Expression of microRNA-223 and microRNA-214 in gingival crevicular fluid of smoker and nonsmoker periodontitis patients, an observational diagnostic accuracy study.

OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that affects a wide range of populations. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. miRNAs are now considered potential diagnostic markers for many inflammatory diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the expression of microRNA-223(miRNA-223) and microRNA-214 (miRNA-214) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of smoker and nonsmoker with periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study among 42 participants: 14 healthy controls, 14 nonsmoker periodontitis participants, and 14 smokers with periodontitis. Eligibility criteria for inclusion were consecutive adults, aged 20-60 years, with stage III periodontitis grade B/C and no systemic diseases. All consenting participants had gingival crevicular fluid samples collected after diagnosis to assess miRNA-214 and -223 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS: ROC curve analyses for the non-smoker periodontitis group showed that miR-214 as a predictor in comparison to miR-223 had higher sensitivity [92.86%-64.29%], same specificity [100%], and a significantly higher area under the curve [0.974-0.796] respectively (p = 0.036). As for the smoker periodontitis group, a ROC curve with miR-214 as predictor in comparison to miR-223 had higher sensitivity [100%-71.43%], same specificity [100%], and a non-significantly higher area under the curve [1-0.872], respectively (p = 0.059). CONCLUSION: Both miRNA-214 and 223 are reliable potential diagnostic markers for periodontitis, with miRNA-214 being more accurate for smokers with periodontitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both miRNA-214 and 223 could be considered for potential chair-side diagnostics, by simply collecting GCF detecting the disease in its first steps and aid in preventing unrepairable damage.

Expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and a-MMP-8 in sites with healthy conditions and with periodontal and peri-implant diseases: A case-control study.

Background: This study evaluated the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and Peri- implant crevicular fluid (PICF) concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and active metalloproteinase-8 (a-MMP-8) in sites with healthy conditions vs. sites affected by periodontitis (PER) and peri-implantitis (PIM). Methods: Periodontally healthy (PH) sites with PER, sites with peri-implant health (PIH), and sites with PIM were investigated intra-individually, according to the inclusion criteria of each group. Probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index, gingival index, and the presence or absence of bleeding on probing (BoP) were evaluated. In GCF and PICF samples, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA Duoset® kit in combination with Ultramark® micro-ELISA digital reader; a-MMP8 concentration was analyzed by a chairside test (Perio/ImplantSafe®) in combination with a digital reader (ORALyzer®). Results: The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1ß, TNF-α, and a-MMP-8 were significantly higher in the PIM and PER sites compared to healthy sites (P<0.05). Significantly higher concentrations of IL-1ß and a-MMP-8 were found in PIM vs. PER sites (P<0.05), while the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α did not differ between the PIM and PER groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: aMMP-8, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α presented higher GCF/PICF concentrations in diseased periodontal and peri-implant sites. However, only the concentrations of IL-1ß and a-MMP-8 were significantly higher in PIM than in PER sites.

A Comparative Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients Undergoing Growth Modulation Therapy With Twin Block, Forsus Fatigue Resistant, and Clear Block Appliances Compared to Normal Individuals: An In Vivo Study.

Background In the contemporary era, where science and technology know no boundaries, this in vivo study explores the impact of growth modulation therapy using Twin Block, Forsus Fatigue Resistant, and Clear Block appliances on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Bone physiology involves modeling and remodeling, with orthodontics applying forces to teeth, influencing tissue reactivity and bone modeling. ALP, a marker of osteoblast function, plays a crucial role in bone growth. GCF reflects immunological and inflammatory responses during orthodontic force application, making it a valuable medium for studying ongoing metabolic processes related to bone turnover. Aim The study aims to comparatively analyze ALP levels in GCF during growth modulation therapy, assessing the efficacy of Twin Block, Forsus Fatigue Resistant, and Clear Block appliances. The research involves 30 experimental samples divided into three study groups and a control group. The samples are collected at various time intervals, and ALP levels are analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis includes paired and unpaired t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple comparisons. Results Results demonstrate a significant increase in ALP levels during the growth modulation therapy, indicating a positive correlation with bone remodeling. Twin Block appears to be the most effective appliance, exhibiting higher ALP activity compared to Clear Block and Forsus groups. Conclusion In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the biochemical responses during growth modulation therapy, emphasizing the potential of GCF analysis in understanding orthodontic treatment effects.

Inflammatory and bone remodelling related biomarkers following periodontal transplantation of the tissue engineered biocomplex.

OBJECTIVES: To assess gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of inflammatory and bone remodelling related biomarkers following transplantation of a tissue-engineered biocomplex into intrabony defects at several time-points over 12-months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Group-A (n = 9) received the Minimal Access Flap (MAF) surgical technique combined with a biocomplex of autologous clinical-grade alveolar bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells in collagen scaffolds enriched with an autologous fibrin/platelet lysate (aFPL). Group-B (n = 10) received the MAF surgery, with collagen scaffolds enriched with aFPL and Group-C (n = 8) received the MAF surgery alone. GCF was collected from the osseous defects of subjects via paper strips/30 sec at baseline, 6-weeks, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-months post-surgery. Levels of inflammatory and bone remodelling-related biomarkers in GCF were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Group-A demonstrated significantly higher GCF levels of BMP-7 at 6-9 months than baseline, with gradually decreasing levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic markers (TNF-α, RANKL) over the study-period; and an overall decrease in the RANKL/OPG ratio at 9-12 months than baseline (all p < 0.001). In comparison, only modest interim changes were observed in Groups-B and -C. CONCLUSIONS: At the protein level, the approach of MAF and biocomplex transplantation provided greater tissue regeneration potential as cell-based therapy appeared to modulate inflammation and bone remodelling in residual periodontal defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transplantation of a tissue engineered construct into periodontal intrabony defects demonstrated a biochemical pattern for inflammatory control and tissue regeneration over 12-months compared to the control treatments. Understanding the biological healing events of stem cell transplantation may facilitate the design of novel treatment strategies. CLINICAL DATABASE REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02449005.

"Outcome of non-surgical periodontal treatment on Gal-1 and Gal-3 GCF levels in periodontitis patients: a case-control study".

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on Galectin-1 and -3 GCF levels in gingivitis and periodontitis stage III compared to periodontally healthy individuals, to determine whether they could serve as diagnostic markers / therapeutic targets for periodontitis and revealing their possible role in periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five systemically healthy participants were included and equally subdivided into three groups: gingivitis, periodontitis (stage III), and a periodontally healthy control group. The clinical parameters were recorded. Galectin-1 and -3 GCF levels were evaluated (before and after non-surgical treatment for periodontitis) using an enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to reveal sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of both markers. RESULTS: The study showed statistical significance between different groups regarding Galectin-3 with higher values in periodontitis and the lowest values in healthy control. Also, Galectin-1 was significantly higher in the periodontitis/gingivitis groups than in the control group. Moreover, non-surgical periodontal treatment in periodontitis patients caused a statistical reduction in clinical parameters and biomarkers. ROC analysis revealed excellent diagnostic ability of both biomarkers in discriminating periodontitis/gingivitis against healthy individuals (100% diagnostic accuracy for Galectin-1 and 93% for Galectin-3, AUC > 0.9) and acceptable diagnostic ability between periodontitis participants against gingivitis (73% diagnostic accuracy for Gal-1 and 80% for Gal-3, AUC > 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Both Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 seem to have outstanding diagnostic accuracy for the identification of periodontal disease, an acceptable ability to measure periodontal disease activity and the severity of inflammatory status. Additionally, they could serve as therapeutic targets to monitor treatment efficiency. CLINICALTRIAL: GOV REGISTRATION NUMBER: (NCT06038812).

Changes in Dickkopf-1, but Not Sclerostin, in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Are Associated with Peroral Statin Treatment in Patients with Periodontitis.

Background and Objectives: Periodontitis is marked by the destruction of alveolar bone. Sclerostin (SOST) and dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) act as inhibitors of the Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathway, a key regulator of bone metabolism. Recent studies have suggested that statins play a role in bone resorption and formation by influencing Wnt signaling. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of SOST and DKK-1 in periodontal patients with and without peroral statins treatment in their therapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 79 patients with diagnosed periodontitis were divided into two groups: 39 patients on statin therapy (SP group) and 40 patients without statin therapy as a control group (P group). The periodontal clinical examination probing (pocket) depth (PD) and gingival recession (GR) were measured, and approximal plaque was detected, while vertical and horizontal bone resorption was measured using a panoramic radiograph image. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) values were calculated using PD and GR values. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected and used for measuring SOST and DKK-1 levels. A questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle habits and statin intake. Patients' medical records were used to obtain biochemical parameters. Results: There was no significant difference in sclerostin concentration between the SP and P group. DKK-1 values were significantly higher in the SP group compared to the control group (p = 0.04). Also, PD (p = 0.001) and GR (p = 0.03) were significantly higher in the SP group. The level of DKK-1 had a positive relationship with the PD, the greater the PD, the higher the level of DKK-1 (Rho = 0.350), while there was no significant association with other parameters. Conclusions: Peroral statins in periodontal patients are associated with GCF levels of DKK-1 but not with sclerostin levels.

LIGHT protein: A novel gingival crevicular fluid biomarker associated with increased probing depth after periodontal surgery.

AIM: To evaluate the protein profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in relation to clinical outcomes after periodontal surgery and examine if any selected proteins affect the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This exploratory study included 21 consecutive patients with periodontitis. GCF was collected, and the protein pattern (n = 92) and clinical parameters were evaluated prior to surgery and 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Fibroblastic gene expression was analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Surgical treatment reduced periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and changed the GCF protein pattern. Twelve months after surgery, 17% of the pockets showed an increase in PPD. Levels of a number of proteins in the GCF decreased after surgical treatment but increased with early signs of tissue destruction, with LIGHT being one of the proteins that showed the strongest association. Furthermore, LIGHT up-regulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and MMP9 in human gingival fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: LIGHT can potentially detect subjects at high risk of periodontitis recurrence after surgical treatment. Moreover, LIGHT induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines and tissue-degrading enzymes in gingival fibroblasts.

Immunoglobulin A response to SARS-CoV-2-N-protein potentially persists in oral fluids of patients with periodontitis six months after mRNA vaccine administration.

Few studies have investigated the mucosal immune response after BNT162b2-booster vaccination in individuals with periodontitis. In this study, we evaluated the persistence of IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2-N-protein in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontitis for at least six months post BNT162b2 vaccine booster. We included patients with moderate (n = 7) and severe (n = 7) periodontitis and participants without periodontitis (n = 7) as controls. The Bradford method measured the protein concentrations in the samples, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein was performed to analyze the targeted IgA level. For the tested SARS-CoV-2 antigen (N-protein), IgA levels in saliva and GCF showed a strong and significant correlation. Therefore, in patients with moderate or severe periodontitis, saliva and GCF can provide information regarding the IgA response against SARS-CoV-2-N-protein. The neutralizing activity of IgA against SARS-CoV-2 was not investigated in this study, necessitating further research.

The effect of interleukin-20 on periodontal tissue destruction in individuals with periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys periodontal tissues. Interleukin-20 (IL-20), on the other hand, is known as a potent angiogenic, chemotactic, and pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with various chronic inflammatory disorders. IL-20 has a significant role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of IL-20 on periodontal destruction. METHODS: In this study, a total of 60 participants were included, 30 of whom were systemically and periodontally healthy (control group), and 30 were systemically healthy but had periodontitis (periodontitis group). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples were collected from the participants for biochemical analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of IL-20, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL1ß/IL-10, RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8). For statistical analysis, the independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and the Chi-square test were used. RESULTS: GCF IL-20, RANKL, RANKL/OPG, serum IL-20, RANKL, RANKL/OPG, MMP-8, TNF-α, IL-1B, and IL-1ß/IL-10 values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the control group. GCF OPG and serum IL-10 values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the periodontitis group. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in serum OPG values. A statistically significantly positive correlation was observed between serum IL-20 value and serum RANKL, RANKL/OPG, MMP-8, TNF-α, IL-1ß values, and periodontal clinical parameters. The ROC curves showed: AUC = 0.788 for GCF IL-20, and AUC = 1.000 for serum IL-20. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, IL-20 was found to be associated with periodontitis. The role of IL-20 in periodontal pathogenesis is related to osteoclastogenesis and collagen degradation. It is conceivable that IL-20 may increase bone destruction by both affecting the RANKL/OPG ratio and proinflammatory cytokines.

GCF2 mediates nicotine-induced cancer stemness and progression in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cigarette smoking is one of the most impactful behavior-related risk factors for multiple cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nicotine, as the principal component of tobacco, is not only responsible for smoking addiction but also a carcinogen; nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that nicotine enhances HCC cancer stemness and malignant progression by upregulating the expression of GC-rich binding factor 2 (GCF2), a gene that was revealed to be upregulated in HCC and whose upregulation predicts poor prognosis, and subsequently activating the Wnt/ꞵ-catenin/SOX2 signaling pathway. We found that nicotine significantly increased GCF2 expression and that silencing of GCF2 reduced nicotine-induced cancer stemness and progression. Mechanistically, nicotine could stabilize the protein level of GCF2, and then GCF2 could robustly activate its downstream Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, our results thus suggest that GCF2 is a potential target for a therapeutic strategy against nicotine-promoted HCC.

Exploration of key factors in Gingival Crevicular fluids from patients undergoing Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) using proteome analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study are to explore protein changes in gingival crevicular fluid at different time points after PAOO by proteomics method and to select significant bone metabolization-related biomarkers. METHODS: This study included 10 adult patients experiencing PAOO. After orthodontic alignment and leveling, the maxillary anterior teeth were treated with PAOO, which is classified as the experimental area. The traditional orthodontic treatment was performed in the mandibular dentition as the control. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at the following time points: the day before the PAOO (T1) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and 6 months after PAOO (T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively). The label-free quantitative proteomic assay was used to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid in PAOO and control areas at time point T1, T2, and T4. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to categorize proteins based on biological processes, cellular component and molecular function, which is in compliance with gene ontology (GO) standards. The changes of proteins were confirmed by ELISA. RESULTS: A total of 134 proteins were selected by keywords (Osteoblast markers, Osteoclast markers, Osteoclastogenesis regulating genes and inflammatory marker). 33 of them were statistically different between groups, and 12 were related to bone metabolism. 5 proteins selected by label-free quantitative proteomics were KLF10, SYT7, APOA1, FBN1 and NOTCH1. KLF10 decreased after PAOO, hitting a trough at T4, and then leveled off. SYT7 increased after PAOO, reaching a peak at T3, and then stabilized until T6. APOA1 ascended to a peak at T4 after PAOO, and then remained stable until T6. The FBN1 rose after PAOO, reaching a peak at T4, and then went down slowly. NOTCH1 ascended rapidly in the first two weeks after PAOO and continued its slow growth trend. CONCLUSION: In this study, protein changes in gingival crevicular fluid were detected by proteomics method, and significant bone metabolization-related proteins were selected. It is speculated that APOA1, FBN1, NOTCH1, SYT7 and KLF10 played key roles in regulating bone metabolic balance and in reversible osteopenia after PAOO, which might be involved in the accelerated tooth movement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR-ONRC-13,004,129) (26/04/2013).

Assessment of Wound Healing Using MMP-8 Levels in GCF of Diabetics With Chronic Periodontitis After Diode Laser Assisted Flap Surgery.

Background: Inflammatory cytokines like Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with the destruction observed in periodontal disease (3). There has been evidence of significant increases in MMP levels in patients with systemic disorders, such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which is associated with microvascular complications, causing increased MMP activity, directly or indirectly, due to oxidative stress. Objective: The aim of this study was conducted in order to assess wound healing using MMP-8 levels in GCF of diabetics with chronic periodontitis after diode laser assisted flap surgery. Methods: This interventional, comparative clinical trial, was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC), (Study protocol number: 48/2020), and registered with Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2022/07/043898). Purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (15 systemically healthy patients, and 15 diabetic patients), who visited the Department of Periodontology. Results: Out of the 30 patients initially selected, 3 patients were lost to follow up and 1 patient was excluded from the study due to lack of compliance towards oral hygiene maintenance. Intragroup comparison of the clinical parameters at baseline and 3 months in both groups was statistically significant (p=0.000). This concludes that there was statistically significant improvement in the periodontal parameters of non-diabetic patients after diode laser assisted flap surgery. Inter-group comparison of the clinical parameters did not show statistical significance at baseline and at 3 months (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that there was comparable changes in the periodontal parameters in both groups after surgery. Conclusion: MMP-8 could be used as a futuristic tool for assessing wound healing especially in diabetics, so that necessary treatment interventions can be undertaken prior to development of any post-op complications. Laser assisted Modified Widman flap showed noteworthy improvement in the clinical parameters in both groups. Thus, proving that laser assisted MWF surgery is a favorable treatment modality, especially in diabetics who are immunocompromised and prone to infections.

Assessment of Wound Healing Using MMP-8 Levels in GCF of Diabetics With Chronic Periodontitis After Diode Laser Assisted Flap Surgery.

Background: Inflammatory cytokines like Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with the destruction observed in periodontal disease. There has been evidence of significant increases in MMP levels in patients with systemic disorders, such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which is associated with microvascular complications, causing increased MMP activity, directly or indirectly, due to oxidative stress. Objective: The aim of this study was conducted in order to assess wound healing using MMP-8 levels in GCF of diabetics with chronic periodontitis after diode laser assisted flap surgery. Methods: This interventional, comparative clinical trial, was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC), (Study protocol number: 48/2020), and registered with Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2022/07/043898). Purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (15 systemically healthy patients, and 15 diabetic patients), who visited the Department of Periodontology. Results: Out of the 30 patients initially selected, 3 patients were lost to follow up and 1 patient was excluded from the study due to lack of compliance towards oral hygiene maintenance. Intragroup comparison of the clinical parameters at baseline and 3 months in both groups was statistically significant (p=0.000). This concludes that there was statistically significant improvement in the periodontal parameters of non-diabetic patients after diode laser assisted flap surgery. Inter-group comparison of the clinical parameters did not show statistical significance at baseline and at 3 months (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that there was comparable changes in the periodontal parameters in both groups after surgery. Conclusion: MMP-8 could be used as a futuristic tool for assessing wound healing especially in diabetics, so that necessary treatment interventions can be undertaken prior to development of any post-op complications. Laser assisted Modified Widman flap showed noteworthy improvement in the clinical parameters in both groups. Thus, proving that laser assisted MWF surgery is a favorable treatment modality, especially in diabetics who are immunocompromised and prone to infections.

Biomarkers for diagnosis of stage III, grade C with molar incisor pattern periodontitis in children and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To explore the existing salivary, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), blood, and serum biomarkers associated with grade C molar-incisor pattern (C/MIP) periodontitis in systemically healthy children and young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies on stage III grade C periodontitis or former equivalent diagnosis with analysis of molecular biomarkers in saliva, GCF, blood, or serum were retrieved from six databases and screened based on the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated. Meta-analysis was planned for biomarkers assessed using the same detection methods and sample type in at least two papers. RESULTS: Out of 5621 studies identified at initial screening, 28 papers were included in the qualitative analysis of which 2 were eligible for meta-analysis for IgG in serum samples. Eighty-seven biomarkers were assessed with the majority being higher in cases than in controls. Only the meta-analysis of total serum IgG with low heterogeneity value revealed a significant increase in its levels in C/MIPs compared to controls (standardised mean difference: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.40). CONCLUSION: There is a paucity of data on biomarkers associated with molar-incisor pattern periodontitis. Although serum IgG levels are raised, other more specific biomarkers in saliva, GCF, and blood/serum may be promising but require further investigation.

Determination of serum and gingival crevicular fluid levels of omentin in healthy and rheumatoid arthritis subjects with and without periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess and correlate the serum and GCF levels of omentin with the periodontal status of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with and without periodontitis. METHODS: Forty-four patients were divided into four groups: group H: 11 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects; group P: 11 systemically healthy subjects with periodontitis; group RA: 11 periodontally healthy subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and group RA + P: 11 rheumatoid arthritis subjects with periodontitis. Periodontal parameters (plaque index, modified gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level) were recorded and serum and GCF samples were collected for the estimation of omentin using ELISA. RESULTS: The mean value of plaque index, modified gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were significantly higher whereas serum and GCF omentin levels were found to be decreased in group IV when compared to the other groups. The significant correlation was found between the serum and GCF omentin levels with all the periodontal parameters. CONCLUSION: The omentin level in serum and GCF was found to be lower in RA patients with periodontitis. It is also inversely correlated with the periodontal parameters. Thus, omentin can serve as a significant diagnostic and therapeutic tool in both periodontal and rheumatoid disease.

The effect of different cigarette smoking levels on gingival crevicular fluid volume and periodontal clinical parameters in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium. It is the main cause of tooth loss and is considered one of the biggest threats to the oral cavity. Tobacco smoking has long been associated with increased risk for periodontal, peri-implant, and other medical diseases. Objective: To evaluate the effect of smoking and its level on periodontal clinical parameters (probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)) in healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals. Material and Method: A total of 160 participants were recruited in the present study, who were equally divided into the following five groups: healthy controls (C), healthy smokers (HS), nonsmokers with periodontitis (PNS), light smokers with periodontitis (PLS), and heavy smokers with periodontitis (PHS). GCF volume and periodontal clinical parameters (PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP) were assessed for each participant and compared between the study groups. Result: There was a statistically significant difference in PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean PI, PD, and CAL were considerably higher in heavy smokers than light smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean GI and BOP were significantly lower in heavy smokers than in light smokers and non-smokers. There was a statistically significant difference in GCF between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean GCF readings were higher in heavy smokers than light smokers or non-smokers (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study confirms the influence of smoking on periodontal clinical parameters. Smoking was associated with increased PD, PI, CAL, and GCF readings; however, GI and BOP were decreased in smokers. The number of cigarettes played a key role in the volume of GCF and periodontal clinical parameters.

Diagnostic potential of miR-200 family members in gingival crevicular fluid for chronic periodontitis: correlation with clinical parameters and therapeutic implications.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of miR-200 family members in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as diagnostic biomarkers for chronic periodontitis (CP), aiming to provide valuable insights for the early detection and management of the disease. METHODS: GSE89081 dataset profiled miRNAs in GCF derived from 5 healthy and 5 periodontitis was analyzed by GEO2R. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantify the expression levels of miR-200 family members (miR-200a-3p, miR-200a-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200b-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-200c-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-141-5p, and miR-429) in the GCF samples from 103 CP patients and 113 healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of miR-200 family members in differentiating CP patients from healthy controls. RESULTS: By analyzing the GSE89081 dataset, miR-200a-5p, miR-200b-5p and miR-200c-5p were significantly upregulated in GCF of the CP patients compared to the healthy control. In this study, miR-200a-3p, miR-200a-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200b-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-200c-5p were significantly increased in GCF of CP patients compared to the healthy control, while miR-141 and miR-429 did not show significant differences. MiR-200a, -200b and 200c had good diagnostic value, and when these miRNAs were combined, they demonstrated excellent diagnostic value for CP with an AUC of 0.997, sensitivity of 99.03%, and specificity of 98.23%. MiR-200a, -200b and 200c in GCF showed significant and positive correlation with plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD). CONCLUSION: MiR-200a, -200b and 200c in GCF may serve as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CP, which was correlated with clinical parameters, being therapeutic targets for CP.

Calprotectin and periostin levels in periodontitis patients with coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on periodontal and cardiac parameters as well as on the expression of calprotectin and periostin levels in periodontitis patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Ninety subjects were categorised into three groups: Group H: periodontally and systemically healthy subjects, Group P: stage III grade B periodontitis subjects with no associated systemic diseases and Group P + CAD: stage III grade B periodontitis subjects diagnosed with CAD. Demographic, periodontal and cardiac parameters were recorded at baseline (0 day) and on the 180th day after NSPT. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from all participants at baseline (0 day) and after the 180th day. Calprotectin and periostin expression were reassessed. RESULTS: A significant increase in the levels of calprotectin (34.05 ± 11.72) was seen at baseline in the P + CAD group, whereas on the contrary, a decreased periostin (1.59 ± 0.41) was also noted at baseline. The study also showed a significant improvement in periodontal and cardiac parameters on the 180th day following NSPT. CONCLUSION: Detection of calprotectin and periostin expression in GCF samples could represent a link to the association of periodontitis and CAD.

Detection of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption-associated biomarkers from the gingival crevicular fluid by proteomics analysis: a randomized-controlled clinical trial.

Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) is an undesirable complication of orthodontic treatment (OT) with an ambiguous aetiologic mechanism. This study aimed to identify OIIRR-associated biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) using proteomic analysis. In this randomized clinical trial, the upper first premolars (UFP) were exposed either to light or heavy force. The GCF was collected at 1 h, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days following force application. After extraction of UFP, roots were imaged and resorption premolar, was used to deliver either light forcecraters were measured. Proteomic analysis of GCF was performed using 2D gel electrophoresis with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS. Results were further analyzed by bioinformatics analyses showing the biological functions and predicted pathways. The predicted canonical pathways showed that the expression of immunoglobulin kappa (IGKC), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), neurolysin mitochondrial (NEUL), keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 (K2C1), S100-A9, and the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) were significantly associated with a range of biological and inflammatory processes. In conclusion, up-regulation of S100A9, CASR, and K2C1 suggested a response to force-related inflammation, chemotactic activities, osteoclastogenesis, and epithelial cell breakdown. Meanwhile, the up-regulation of IGKC, NGAL, and K2C1 indicated a response to the inflammatory process, innate immunity activation, and epithelial cell breakdown. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03572-5.

Estimation of GCF and Salivary Levels of NT-proBNP in Systemically Healthy Subjects with Severe Chronic Periodontitis Before and After Periodontal Flap Surgery.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to estimate and compare the Saliva and GCF levels of NT-proBNP in systemically healthy subjects with severe chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal flap surgery. Materials and Methods: Twenty subjects were selected and divided into two groups based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Healthy Controls: 10 periodontally and systemically healthy subjects. Presurgery Group: 10 systemically healthy subjects with severe chronic generalized periodontitis. Postsurgery Group included Presurgery Group subjects who will undergo periodontal flap surgery. After the periodontal parameters were measured, GCF and saliva samples were collected. Postsurgery Group subjects underwent periodontal flap surgery and both periodontal parameters and GCF and saliva levels were reassessed after 6 months. Results: Presurgery Group showed a higher mean value of plaque index, modified gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level when compared to Healthy Controls and it was found to decrease after periodontal flap surgery (Postsurgery Group). Intergroup comparison (Presurgery Group vs Postsurgery Group) of the mean difference of salivary NT-proBNP was found to be statistically significant. GCF levels of NT-proBNP also decreased after periodontal flap surgery but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: NT pro-BNP levels were found to be higher in periodontitis group as compared to the controls. The levels decreased following surgical periodontal therapy, elucidating the role of periodontal treatment on the expression of NT-proBNP as a salivary and GCF marker. NT-proBNP could serve as a potential biomarker for periodontitis in saliva and GCF in future.