Enhanced Frying Efficiency at Low Temperatures Utilizing a Novel Planetary Fryer.

This study aims to optimize the frying process of natural porous materials (like potatoes) by enhancing heat and mass transfer phenomena through significant horizontal acceleration values following a spatially periodic pattern that alternates the intensity of inertia forces uniformly across the frying vessel. The generated horizontal inertial forces act complementary to the normal vertical buoyancy force for the creation of agitating convective currents in the oil and for vapor bubbles' departure from the surface of frying objects. The use of an innovative frying device, employing simultaneous rotation around two vertical axes at a different speed in a so-called planetary type of motion, serves to facilitate this production of horizontal acceleration values that allows intensifying the performance of frying. The present investigation examines the impact of rotational speed, along with oil temperature and frying duration, on the water loss and sensory evaluation of fried items. The potato-to-oil ratios typically found in industrial frying operations are employed. The intended outcome is a more energy-efficient frying process, reduced cooking times, and a healthier product due to lower frying temperatures and the consequent decreased formation of harmful compounds. This approach carries substantial implications for food processing, potentially enhancing productivity while limiting operational costs.

Multi-agent simulation of doughnut deep fat frying considering two domain heating media and sample flipping.

Two domain heating media and sample flipping during processing were considered when developing an agent-based model to explain coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena during deep fat frying of doughnuts. The model was validated by comparing the moisture content, oil content and temperature profiles obtained from the experimental results with those obtained from the model. Results of this study showed that the water content of crumb raised to 60% (based on dry weight) whereas, it decreased to less than 10% in the case of doughnut crust during deep fat frying. Simulated profile of oil penetration illustrated that the oil content of different parts of crust were not equal and were affected by frying temperature and crust structure. In general, as the surface of doughnut (a porous material) was heated from the surface, evaporation zones were formed in the thinner parts of the crust and gradually formed oil penetrating areas. Moreover, experimental and simulated data indicated that flipping of samples in the middle of processing time had an important effect on heat and mass transfer during frying. Variation of thermophysical properties in each part of doughnut had a unique behavior. The changes in the density, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of crumb followed a sigmoid pattern; whereas, a dominant falling rate period with some variations was observed in crust. Moreover, any changes in moisture content and temperature of crust occurred faster than the crumb. The output of simulation was in a good agreement with the experimental data. With the power of simulation now available for design, the results of this study greatly improve the design of fried foods and frying processes.

Morphological changes and color development during cookie baking-Kinetic, heat, and mass transfer considerations.

Color and shape are important quality attributes in baked goods, particularly cookies. Composition and processing conditions determine and influence color development and morphological changes in these baked goods. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the evolution of color and shape during baking to determine useful correlations that can be implemented during the assessment and modeling of the baking process. Cookies (AACC-I standard protocol 10-53.01) were baked at 185, 205, and 225°C. Moisture content, water activity, surface temperature, characteristic dimensions (radius and thickness), and color indexes (lightness, redness, blueness, and browning index [BI]) were monitored at different locations on the cookie surface and baking times. Relationships among the tested conditions were explored using correlation analysis. The cookies' dimensions and color indexes were strongly correlated with changes in moisture content over time, and those relationships were characterized using empirical models. The temperature dependence of the kinetic parameters of the changes in lightness and BI was also described and deemed independent of the location on the cookie surface. This study provides insights into the influence of heat and mass transfer on the physical and physicochemical changes of cookies during baking. The kinetic and secondary models developed in this study can serve as important components for establishing a comprehensive approach for coupling heat transfer, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics to estimate and optimize cookie-baking processes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings from this study provide valuable information for better understanding the morphological changes and color developments during the cookie-baking process. The quantitative data and models generated in this study will allow identifying baking conditions for better quality development.

Comprehensive assessment for hygrothermal comfort with heat and mass fluxes through a clothing layer during cooling seasons.

A comprehensive analysis is carried out for achieving hygrothermal comfort by using bidirectional heat and mass fluxes between the human skin and its surroundings during cooling seasons, considering the main characteristics of climate, metabolic rate, and clothing fabrics. As hygrothermal comfort is mainly seen as one-direction heat and mass flux from the close surroundings to the human body, without the emitted heat and mass by the human skin, the purpose of the analysis is to find out proper features of the respective clothing fabric according to the inlet boundary conditions, i.e. heat and mass flux from the human body, and the outlet boundary features, i.e. heat and mass flux due to the climate conditions. Thereby, a novel mathematical modelling is developed for heat and mass transfer, respectively. Then, the software Wolfram Mathematica is applied for the numerical solutions of the model. After the model is validated, a sensitivity analysis is carried out. Thereby, it is found that the sensible heat removal by convection, dependent on both airflow and humidity rates, has a great influence on the hygrothermal comfort. Furthermore, solar reflectivity for shortwave radiation, along with longwave radiation from the skin, have influence on the hygrothermal comfort when both ventilation and sweating are set as minimum. Therefore, if the conditions of temperature and relative humidity are proper, both high conductivity and air permeability clothes are recommended. Nevertheless, regarding the reflectivity, it depends on the presence of shortwave radiation, sweating, ventilation, and longwave radiation to consider light-toned or dark colors.

Progress in membrane distillation processes for dye wastewater treatment: A review.

Textile and cosmetic industries generate large amounts of dye effluents requiring treatment before discharge. This wastewater contains high levels of reactive dyes, low to none-biodegradable materials and chemical residues. Technically, dye wastewater is characterised by high chemical and biological oxygen demand. Biological, physical and pressure-driven membrane processes have been extensively used in textile wastewater treatment plants. However, these technologies are characterised by process complexity and are often costly. Also, process efficiency is not achieved in cost-effective biochemical and physical treatment processes. Membrane distillation (MD) emerged as a promising technology harnessing challenges faced by pressure-driven membrane processes. To ensure high cost-effectiveness, the MD can be operated by solar energy or low-grade waste heat. Herein, the MD purification of dye wastewater is comprehensively and yet concisely discussed. This involved research advancement in MD processes towards removal of dyes from industrial effluents. Also, challenges faced by this process with a specific focus on fouling are reviewed. Current literature mainly tested MD setups in the laboratory scale suggesting a deep need of further optimization of membrane and module designs in near future, especially for textile wastewater treatment. There is a need to deliver customized high-porosity hydrophobic membrane design with the appropriate thickness and module configuration to reduce concentration and temperature polarization (CP and TP). Also, energy loss should be minimized while increasing dye rejection and permeate flux. Although laboratory experiments remain pivotal in optimizing the MD process for treating dye wastewater, the nature of their time intensity poses a challenge. Given the multitude of parameters involved in MD process optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies present a promising avenue for assistance. Thus, AI-driven algorithms have the potential to enhance overall process efficiency, cutting down on time, fine-tuning parameters, and driving cost reductions. However, achieving an optimal balance between efficiency enhancements and financial outlays is a complex process. Finally, this paper suggests a research direction for the development of effective synthetic and natural dye removal from industrially discharged wastewater.

Impact of induced magnetic field on Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid flows comprising carbon nanotubes with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions.

The appealing traits of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encompassing mechanical and chemical steadiness, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivities, lightweight, and physiochemical reliability make them desired materials in engineering gadgets. Considering such stimulating characteristics of carbon nanotubes, our goal in the current study is to scrutinize the comparative analysis of Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid flows containing CNTs of both types of multi and single-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, SWCNTs) immersed into two different base fluids over a stretched surface. The originality of the model being presented is the implementation of the induced magnetic field that triggers the electric conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Moreover, the envisioned model is also analyzed with homogeneous-heterogeneous (h-h) chemical reactions and heat source/sink. The second-order slip constraint is assumed at the boundary of the surface. The transmuted high-nonlinearity ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are attained from the governing set of equations via similarity transformations. The bvp4c scheme is engaged to get the numerical results. The influence of different parameters is depicted via graphs. For both CNTs, the rate of heat flux and the surface drag coefficient are calculated using tables. It is highlighted that an increase in liquid velocity is witnessed for a varied counts volume fraction of nanoparticles. Also, Single-wall water-based carbon nanotube fluid has comparatively stronger effects on concentration than the multi-walled carbon nanotubes in water-based liquid. The analysis also indicates that the rate of heat flux and the surface drag coefficient are augmented for both SWCNTs and MWCNTs for different physical parameters. The said model is also validated by comparing it with a published result.

Analysis of Drying Front Propagation and Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer During Evaporation From Additively Manufactured Porous Structures Under a Solar Flux.

Drying front propagation and coupled heat and mass transfer analysis from porous media is critical for soil-water dynamics, electronics cooling, and evaporative drying. In this study, de-ionized water was evaporated from three 3D printed porous structures (with 0.41 mm, 0.41 mm, and 0.16 mm effective radii, respectively) created out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic using stereolithography technology. The structures were immersed in water until all the pores were invaded and then placed on the top of a sensitive scale to record evaporative mass loss. A 1000 W/m2 heat flux was applied with a solar simulator to the top of each structure to accelerate evaporation. The evaporative mass losses were recorded at 15 min time intervals and plotted against time to compare evaporation rates from the three structures. The evaporation phenomena were captured with a high-speed camera from the side of the structures to observe the drying front propagation during evaporation, and a high-resolution thermal camera was used to capture images to visualize the thermal gradients during evaporation. The 3D-structure with the smallest effective pore radius (i.e., 0.16 mm) experienced the sharpest decrease in the mass loss as the water evaporated from 0.8 g to 0.1 g within 180 min. The designed pore structures influenced hydraulic linkages, and therefore, evaporation processes. A coupled heat-and-mass-transfer model modeled constant rate evaporation, and the falling rate period was modeled through the normalized evaporation rate.

Significance of peripheral layer: the case of mucus flow through a ciliated tube using Rabinowitsch model.

Modern medicine has taken energy loss during cilia beating in the human stomach, which under some circumstances causes blood flow to become acidic, very seriously. In current report covering a whole advancement and results for the impact of Rabinowitsch model with cilia-driven flow analysis with the help of ciliary beating in a cylindrical tube. The fluid is incompressible, and layers of fluid do not mix. The fluid flow with heat and mass transfer is firstly modeled in wave and then transformed into fixed frame. Exact solutions for stresses, temperature velocity, and concentration profiles whereas numerical pressure rise is obtained subject to relevant boundary conditions. The behavior of incipient parameters is shown graphically (plotted in MATHEMATICA 13.0) in the results section. The key findings obtained from graphical results show that maximum magnitude for velocity and temperature is achieved in middle layer of fluid whereas in the outer layer concentration profile is maximum. The current study may help researchers to develop new treatments for diseases such as cystic fibrosis, in which impaired ciliary function leads to mucus accumulation in the lungs. The attained exact and numerical outcomes are novel and offered here for first time in literature.

Heat generation and radiative effects on time-dependent free MHD convective transport over a vertical permeable sheet.

This paper investigates the role of heat absorption or production on time-dependent free MHD convective transport over a vertical porous plate with thermal radiation. The PDEs are changed into non-dimensional couple ODEs by adopting proper similarity analysis. Then the finite difference method (FMD) is used for solving the converted non-dimensional coupled ODEs. The roles of the dimensionless parameters or numbers like the radiative parameter (R), internal heat absorption or generation(Q), the suction (v0), the magnetic force parameter (M), the Schmidt number (Sc), and Prandtl number (Pr) the on the numerical results of the temperature, velocity, and concentration distributions are explained in graphically. The results indicate that improving values of the heat absorption or production with thermal radiation improves the thermal boundary layer thickness. The local skin friction coefficient increases by about 11 % and the heat transfer rate reduces by about 85 % due to improving values of Q from 1.0 to 2.0. Growing values of the radiative parameter from 1.0 to 4.0 improves the local skin friction coefficient by about 13 %. The heat transfer rate lessens by about 41 %. Our numerical results are more compared with the published paper.

MONITORING PERFUSION-BASED CONVECTION IN CANCER TUMOR TISSUE UNDERGOING NANOPARTICLE HEATING BY ANALYZING TEMPERATURE RESPONSES TO TRANSIENT PULSED HEATING.

The dynamic nature of perfusion in living tissues, such as solid tumors during thermal therapy, produces challenging spatiotemporal thermal boundary conditions. Changes in perfusion can manifest as changes in convective heat transfer that influence temperature changes during cyclic heating. Herein, we propose a method to actively monitor changes in local convection (perfusion) in vivo by using a transient thermal pulsing analysis. Syngeneic 4T1 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into BALB/c mice and followed by caliper measurements. When tumor volumes measured 150-400 mm3, mice were randomly divided into one of two groups to receive intratumor injections of one of two iron oxide nanoparticle formulations for pulsed heating with an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The nanoparticles differed in both heating characteristics and coating. Intratumor temperature near the injection site as well as rectal temperature were measured with an optic fiber temperature probe. Following heating, mice were euthanized and tumors harvested and prepared for histological evaluation of nanoparticle distribution. To ascertain the heat transfer coefficient from heating and cooling pulses, we fit a lumped capacitance, Box-Lucas model to the time-temperature data assuming fixed tumor geometry and constant experimental conditions. For the first particle set, the injected nanoparticles dispersed evenly throughout the tumor with minimal aggregation, and with minimal change in convection. On the other hand, heating with the second particle generated a measurable decline in convective performance and histology analysis showed substantial aggregation near the injection site. We consider it likely that though the second nanoparticle type produced less heating per unit mass, its tendency to aggregate led to more intense local heating and tissue damage. Further analysis and experimentation is warranted to establish quantitative correlations between measured temperature changes, perfusion, and tissue damage responses. Implementing this type of analysis may stimulate development of robust and adaptive temperature controllers for medical device applications.

A Non-Isothermal Pore Network Model of Primary Freeze Drying.

In this work, a non-isothermal pore network (PN) model with quasi-steady vapor transport and transient heat transfer is presented for the first time for the application of primary freeze drying. The pore-scale resolved model is physically based and allows for the investigation of correlations between spatially distributed structure and transport conditions. The studied examples were regular PN lattices with a significantly different structure, namely a spatially homogeneous PN, also denoted as monomodal PN, and a PN with significant structure variation, referred to as bimodal PN because of its bimodal pore size distribution. The material properties selected for the solid skeleton in this study are equivalent to those of maltodextrin. The temperature ranges applied here were -28 °C to -18 °C in the PN and -42 °C in the surrounding environment. The environmental vapor pressure was 10 Pa. The PNs were dried with constant temperature boundary conditions, and heat was transferred at the top side by the vapor leaving the PN. It is shown how the structural peculiarities affect the local heat and mass transfer conditions and result in a significant widening of the sublimation front in the case of the bimodal PN. The possibility of spatially and temporally resolved front structures is a unique feature of the PN model and allows the study of situations that are not yet described by classical continuum approaches, namely heterogeneous frozen porous materials. As demonstrated by the thin layers studied here, the pore-scale simulations are of particular interest for such situations, such as in lyomicroscopes or collagen scaffolds, where a length-scale separation between dry and ice-saturated regions is not possible.

[Current research status and application prospect of numerical simulation in traditional Chinese medicine drying].

With the rapid development of computer technology, numerical simulation has gradually become an important method to study drying process and improve drying equipment. Using computer to simulate the drying process of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is characterized by intuitiveness, scientificity, and low cost, which serves as an auxiliary means for technical innovation in TCM drying. This paper summarizes the theories of different drying methods and the research status of numerical simulation in drying, introduces the modeling methods and software of numerical simulation, and expounds the significance of numerical simulation modeling in shortening the research and development cycle, improving drying equipment, and optimizing drying parameters. However, the current numerical simulation method for drying process has problems, such as low accuracy, lack of quantitative indicators for the control of simulation results on the process, and insufficient in-depth research on the mechanism of drug quality changes. Furthermore, this paper put forward the application prospect of numerical simulation in TCM drying, providing reference for the further study of numerical simulation in this field.

Lignin to value-added products: Research updates and prospects.

Due to the urgent need for renewable and clean energy, the efficient use of lignin is of wide interest. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of lignin depolymerization and the generation of high-value products will contribute to the global control of the formation of efficient lignin utilization. This review explores the lignin value-adding process and discusses the link between lignin functional groups and value-added products. Mechanisms and characteristics of lignin depolymerization methods are presented, and challenges and prospects for future research are highlighted.

Onset about isothermal flow of Carreau liquid over converging channel with Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes.

In this paper, an innovative mathematical approach is adopted to construct new formulation for exploring thermal characteristics in Jeffery Hamel flow between non-parallel convergent-divergent channels using non-Fourier's law. Due to the occurrence of isothermal flow of non-Newtonian fluids through non-uniform surfaces in many industrial and technological processes, such as film condensation, plastic sheet deformation, crystallization, cooling of metallic sheets, design of nozzles devices, supersonic and various heat exchangers, and glass and polymer industries, the current research is focused on this topic. To modulate this flow, the flow stream is subjected in a non-uniform channel. By incorporating relaxations in Fourier's law, thermal and concentration flux intensities are examined. In the process of mathematically simulating the flow problem, we constructed a set of governing partial differential equations that were embedded with a variety of various parameters. These equations are simplified into order differential equations using the vogue variable conversion approach. By selecting the default tolerance, the MATLAB solver bvp4c completes the numerical simulation. The temperature and concentration profiles were determined to be affected in opposing ways by thermal and concentration relaxations, while thermophoresis improved both fluxes. Inertial forces in a convergent channel accelerate the fluid in a convergent channel, while in the divergent channel the stream is shrink. The temperature distribution of Fourier's law is stronger than that of the non-Fourier's heat flux model. The study has real-world significance in the food business and is pertinent to energy systems, biomedical technology, and contemporary aircraft systems.

A Heat and Mass Transfer Model of Peanut Convective Drying Based on a Two-Component Structure.

In order to optimize the convective drying process parameters of peanuts and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of energy in the drying process, this study took single-particle peanuts as the research object and analyzed the heat and mass transfer process during convective drying. In addition, a 3D two-component moisture heat transfer model for peanuts was constructed based on the mass balance and heat balance theorem. Moreover, the changes in the internal temperature and concentration fields of peanut pods during the whole drying process were investigated by simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model was validated by thin-layer drying experiments, compared with the one-component model, and combined with low-field NMR technology to further analyze the internal moisture distribution state of peanut kernel drying process. The results show that both models can effectively simulate the peanut thin-layer drying process, and consistency is found between the experimental and simulated values, with the maximum errors of 10.25%, 9.10%, and 7.60% between the simulated moisture content and the experimental values for the two-component model, peanut shell, and peanut kernel models, respectively. Free water and part of the weakly bound water was the main water lost by peanuts during the drying process, the change in oil content was small, and the bound water content was basically unchanged. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis to accurately predict the moisture content within different components of peanuts and reveal the mechanism of moisture and heat migration during the drying process of peanut pods.

Exact Solutions for Non-Isothermal Flows of Second Grade Fluid between Parallel Plates.

In this paper, we obtain new exact solutions for the unidirectional non-isothermal flow of a second grade fluid in a plane channel with impermeable solid walls, taking into account the fluid energy dissipation (mechanical-to-thermal energy conversion) in the heat transfer equation. It is assumed that the flow is time-independent and driven by the pressure gradient. On the channel walls, various boundary conditions are stated. Namely, we consider the no-slip conditions, the threshold slip conditions, which include Navier's slip condition (free slip) as a limit case, as well as mixed boundary conditions, assuming that the upper and lower walls of the channel differ in their physical properties. The dependence of solutions on the boundary conditions is discussed in some detail. Moreover, we establish explicit relationships for the model parameters that guarantee the slip (or no-slip) regime on the boundaries.

Viscous dissipation effect on unsteady magneto-convective heat-mass transport passing in a vertical porous plate with thermal radiation.

The effects of radiative and viscous dissipation on the transfer of unsteady magnetic-conductive heat-mass across a vertically porous sheet is studied in this article. The non-dimensional ODEs are solved by applying the Finite Difference Method (FDM) through the MATLAB software numerically. The fluid temperature and velocity enhance for uplifting values of the Eckert number. Enhancing values of the transpiration parameter the velocity, concentration, and temperature distributions reduce. The local skin friction enhances about 9%, and 18% due to increase the Eckert number (0.5-3.0) and Dufour number (0.5-4.0), respectively and reduces 17%, 38%, and 31% due to increase Prandtl number (0.71-7.0), magnetic force parameter (0.5-3.0), and suction parameter (0.5-3.0), respectively. Enhancing values of the Eckert number (0.5-3.0) reduces the heat transfer rate by 40%. The increasing value of the Prandtl number (0.71-7.0) and the suction parameter (0.5-3.0) increases the heat transfer rate by 27% and 92%, respectively. With an increase in the values of the Schmidt number (0.22-0.67), the mass transfer rate increased by approximately 94%. At last, the numerical results of this paper has compared with the previously published paper. We noticed that the comparison has an excellent acceptance.

Mathematical analysis of heat and mass transfer on unsteady stagnation point flow of Riga plate with binary chemical reaction and thermal radiation effects.

To aid in the prevention of reaction explosions, chemical engineers and scientists must analyze the Arrhenius kinetics and activation energies of chemical reactions involving binary chemical mixtures. Nanofluids with an Arrhenius kinetic are crucial for a broad variety of uses in the industrial sector, involving the manufacture of chemicals, thermoelectric sciences, biomedical devices, polymer extrusion, and the enhancement of thermal systems via technology. The goal of this study is to determine how the presence of thermal radiation influences heat and mass transfer during free convective unsteady stagnation point flow across extending/shrinking vertical Riga plate in the presence of a binary chemical reaction where the activation energy of the reaction is known in advance. For the purpose of obtaining numerical solutions to the mathematical model of the present issue the Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) with shooting technique in Mathematica was used. Heat and mass transfer processes, as well as interrupted flow phenomena, are characterized and explained by diagrams in the suggested suction variables along boundary surface in the stagnation point flow approaching a permeable stretching/shrinking Riga Plate. Graphs illustrated the effects of many other factors on temperature, velocity, concentration, Sherwood and Nusselt number as well as skin friction in detail. Velocity profile increased with Z , λ and S and decreased with ε . Increasing values of ε , λ and S decline the temperature profile. The concentration profile boosts up with Z , α and slow down with ε , S c , ß , δ and n 1 parameters. Skin friction profile increased with Z and S and decreased with ε . Nusselt number profile increased with S , Z , ε and radiation. Sherwood number profile shows upsurges with ε , Z , α , S c , ß , S and n 1 whereas slow down with δ . So that the verdicts could be confirmed, a study was done to compare the most recent research with the results that had already been published for a certain case. The outcomes demonstrated strong concordance between the two sets of results.

Microwave heating process of moderate-minced surimi based on multiphase porous media model.

Moderately processed surimi products exhibit better nutrient retention and enhanced gels, and the great potential of microwaves application and changes in the way of chopping meat has been reported by previous research. In this study, a systematic analysis of the novel surimi product was made to explore the heat and mass transfer characteristics. A porous media model combining electromagnetic heat and hygroscopic expansion was developed to evaluate this process, and its accuracy has been verified experimentally. It was found that the dielectric characterization of multiphase mixture system has great influence on the results, the complex refractive index mixture equation was used due to its lowest root-mean-square error value. In addition, the effect of moderate processing on microwave heating was examined in terms of porosity changes. However, nonuniform temperature distributions were found in the higher porous samples, especially when the porosity is greater than 0.81. Moreover, the developed model was coupled with the evaluation for gel properties and the results showed the significant effect of moderate crushing on the gel quality during the microwave heating process.

Current research status and application prospect of numerical simulation in traditional Chinese medicine drying / 中国中药杂志

With the rapid development of computer technology, numerical simulation has gradually become an important method to study drying process and improve drying equipment. Using computer to simulate the drying process of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is characterized by intuitiveness, scientificity, and low cost, which serves as an auxiliary means for technical innovation in TCM drying. This paper summarizes the theories of different drying methods and the research status of numerical simulation in drying, introduces the modeling methods and software of numerical simulation, and expounds the significance of numerical simulation modeling in shortening the research and development cycle, improving drying equipment, and optimizing drying parameters. However, the current numerical simulation method for drying process has problems, such as low accuracy, lack of quantitative indicators for the control of simulation results on the process, and insufficient in-depth research on the mechanism of drug quality changes. Furthermore, this paper put forward the application prospect of numerical simulation in TCM drying, providing reference for the further study of numerical simulation in this field.