A non-linear dynamic impact analysis was performed in which a rigid object struck the central incisor at a speed of 5 m/s. The stresses were evaluated by the modified von Mises criteria and the strains were also recorded. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed for elastic modulus values (p < .001). Mean and standard deviation values (MPa) without thermocycling were: Bioart (34.5 ± 0.9), Erkodent (15.0 ± 0.4), Polyshok (17.3 ± 0.4), Proform: (20.6 ± 0.8); and with thermocycling: Bioart (25.4 ± 0.8), Erkodent (10.7 ± 0.5), Polyshok (13.3 ± 0.6), Proform (13.1 ± 0.6). The thermocycling process reduced stress and strain levels regardless of the mouthguard materials. Shock absorption ability calculated based on the strain values was increased with thermocycling process. CONCLUSION: The thermocycling process, regardless of the commercial brand, reduced the stress/strain and increased the shock absorption ability of mouthguards.

Comparative evaluation of the dentoalveolar effects of three Class II correctors: A finite element analysis study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the stress distribution and total strain applied to the dentition, periodontal ligament (PDL) and cortical and trabecular bones by three Class II correctors using finite element analysis. DESIGN: Three-dimensional analysis of stresses and total strain of the dentition with three Class II correctors. SETTING: Computational study. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models of Class II elastics, the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) and the Carriere Motion Appliance (CMA) were constructed from a cone-beam computed tomography (CBTC) image of an orthodontic Class II patient. The distribution of stress (von Mises and principal stress) and the total strain (mm) in maxillo-mandibular dentition, PDL, cortical and trabecular bone were analysed. RESULTS: The highest von Mises yield and the maximum principal stress in the three models were found at the teeth, followed by the cortical bone, trabecular bone and PDL. The maximum stress and total deformation were located at the upper canines and lower molars in the Class II elastics and CMA models, in the upper first molars in the Forsus FRD and CMA, and in the lower first premolars in the Forsus FRD. In addition, stress was distributed in the anterior and posterior regions of the teeth, and the total deformation was found in the distal direction in the upper arch and in the mesial direction in the lower arch. CONCLUSION: The stress concentrations in the three models were located close to the active components of each appliance, producing specific patterns of stress distribution and displacement that should be taken into account when planning the type of appliance to be used for the correction of the Class II malocclusion.

Biomechanical influence of narrow-diameter implants placed at the crestal and subcrestal level in the maxillary anterior region. A 3D finite element analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tendency of movement, stress distribution, and microstrain of single-unit crowns in simulated cortical and trabecular bone, implants, and prosthetic components of narrow-diameter implants with different lengths placed at the crestal and subcrestal levels in the maxillary anterior region using 3D finite element analysis (FEA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six 3D models were simulated using Invesalius 3.0, Rhinoceros 4.0, and SolidWorks software. Each model simulated the right anterior maxillary region including a Morse taper implant of Ø2.9 mm with different lengths (7, 10, and 13 mm) placed at the crestal and subcrestal level and supporting a cement-retained monolithic single crown in the area of tooth 12. The FEA was performed using ANSYS 19.2. The simulated applied force was 178 N at 0°, 30°, and 60°. The results were analyzed using maps of displacement, von Mises (vM) stress, maximum principal stress, and microstrain. RESULTS: Models with implants at the subcrestal level showed greater displacement. vM stress increased in the implant and prosthetic components when implants were placed at the subcrestal level compared with the crestal level; the length of the implants had a low influence on the stress distribution. Higher stress and strain concentrations were observed in the cortical bone of the subcrestal placement, independent of implant length. Non-axial loading influenced the increased stress and strain in all the evaluated structures. CONCLUSIONS: Narrow-diameter implants positioned at the crestal level showed a more favorable biomechanical behavior for simulated cortical bone, implants, and prosthetic components. Implant length had a smaller influence on stress or strain distribution than the other variables.

Stress distribution on implant- supported zirconia crown of maxillary first molar: effect of oblique load on natural and antagonist tooth.

This study evaluated the stress distribution on an implant-supported zirconia crown of a mandibular first molar subjected to oblique loading by occlusal contact with the natural maxillary first molar by using the 3D finite element method. Two virtual models were made to simulate the following situations: (1) occlusion between maxillary and mandibular natural first molars; (2) occlusion between zirconia implant-supported ceramic crown on a mandibular first molar and maxillary natural first molar. The models were designed virtually in a modeling program or CAD (Computer Aided Design) (Rhinoceros). An oblique load of 100 N was uniformly applied to the zirconia framework of the crown. The results were obtained by the Von Mises criterion of stress distribution. Replacement of the mandibular tooth by an implant caused a slight increase in stress on portions of the maxillary tooth roots. The crown of the maxillary model in occlusion with natural antagonist tooth showed 12% less stress when compared with the maxillary (model in occlusion with the) implant-supported crown. The mandibular crown of the implant show 35% more stress when compared with the mandibular antagonist crown on the natural tooth. The presence of the implant to replace the mandibular tooth increased the stresses on the maxillary tooth, especially in the region of the mesial and distal buccal roots.

Efeito do desenho de preparo e do material restaurador na distribuição de tensões, sobrevivência e carga média de fratura em fadiga de restaurações do tipo overlay / Effect of preparation desings and restorative material on the fatigue behavior and stress distribution of complete coverage onlays

Este estudo avalia o comportamento em fadiga e distribuição de tensões de três desenhos de preparo para overlays (n=21) (com preparo de istmo [IST], com preparo não retentivo [nRET] e sem preparo de istmo [sIST]) e o efeito do material restaurador (resina composta [Tetric CAD] e cerâmica vítrea reforçada por leucita [Empress CAD]) cimentados sobre resina epóxi G10. Com o objetivo de determinar os perfis de carregamento para o ensaio de vida acelerado step-stress (SSALT)), três espécimes de cada grupo foram testados monotônicamente, e os demais foram ensaiados até a fratura, em uma máquina de simulação de mastigação. O número de ciclos e a respectiva carga em que cada espécime falhou foi utilizado para análise de sobrevivência, assim como os dados de espécimes sobreviventes ao teste. Foi realizada a análise de probabilidade Weibull. O modo de falha dos espécimes foi avaliado por estereomicroscopia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O comportamento biomecânico foi avaliado utilizando a análise por elementos finitos, e a distribuição de tensão foi avaliada considerando os modelos isotrópicos, linearmente elásticos e homogêneos; uma carga axial (200 N) foi aplicada à superfície oclusal dos molares. A concentração de tensão nas restaurações, interfaces adesivas e estrutura dental foi analisada pelo critério de Tensão Máxima Principal. Houve diferença estatística no SSALT entre nRET-RC (1840,46N) e os demais grupos de estudo, no FEA os grupos LEU absorveram maiores picos de tensão e RC os menores. Os diferentes desenhos de preparo para overlay influenciam a resistência à fratura e a distribuição de tensões em restaurações de cerâmica reforçada com leucita e resina composta para CAD/CAM.(AU)

This study assessed the fatigue behavior and stress distribution of three preparation designs for overlays (n=21) (with isthmus preparation [IST], with non-retentive preparation [nRET], and without isthmus preparation [sIST]) and the effect of the restorative material (composite resin [Tetric CAD] and leucite-reinforced glass ceramic [Empress CAD]) cemented on G10 epoxy resin. To determine the loading profiles for the step-stress accelerated life test (SSALT), three specimens from each group were tested monotonically, and the remainder were tested until fracture, in a chewing simulation machine. The number of cycles and the corresponding load at which each specimen failed were used for survival analysis, along with data from surviving specimens. Weibull probability analysis was performed. The failure mode of the specimens was evaluated through stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Biomechanical behavior was assessed using finite element analysis, and stress distribution was evaluated considering isotropic, linearly elastic, and homogeneous models; an axial load (200 N) was applied to the occlusal surface of the molars. Stress concentration in restorations, adhesive interfaces, and dental structure was analyzed using the Maximum Principal Stress criterion. There was a statistical difference in SSALT between nRET-RC (1840.46N) and the other study groups. In FEA, the LEU groups absorbed higher stress peaks, and RC groups absorbed lower ones. The different preparation designs for overlays influence the fracture resistance and stress distribution in leucite-reinforced ceramic and composite resin restorations for CAD/CAM.(AU)

Stress distribution in peri-implant bone, implants, and prostheses: 3D-FEA of marginal bone loss and prosthetic design / Distribuição de estresse no osso peri-implantar, implantes e próteses: análise 3D-FEA de perda óssea marginal e design protético

Objective: In response to the demand for dental implants, extensive research has been conducted on methods for transferring load to the surrounding bone. This study aimed to evaluate the stresses on the peripheral bone, implants, and prostheses under scenarios involving of the following variables: prosthesis designs, vertical bone heights, load angles, and restorative materials. Material and Methods: Three implants were inserted in the premolar and molar regions (5-6-7) of the two mandibular models. Model 1 represented 0 mm marginal bone loss and Model 2 simulated 3 mm bone loss. CAD/CAM-supported materials, hybrid ceramic (HC), resin-nano ceramic (RNC), lithium disilicate (LiSi), zirconia (Zr), and two prosthesis designs (splinted and non-splinted) were used for the implant-supported crowns. Forces were applied vertically (90°) to the central fossa and buccal cusps and obliquely (30°) to the buccal cusps only. The stresses were evaluated using a three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis. Results: Oblique loading resulted in the highest stress values. Of the four materials, RNC showed the low stress in the restoration, particularly in the marginal area. The use of different restorative materials did not affect stress distribution in the surrounding bone. The splinted prostheses generated lower stress magnitude on the bone, and while more stress on the implants were observed. Conclusion: In terms of the stress distribution on the peri-implant bone and implants, the use of different restorative materials is not important. Oblique loading resulted in higher stress values, and the splinted prosthesis design resulted in lower stress (AU)

Objetivo: Em resposta à demanda por implantes dentários, extensa pesquisa foi realizada sobre métodos para transferir carga ao osso circundante. Este estudo buscou avaliar os estresses no osso periférico, implantes e próteses em cenários que envolvem as seguintes variáveis: designs de próteses, alturas ósseas verticais, ângulos de carga e materiais restauradores. Material e Métodos: Três implantes foram inseridos nas regiões dos pré-molares e molares (5-6-7) de dois modelos de mandíbula. O Modelo 1 representou perda óssea marginal de 0 mm e o Modelo 2 simulou perda óssea de 3 mm. Materiais suportados por CAD/CAM, cerâmica híbrida (HC), cerâmica nano-resina (RNC), dissilicato de lítio (LiSi), zircônia (Zr) e dois designs de próteses (sintetizadas e não-sintetizadas) foram utilizados para as coroas suportadas por implantes. Forças foram aplicadas verticalmente (90°) à fossa central e cúspides bucais e obliquamente (30°) apenas às cúspides bucais. Os estresses foram avaliados usando Análise de Elementos Finitos tridimensional. Resultados: Cargas oblíquas resultaram nos valores mais altos de estresse. Entre os quatro materiais, RNC mostrou baixo estresse na restauração, especialmente na área marginal. O uso de diferentes materiais restauradores não afetou a distribuição de estresse no osso circundante. Próteses sintetizadas geraram menor magnitude de estresse no osso, enquanto mais estresse nos implantes foi observado. Conclusão: Em termos de distribuição de estresse no osso peri-implantar e implantes, o uso de diferentes materiais restauradores não é crucial. Cargas oblíquas resultaram em valores mais altos de estresse, e o design de prótese sintetizada resultou em menor estresse. (AU)

Biomechanical behavior of three maxillary expanders in cleft lip and palate: a finite element study

Abstract: This study evaluated the stress distribution in the dentoalveolar and palatal bone structures during maxillary expansion in a 17-year-old male patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) using expanders with dental (HYRAX) and skeletal anchorage (MARPE). For the generation of the specific finite element models, cone-beam computed tomography was used, and the DICOM files were exported to Mimics 3-Matic (Materialise) and Patran (MSC Software) software. Three specific three-dimensional models were generated: A) HYRAX: conventional four-banded hyrax screw (9 mm); B) MARPE-DS: 3 miniscrews (1.8 mm diameter - 5.4 mm length) and four-banded dental anchorage; and C) MARPE-NoDS: 3 miniscrews without dental anchorage. Maxillary expansion was simulated by activating the expanders transversely 1 mm on the "X" axis. HYRAX resulted in higher levels of deformation predominantly in the dentoalveolar region. MARPE-DS showed stress in the dentoalveolar region and mainly in the center of the palatal region, at approximately 4,000 με. MARPE-NoDS exhibited evident stress only in the palatal region. High stress levels in the root anchoring teeth were observed for HYRAX and MARPE-DS. In contrast, MARPE-NoDS cause stress on the tooth structure. The stress distribution from the expanders used in the BLCP showed asymmetric expansive behavior. During the initial activation phase of expansion, the HYRAX and MARPE-DS models produced similarly high strain at the dentoalveolar structures and upper posterior teeth displacement. The MARPE-NoDS model showed restricted strain on the palate.