Grandparent-grandchild relationships, generativity, subjective well-being and self-rated health of older people in Chile.

With increasing life expectancy, grandparents and grandchildren have more years available to share. Furthermore, with lower fertility rates and fewer grandchildren, relationships can be more frequent and profound. Intergenerational relationships are expected to be associated with older people's quality of life, especially in Latin American countries such as Chile, with high intergenerational co-residence and contact between generations. This research aims to analyze the associations between the characteristics of intergenerational relationships and grandparents' subjective well-being (Diener Scale and Satisfaction) and self-rated health. The novelty stems from including the structural characteristics of relationships with grandchildren (frequency of contact, closeness, and care), the activities they share (generativity), and the quality of relationships (ambivalence). This study is based on data from a specific face-to-face grandparenting survey conducted on a sample of 464 grandparents in January 2020. It is representative of older Chilean grandparents living in private dwellings. Multiple logistic and ordinary regression models were estimated using the Diener Scale, unique satisfaction question, and health self-perception. The results demonstrated that subjective well-being, but not self-rated health, was highly associated with the characteristics of intergenerational relationships, especially with the quality of relationships and with generative activities such as recreational activities and family identity. In conclusion, intergenerational relationships' quality and content are strongly associated with subjective well-being in old age, but not with health self-perception. Even in a Latin American country like Chile, with high co-residence and intergenerational contact, the variations in quality and generativity activities significantly explain the variations in subjective well-being. For this reason, policies for the promotion of well-being in older people must consider the family environment in which older people live, encompassing wider family networks, including grandchildren.

Reliability of a Scale for the Evaluation of Generativity Relative to Health (GeReH) in the Mexican Population in the Aging Process.

Generativity is a quality that allows the person to do something for others. In teaching, caring for grandchildren, or volunteering, the generative person contributes to the people around him and at the same time must maintain self-care for good health and functionality. In this sense, an individual in good health has the potential to contribute to the well-being of others. Likewise, with adequate self-esteem, the generative person can love himself, take care of himself and others; in this affective representation, satisfaction can be perceived from the recognition that others make of his transmission of experiences. The most used scales that measure generativity in the gerontological field are the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) and the Generative Behavior Control List (GBC). However, they do not recognize generative health-related behavior. The purpose of this study was to design a scale to assess generativity relative to health (GeReH) and analyze its psychometric properties in an aging population (45 years and over) in Mexico, considering its internal structure, reliability, and relationship with self-esteem. METHOD: A non-experimental cross-sectional study was carried out with a single group considering three stages: (i) design of the GeReH scale and (ii) psychometric properties of the GeReH scale, and (iii) the GeReH's relationship with self-esteem. This type of instrument will allow identifying the profile of people willing to be independent and support their peers, considering the use of technological devices for community telecare, such as smartphones and personal computers, through the use of social networks such as "Facebook", "WhatsApp", and "Zoom" among others, is essential, especially since more and more older adults are users of these devices and virtual community social networks. The participants were 450 adults aged 45 years and over, of whom 296 women and 154 men; 235 people lived in rural areas and 215 people in urban areas. INCLUSION CRITERIA: independent in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: cognitive alterations, no training or work history in health care. In the first stage, the GeReH design was carried out divided into three phases: i) elaboration of 258 items by a group of researchers in accordance with the proposed construct for the instrument, ii) focus group to know the meanings of adults regarding the items, iii) expert consultation for item analysis, which resulted in 90 items. In the second stage, the psychometric properties of the scale were analyzed, proceeding to the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Bias, kurtosis, and total item correlation were analyzed, eliminating 17 items. KMO 0.904 values and Bartlett's test of sphericity (X2 = 2717, gl = 190, p < 0.0001) were obtained. In the third stage, the correlation of the GeReH score with the Self-Esteem Inventory was determined. Orthogonal rotation (Oblimin) was used, obtaining a total explained variance of the generativity construct of 44.2% with a global Omega McDonald reliability coefficient of 0.887, which yielded five factors: F1 = Generative attitude; F2 = Satisfaction; F3 = Volunteering; F4 = Support Networks; F5 = Social support offered. In this sense, the design of a GeReH of 20 items with psychometric properties. Correspondingly, significant positive correlations were observed between the GeReH score and the Self-Esteem Inventory, especially in factor 2 relative to satisfaction. CONCLUSION: GeReH is an instrument with reliable psychometric properties that could be applied in populations with similar characteristics. In addition to considering the use of technological devices, for the optimal use of media and social networks, such as "Facebook", "WhatsApp", "E-mail", and "Zoom", among others.

Generatividad y Satisfacción Vital en un una muestra de abuelos/as de Santiago, Chile / Generativity and Life Satisfaction in a sample of grandparents from Santiago, Chile

Resumen Se presentan los resultados de una muestra de 385 abuelos1 chilenos estratificada por sexo, edad y nivel de ingreso del grupo familiar en la Escala de Generatividad de Loyola (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992) adaptada para abuelos en Chile (EGL-A) por Larrain, Zegers & Orellana (2016) y en el Índice de Satisfacción Vital de Neugarten, Havighurst & Tobin (1961,1996) en su versión adaptada a Chile por Zegers, Rojas-Barahona & Föster (2009). No se encontró evidencia de correlación positiva entre los puntajes totales de ambos instrumentos, pero sí al estratificar por escolaridad, la correlación entre generatividad y la dimensión congruencia del LSI-A resultó positiva para quienes poseían escolaridad media (r = 0.215, p= 0.021) o superior (r = 0.230, p= 0.0066).

Abstract The results of a sample of 383 chilean grandparents stratified by sex, age and income level to the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992) adapted for grandparents in Chile (EGL-A) by Larrain, Zegers & Orellana (2016) and the Life Satisfaction Index Neugarten, Havighurst & Tobin (1961, 1996) in its adapted version to Chile by Zegers, Rojas-Barahona & Föster (2009) are presented. It was not found a positive correlation between the total scores of both instruments but it was positive when the sample was stratified by school level between generativity and the congruence dimensión of the LSI-A for all those with complete high school studies (r = 0.215, p= 0.021) or college studies (r = 0.230, p= 0.0066).

Community Gerontology Model for Healthy Aging Developed in Mexico Framed in Resilience and Generativity.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this paper are to present the evolutionary development of the Community Model of Healthy Aging (CMHA) and to show the main results of the community gerontology studies framed in each of the stages of the CMHA. METHOD: The study employs a qualitative community-based participatory research approach. We also measured several biochemical parameters, social support networks, and indicators of physical and cognitive functioning. RESULTS: We identified three stages in the development of the CMHA. The first stage was informative (CMHA-I, 1994-2000) with more than 70% of the older adults participating in self-care programs for health. The second stage was formative (CMHA-F, 2001-2015) with more than 80% of older adults participating in self-care, mutual aid, and self-management programs. The third stage was emancipatory (CMHA-E, 2016-2018). In this last stage, we added resilience and generativity as basic elements to strengthen and enhance human capacities during aging, and more than 90% of older adults made optimal use of social support networks as a key strategy. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the addition of resilience and generativity in the CMHA contributed to the active participation of older adults in the maintenance of functioning and the prevention and control of diseases linked to aging.

Envelhecimento masculino: a relevância da participação no concurso Mister IPGG 2017 na percepção dos vencedores / Male aging: the relevance of participating in the Mister IPGG 2017 Contest through perception of the winners, Brazil / Envejecimiento masculino: la relevancia de participar en el Concurso Mister IPGG 2017 según la percepción de los ganadores, Brasil

O estudo trata sobre a relevância da participação no Concurso Mister IPGG sob a percepção dos cinco vencedores da edição 2017. Estudo de caso, de caráter etnográfico e exploratório. A relevância da participação estava centrada no exercício da geratividade, retroalimentada pelos sensos de propósito de vida e pertencimentos etário e de gênero. Buscava-se deixar um legado, mas também oportunizar o envolvimento de outros idosos de forma igualmente satisfatória. Concluiu-se que investimentos institucionais na construção da aparência masculina e seus significados podem auxiliar no envolvimento social e promoção do bem-estar entre homens idosos.

This study discusses the relevance of participating in the Mister IPGG contest (Brazil) through the perception of five winners of the 2017 edition. This is an ethnographic and exploratory case study. The relevance of participating was centered on the exercise of generativity, which was fostered by the senses of life purpose and age and gender belonging. The central aim was to leave a legacy, but also to make it possible to involve other older adults equally and satisfactorily. It was concluded that institutional investments in the construction of male appearance and their meanings may help in social engagement and well-being promotion among male older adults.

El estudio discute la relevancia de participar en el concurso Mister IPGG (Brasil), según la percepción de los cinco ganadores de la edición de 2017. Estudio de caso, de carácter etnográfico y exploratorio. La relevancia de participar del concurso consistía en el ejercicio de la generatividad, lo cual era estimulado por su propósito de vida y nociones de edad y género. El objetivo no era tan sólo dejar un legado sino también hacer posible envolver a otras personas mayores. Se concluyó que esfuerzos por parte de las instituciones para mayores en el tema de la construcción de la apariencia masculina y sus significados pueden contribuir para que haya participación social y promoción de bienestar entre hombres mayores.

Para uma fenomenologia das idades da vida / For a phenomenology of the ages of life / Por una fenomenologia de las edades de la vida

Trata-se de um estudo da fenomenologia generativa do último Husserl que abriu a possibilidade de estudos de fenomenologia das idades da vida. As idades da vida são compreendidas como sínteses integradoras sucessivas do corpo motrício em sua relação de sentido com o mundo. A materialidade vivida do sentido no corpo é tomada como primeiro modo de intencionalidade. A relação de sentido se constitui em relação com os outros e de modo intersubjetivo. As idades da vida, nas três primeiras sínteses, são categorizadas segundo a apropriação do sentido em relação com a linguagem e conforme a tradição clássica latina: infans (não ou pré-falante), puer (a criança falante) e adulescens (síntese integradora de uma nova narrativa de si em relação com o mundo).

Our point of depart is the generative phenomenology of the last phase of Husserl that opened the possibility for phenomenological studies of the ages of life. The ages of life are understood as successive and integrative syntheses of the body motricity in its relation to the meaning of the world. The lived materiality of meaning in the body is taken as the first mode of intentionality. The relation of sense is constituted with others by intersubjectivity. The ages of life, in its first three syntheses, are categorized according to the appropriation of meaning in relation to language and following the classic Latin tradition: infans (not or pre-speaking), puer (the speaking child) and adulescens (the need new narrative of self in relation to the world).

Trata-se de la propuesta de un estudio desde la fenomenología generativa del último Husserl que abrió la posibilidad para estudios de fenomenología de las edades de la vida. Las edades de la vida se entienden como la síntesis integradoras sucesivas del cuerpo motrício en su relación de sentido con el mundo. La materialidad vivida del sentido se toma en el cuerpo como el primer modo de intencionalidad. La relación de sentido se constituye en relación con el otro e de manera intersubjetiva. Las edades de la vida, en las tres primeras síntesis se clasifican de acuerdo a la apropiación de sentido en relación con el lenguaje y de acuerdo con la tradición clásica latina: infans (sin o pre-lingüístico), puer (el niño de falante) y adulescens (síntesis integradora en vista de una nueva narrativa de sí mismos en relación de sentido con el mundo).

Impacto de un programa recreativo en la resiliencia de estudiantes de 7° grado de un colegio primario / Impact of a recreational program in the resilience of 7th grade students at elementary school

La investigación tuvo como objetivos medir el impacto de un programa recreativo en la promoción de la resiliencia, así como sus dimensiones, según sexo, y determinar si las horas de participación, el número de actividades recreativas y el número de sesiones se relacionaba con los niveles de resiliencia y sus dimensiones. El grupo experimental estuvo conformado por 19 sujetos, con una edad promedio de 12.9 años. Todos cursaban el sétimo grado en un colegio primario de la región de Talca en Chile. El diseño fue cuasiexperimental de grupo control no equivalente preprueba-posprueba. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza mixto de tres vías con medidas repetidas en un factor y correlación parcial. Los resultados permiten observar la ausencia de una interacción significativa (p <0 .05) entre el grupo por medición por sexo, respecto de la resiliencia y sus dimensiones. Por otro lado, sí se observa interacción significativa (p < 0.05) entre mediciones por grupo, en la resiliencia y en cuatro dimensiones. El grupo experimental aumentó significativamente el valor de la resiliencia luego de la intervención. Por último, la dimensión redes-modelos se relacionó significativa y negativamente con el número de horas...

The investigation had the objectives of measuring the impact of a recreational program in the promotion of resilience, as well as its dimensions according to sex, and determine if the hours of participation, the number of recreational activities and the number of sessions was related to the levels of resilience and its dimensions. The experimental group was composed of 19 subjects, with an average age of 12.9. All attended were in seventh grade in an elementary school in the Talca region, Chile. The design was quasi-experimental of a non-equivalent pre-test-posttest control group. We used a mixed variance analysis of three tracks with repeated measures in a factor, and partial correlation. The results allowed us to observe the absence of a significant interaction (p < 0.05) among the group measured by sex, with regard to resilience and its dimensions. On the other hand, there has been significant interaction (p < 0.05) between measurements per group in resilience and in four dimensions. The experimental group significantly increased the value of resilience after intervention. Finally, the network-models dimension was significantly and negatively related with the number of hours...

Redes sociais e geratividade: a experiência do programa idosos on-line / Social network and generativity: the experience of program “idosos on- line”

O projeto Idoso On-line é um espaço de inclusão digital para idosos que possibilita o encontro intergeracional e ações gerativas. Buscou-se, neste estudo, identificar os indicadores de geratividade na velhice, bem como os possíveis impactos e repercussões dos idosos ao participarem dessa oficina. Aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, um questionário semiestruturado sobre a utilização do computador e uma Escala de Geratividade. O tratamento e a análise dos dados foram realizados por meio da utilização do programa SPSS. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos participantes são mulheres com mais de 70 anos, e com ensino fundamental incompleto. Sobre as ações gerativas, dos vinte itens da Escala, seis apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias das duas coletas realizadas (antes e posterior à participação no Módulo III) 1. Tenho desenvolvido ações que têm tido impacto noutras pessoas; 2. Penso que serei lembrado durante bastante tempo depois de morrer; 3. Procuro partilhar e ensinar aos outros aquilo que sei fazer; 4. Os outros dizem que sou muito prestativo; 5. As pessoas me procuram para se aconselharem; 6. Sinto que não tenho feito nada que vá sobreviver à minha morte. A maior parte dos participantes (95%) possuíam computadores em casa com acesso à internet e estavam interessados em notícias, pesquisa e diversão. Esses participantes perceberam as redes sociais como ferramentas para comunicação, conhecimento e interação com o mundo. Identificou-se que as redes sociais podem contribuir para a presença, o fortalecimento, e a busca de ações ou atitudes que favorecem a geratividade.

The project ‘Idosos On-line’ is a space of digital inclusion for older people which enables the intergenerational meet and generative actions. It was sought to identify indicators of generativity in old age, as well as the possible impacts and consequences for older people to participate in this workshop. I was applied a socio-demographic questionnaire, a semi-structured questionnaire on computer use and Generativity Scale. Treatment and data analysis were performed by using the SPSS program. The results showed that most participants are women over 70 years, and with incomplete primary education. About the generative actions of the twenty items of Scale, six had statistically significant differences between the means of the two tests performed (before and after the participation in Module III) 1. Have developed actions that have had an impact on other people; 2. I think I’ll be remembered for a long time after dying; 3. Try to share teach others what I can do; 4. Others say that I am very obliging; 5. People come to me for advice; 6. Feel I have done nothing that will survive my death. These participants perceived the social networks as tools for communication, knowledge and interaction with the world. It was found that social networks can contribute to the presence, strengthening, and the pursuit of actions or attitudes that foster generativity.

Redes sociais e geratividade: a experiência do programa idosos on-line / Social network and generativity: the experience of program “idosos on- line”

O projeto Idoso On-line é um espaço de inclusão digital para idosos que possibilita o encontro intergeracional e ações gerativas. Buscou-se, neste estudo, identificar os indicadores de geratividade na velhice, bem como os possíveis impactos e repercussões dos idosos ao participarem dessa oficina. Aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, um questionário semiestruturado sobre a utilização do computador e uma Escala de Geratividade. O tratamento e a análise dos dados foram realizados por meio da utilização do programa SPSS. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos participantes são mulheres com mais de 70 anos, e com ensino fundamental incompleto. Sobre as ações gerativas, dos vinte itens da Escala, seis apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias das duas coletas realizadas (antes e posterior à participação no Módulo III) 1. Tenho desenvolvido ações que têm tido impacto noutras pessoas; 2. Penso que serei lembrado durante bastante tempo depois de morrer; 3. Procuro partilhar e ensinar aos outros aquilo que sei fazer; 4. Os outros dizem que sou muito prestativo; 5. As pessoas me procuram para se aconselharem; 6. Sinto que não tenho feito nada que vá sobreviver à minha morte. A maior parte dos participantes (95%) possuíam computadores em casa com acesso à internet e estavam interessados em notícias, pesquisa e diversão. Esses participantes perceberam as redes sociais como ferramentas para comunicação, conhecimento e interação com o mundo. Identificou-se que as redes sociais podem contribuir para a presença, o fortalecimento, e a busca de ações ou atitudes que favorecem a geratividade. (AU)

The project ‘Idosos On-line’ is a space of digital inclusion for older people which enables the intergenerational meet and generative actions. It was sought to identify indicators of generativity in old age, as well as the possible impacts and consequences for older people to participate in this workshop. I was applied a socio-demographic questionnaire, a semi-structured questionnaire on computer use and Generativity Scale. Treatment and data analysis were performed by using the SPSS program. The results showed that most participants are women over 70 years, and with incomplete primary education. About the generative actions of the twenty items of Scale, six had statistically significant differences between the means of the two tests performed (before and after the participation in Module III) 1. Have developed actions that have had an impact on other people; 2. I think I’ll be remembered for a long time after dying; 3. Try to share teach others what I can do; 4. Others say that I am very obliging; 5. People come to me for advice; 6. Feel I have done nothing that will survive my death. These participants perceived the social networks as tools for communication, knowledge and interaction with the world. It was found that social networks can contribute to the presence, strengthening, and the pursuit of actions or attitudes that foster generativity. (AU)

La participación cívica de las personas mayores como expresión de la generatividad en la vejez / Elderly people’s civic engagement as an expression of generativity in old age

La participación cívica de las personas mayores podría ser considerada como un ejemplo paradigmático del “buen” envejecer, ya que los mayores obtendrían importantes beneficios a nivel personal, al tiempo que contribuyen al desarrollo de sus comunidades. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar la utilidad del oncepto Eriksoniano de generatividad, y su aplicación a la vejez, como marco de comprensión de la participación cívica de las personas mayores. En primer lugar, se reseñan los resultados de la investigación previa respecto al perfil de las personas mayores que participan, los factores que predicen esta participación y los beneficios personales y sociales que se deprenden en la misma. En segundo lugar, se discute el concepto de generatividad, su aplicabilidad a la vejez, y la aportación de este concepto a la comprensión del fenómeno de la participación cívica de las personas mayores. Finalmente, se propone una agenda de investigación futura desde este punto de vista.

Older people’s civic engagement could be considered as a paradigmatic example of aging “well”, since people who participate might obtain personal benefits while contributing to the development of their communities. This article is aimed at exploring the usefulness of the Eriksonian concept of generativity as a framework to understand older people’s civic engagement. Firstly, we revise the results of previous research regarding the profile of older participants, the factors that predict this participation and the personal and social benefits that derive of it. Secondly, we discuss the concept of generativity, its applicability to older age, and the contribution of this concept to the understanding of older people’s civic participation. Finally, we propose a future research agenda regarding this issue.

La participación cívica de las personas mayores como expresión de la generatividad en la vejez / Elderly people’s civic engagement as an expression of generativity in old age

La participación cívica de las personas mayores podría ser considerada como un ejemplo paradigmático del “buen” envejecer, ya que los mayores obtendrían importantes beneficios a nivel personal, al tiempo que contribuyen al desarrollo de sus comunidades. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar la utilidad del oncepto Eriksoniano de generatividad, y su aplicación a la vejez, como marco de comprensión de la participación cívica de las personas mayores. En primer lugar, se reseñan los resultados de la investigación previa respecto al perfil de las personas mayores que participan, los factores que predicen esta participación y los beneficios personales y sociales que se deprenden en la misma. En segundo lugar, se discute el concepto de generatividad, su aplicabilidad a la vejez, y la aportación de este concepto a la comprensión del fenómeno de la participación cívica de las personas mayores. Finalmente, se propone una agenda de investigación futura desde este punto de vista.(AU)

Older people’s civic engagement could be considered as a paradigmatic example of aging “well”, since people who participate might obtain personal benefits while contributing to the development of their communities. This article is aimed at exploring the usefulness of the Eriksonian concept of generativity as a framework to understand older people’s civic engagement. Firstly, we revise the results of previous research regarding the profile of older participants, the factors that predict this participation and the personal and social benefits that derive of it. Secondly, we discuss the concept of generativity, its applicability to older age, and the contribution of this concept to the understanding of older people’s civic participation. Finally, we propose a future research agenda regarding this issue. (AU)

A arte de envelhecer: um estudo exploratório sobre a história de vida e o envelhecimento / The art of aging: an exploratory study on life history and aging / El arte de envejecer: un estudio exploratorio sobre la historia de vida y el envejecimiento

O presente estudo objetivou, a partir da teoria epigenética do ciclo de vida e da perspectiva do desenvolvimento ao longo da vida, (1) conhecer aspectos do envelhecimento à luz da história de vida de oito idosos, (2) investigar o modo como estratégias de seleção, otimização e compensação e envolvimento vital se manifestam e (3) explorar contribuições da geratividade e da participação social no processo de envelhecer de oito idosos. Os idosos participaram de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise dos dados revela que fatores como participação social, geratividade e relacionamento com filhos e netos influenciam a construção de um envelhecimento bem-sucedido. Por outro lado, fatores como estagnação e ausência de envolvimento social parecem contribuir para o aparecimento de sintomas psicopatológicos.(AU)

The present study, based on the life cycle epigenetic model and lifespan psychology, was designed to (1) understand aspects of the aging process from eight elders’ life stories, (2) investigate the way selective optimization with compensation strategies and vital involvement aspects appear in old age as well as (3) the contributions of generativity and social participation to the aging process. The subjects participated in a semi-structured interview. A qualitative analysis of the data pointed out the influence of several factors on the construction of a successful aging such as generativity, social participation and relationship with their children and grandchildren. Factors such as stagnation and lack of social involvement seem to contribute to the development of psychopathology symptoms.(AU)

El presente estudio objetivó, a partir de la teoría epigenética del ciclo de vida y de la perspectiva del desarrollo a lo largo de la vida, (1) conocer aspectos del envejecimiento a la luz de la historia de vida de ocho personas de edad, (2) investigar el modo como estrategias de selección, optimización y compensación e involucración vital se manifiestan y (3) explotar contribuciones de la generatividad y de la participación social en el proceso de envejecer de ocho personas de edad. Estas personas de edad participaron de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. El análisis de los datos revela que factores como participación social, generatividad y relacionamiento con hijos y nietos influencian la construcción de un envejecimiento bien llevado. Por otro lado, factores como estancamiento y ausencia de envolvimiento social parecen contribuir para el aparecimiento de síntomas psicopatológicos.(AU)

A arte de envelhecer: um estudo exploratório sobre a história de vida e o envelhecimento / The art of aging: an exploratory study on life history and aging / El arte de envejecer: un estudio exploratorio sobre la historia de vida y el envejecimiento

O presente estudo objetivou, a partir da teoria epigenética do ciclo de vida e da perspectiva do desenvolvimento ao longo da vida, (1) conhecer aspectos do envelhecimento à luz da história de vida de oito idosos, (2) investigar o modo como estratégias de seleção, otimização e compensação e envolvimento vital se manifestam e (3) explorar contribuições da geratividade e da participação social no processo de envelhecer de oito idosos. Os idosos participaram de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise dos dados revela que fatores como participação social, geratividade e relacionamento com filhos e netos influenciam a construção de um envelhecimento bem-sucedido. Por outro lado, fatores como estagnação e ausência de envolvimento social parecem contribuir para o aparecimento de sintomas psicopatológicos....(AU)

The present study, based on the life cycle epigenetic model and lifespan psychology, was designed to (1) understand aspects of the aging process from eight elders’ life stories, (2) investigate the way selective optimization with compensation strategies and vital involvement aspects appear in old age as well as (3) the contributions of generativity and social participation to the aging process. The subjects participated in a semi-structured interview. A qualitative analysis of the data pointed out the influence of several factors on the construction of a successful aging such as generativity, social participation and relationship with their children and grandchildren. Factors such as stagnation and lack of social involvement seem to contribute to the development of psychopathology symptoms....(AU)

El presente estudio objetivó, a partir de la teoría epigenética del ciclo de vida y de la perspectiva del desarrollo a lo largo de la vida, (1) conocer aspectos del envejecimiento a la luz de la historia de vida de ocho personas de edad, (2) investigar el modo como estrategias de selección, optimización y compensación e involucración vital se manifiestan y (3) explotar contribuciones de la generatividad y de la participación social en el proceso de envejecer de ocho personas de edad. Estas personas de edad participaron de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. El análisis de los datos revela que factores como participación social, generatividad y relacionamiento con hijos y nietos influencian la construcción de un envejecimiento bien llevado. Por otro lado, factores como estancamiento y ausencia de envolvimiento social parecen contribuir para el aparecimiento de síntomas psicopatológicos....(AU)

Chomsky e Skinner e a polêmica sobre a geratividade da linguagem / Chomsky and Skinner and the controversy over the generativity of language

O Verbal Behavior é considerado a obra mais importante de B. F. Skinner. Pela sua importância este livro foi amplamente discutido e criticado. Uma das críticas mais importantes foi a Resenha (Review) de N. Chomsky, a qual tinha como um de seus argumentos basilares a idéia de que o Verbal Behavior não trataria do caráter gerativo da linguagem humana. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a Resenha, sistematizando seus argumentos e sinalizando como Chomsky considerou que a visão behaviorista seria incapaz de explicar a geratividade da linguagem para, em seguida, apresentar como o Verbal Behavior de Skinner possui argumentos que podem contemplar esse caráter gerativo. Como pano de fundo da discussão, uma breve análise histórica das duas obras foi realizada para que o contexto das publicações pudesse ser compreendido.(AU)

Verbal Behavior is considered to be B. F. Skinner's most important work. On account of its importance, this book has been widely discussed and critiqued. One criticism came in the Review by N. Chomsky, which had, as one of its fundamental arguments, the idea that Verbal Behavior would not address the generative nature of human language. Set against this context, the objective here was to present the Review, by systematizing the arguments and signaling how Chomsky considered the behaviorist view would be unable to account for the generativity of language, and then to demonstrate how Skinner's Verbal Behavior has arguments that can address this generative character. As a backdrop to the discussion, a brief historical analysis of the two works was performed in order to better understand the context of the publications.(AU)

Chomsky e Skinner e a polêmica sobre a geratividade da linguagem / Chomsky and Skinner and the controversy over the generativity of language

O Verbal Behavior é considerado a obra mais importante de B. F. Skinner. Pela sua importância este livro foi amplamente discutido e criticado. Uma das críticas mais importantes foi a Resenha (Review) de N. Chomsky, a qual tinha como um de seus argumentos basilares a idéia de que o Verbal Behavior não trataria do caráter gerativo da linguagem humana. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a Resenha, sistematizando seus argumentos e sinalizando como Chomsky considerou que a visão behaviorista seria incapaz de explicar a geratividade da linguagem para, em seguida, apresentar como o Verbal Behavior de Skinner possui argumentos que podem contemplar esse caráter gerativo. Como pano de fundo da discussão, uma breve análise histórica das duas obras foi realizada para que o contexto das publicações pudesse ser compreendido.

Verbal Behavior is considered to be B. F. Skinner's most important work. On account of its importance, this book has been widely discussed and critiqued. One criticism came in the Review by N. Chomsky, which had, as one of its fundamental arguments, the idea that Verbal Behavior would not address the generative nature of human language. Set against this context, the objective here was to present the Review, by systematizing the arguments and signaling how Chomsky considered the behaviorist view would be unable to account for the generativity of language, and then to demonstrate how Skinner's Verbal Behavior has arguments that can address this generative character. As a backdrop to the discussion, a brief historical analysis of the two works was performed in order to better understand the context of the publications.

Personalidades vocacionais e generatividade na vida adulta / Vocational personalities and generativity in adult life

O interesse vocacional é uma expressão da personalidade que pode revelar maior ou menorpredisposição para a criatividade e para o envolvimento na comunidade. Generatividade refere-se à preocupação com o bem-estar das próximas gerações. A pesquisa investigou as relações entre tipos de interesse vocacional e generatividade em dois estágios da vida adulta. Os sujeitos foram 415 homens e 321 mulheres, divididos em adultez inicial e adultez média, com idades entre 25 e 40, e 45 e 63 anos,respectivamente. Os interesses vocacionais foram categorizados de acordo com a tipologia deHolland. A generatividade foi medida pela Loyola Generativity Scale. Os elevados escores degeneratividade de tipos empreendedores e sociais corroboram a proposição de que o traço deextroversão é fundamental para caracterizar o funcionamento generativo como uma orientaçãovigorosa e positiva do indivíduo para o mundo exterior. Já a combinação entre interesses realistas e convencionais caracteriza pessoas com limitações em criatividade e competência social, resultando em menor generatividade.

Vocational interests are an expression of personality that can reveal more or less predisposition to creativity and pro-social behaviors Generativity is the concern with the welfare of the next generations. This research investigated the relations between vocational interests and generativity in two stages of adult life. The subjects were 415 men and 321 women, divided in early and middle adulthood, with ages ranging between 25 and 45 years, and 45 and 63 years, respectively. The vocational interests were classified through Holland typology. Generativity was measured by Loyola Generativity Scale. The higher generativity scores of social and enterprising types confirm the proposition that extroversion is fundamental to characterize generativity functioning as a strong andpositive orientation to the external world. The combination between conventional and realisticinterests characterizes people with limitations in creativity and social competence, resulting in lowergenerativity.