First confirmed case of equine pythiosis in Northern Veracruz, Mexico.

A clinical case of an adult horse with invasive, ulcerative, proliferative, pyogranulomatous disease of the skin (tumor) in the shoulder region is presented. The mass had a granulomatous and crater-shaped appearance, with serosanguinous discharge and the presence of fistulas with caseous material. The tumor was removed by surgery and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. Histopathology was performed using Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain. The presence of necrotic material, fibrosis, infiltrated cells, and brown-colored hyphae, characteristic of members of the genus Pythium, were observed. To identify the infecting species, conventional PCRs for the amplification of the ITS-1 was carried out. Histopathological and PCR tests confirmed infection by a Pythium insidiosum strain closely associated with previous records from the US and Central America. Our report represents the first molecularly confirmed case of equine pythiosis in Mexico.

Neochloris aquatica induces larval mortality, molting defects, and unstable flightless adults in the Asian tiger mosquito.

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly invasive and aggressive species capable of transmitting a large number of etiological agents of medical and veterinary importance, posing a high risk for the transmission of emerging viruses between animals and humans. In this work, we evaluated the mosquitocidal activity of Neochloris aquatica against A. albopictus throughout its development and analyzed whether this effect was potentiated when the microalga was cultivated under stress conditions due to nutrient deprivation. Our results suggest that N. aquatica produces metabolites that have negative effects on these insects, including larval mortality, interruption of pupal development, and incomplete emergence of adults when fed on microalgae in the larval stages. When microalgae were cultured under stress conditions, an increase in molting defects was recorded, and the number of healthy adults emerged drastically decreased. Histological studies revealed severe signs of total disintegration of different tissues and organs in the thorax and abdomen regions. The muscles and fat bodies in the midgut and foregut were severely distorted. In particular, larval intestinal tissue damage included vacuolization of the cytoplasm, destruction of brush border microvilli, and dilation of the intercellular space, which are distinctive morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells. Evidence suggests that N. aquatica produces metabolites with mosquitocidal effects that affect development and, therefore, the ability to vector etiological agents of medical and veterinary importance.

The Participation of a Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus and Mycoplasma bovis in the Development of Single and Mixed Infections in Beef and Dairy Cattle With Bovine Respiratory Disease.

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multietiological and multifactorial disease associated with a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. This study evaluated the contribution of specific infectious disease agents in the development of BRD in cattle from Brazil and determined if a virus within the malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) group and Mycoplasma bovis, acting individually or in conjunction, can be associated with the development of BRD. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pulmonary sections were used in immunohistochemical assays to determine the intralesional presence of six antigens associated with BRD: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), MCFV, and M. bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 82.7% (120/145) of all cattle evaluated. Interstitial pneumonia (60%, 72/120) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (25.8%, 31/120) were the most frequent patterns of pneumonia identified. Intralesional antigens of MCFV (53.3%, 64/120) were the most frequently associated with BRD, followed by M. bovis (47.5%, 57/120), BVDV (42.5%, 51/120), BoHV-1 (28.3%, 34/120), BRSV (24.2%, 29/120), and BPIV-3 (8.3%, 10/120). Additionally, antigens of BVDV, MCFV, and M. bovis were the most frequently identified agents associated with singular and concomitant infections. The MCFV identified during this study is more likely to be ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), since OvHV-2 is the only MCFV identified within the geographical region of this study. Interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions may be a useful histologic feature to differentiate MCFV-induced pneumonia from other viral pneumonias of cattle. These results demonstrate that MCFV and M. bovis, in single or mixed infections, can produce pneumonia in cattle and should therefore be considered as primary agents in the development of BRD.

Histopathologic grading and its relationship with outcome in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Histopathologic grading has been routinely used as a complement for clinical staging in the prognostication of patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). However, this subject remains contentious because there is no universally accepted grading system. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the prognostic significance of four histopathologic grading systems in 80 cases of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). METHODS: Clinical and follow-up information of the patients were obtained from medical records. Histopathologic malignancy grading of the tumor invasive front, Histologic risk assessment (HRA), World Health Organization (WHO) grading system, and Budding and Depth of invasion (BD) model were evaluated in the surgical specimens. RESULTS: The HRA, histopathologic malignancy grading and WHO systems did not predict survival. Patients with larger tumor size [Hazard ratio (HR): 2.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-5.27; P = 0.026] and patients with BD model high-grade tumors (HR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.03-8.68; P = 0.034) were significantly associated with a poor 5-year overall survival rate. In the multivariate analysis, tumor size was identified as the only significant independent prognostic factor (HR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.00-4.99; P = 0.050). None of the grading systems studied was associated with 5-year disease-free survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: BD model was the only histopathologic grading system associated with the outcome of patients with OTSCC, indicating its potential value as an effective tool for the prognostication of OTSCC.

Immunohistochemical identification of antigens of canine distemper virus in neotropical felids from Southern Brazil.

The pathologic and immunohistochemical findings associated with infections due to canine distemper virus (CDV) are described in the cougar (Puma concolor), margay (Leopardus wiedii) and jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) from Southern Brazil. Tissue sections of the neotropical felids (n = 3) that died at the Bela Vista Sanctuary, Paraná, Southern Brazil were routinely processed for histopathology to identify possible histopathologic patterns associated with infections due to CDV. Selected formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of the lungs and urinary bladder were used in immunohistochemical assays designed to identify the antigens of CDV. The main histopathologic patterns identified were interstitial pneumonia in the margay and jaguarundi, while ballooning degeneration of the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder was observed in the cougar. Positive immunoreactivity to antigens of CDV was identified within intralesional sections of the lungs of the two wild felids with interstitial pneumonia and in the degenerated urothelium of the cougar. These findings indicate that these neotropical cats were infected by a viral infectious disease pathogen common to the domestic dog and add to the few documented descriptions of CDV-induced infections in wildlife from Brazil.

Lung lesions of non-vaccinated puppies affected by canine distemper virus

Canine distemper is an uncommon disease in vaccinated domestic dogs, but presents high incidence in South America due to the lack of widespread prevention measures. The purpose of this study is to describe histological lung lesions in non-vaccinated puppies affected by canine distemper virus (CDV). The lungs of 4 non-vaccinated puppies ageing 2 to 5 months that showed respiratory signs for about 15 days were examined. Interstitial pneumonia was histologically detected in one puppy, while the other 3 showed alveolar lesions such as edema, congestion and hemorrhage. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of pulmonary disease without interstitial pneumonia in puppies diseased by CDV. The differences observed between puppies may relate to distinct passive immune states. Remarkably, characteristic inclusion bodies of CDV were only detected in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages of the puppy with interstitial pneumonia.

Lung lesions of non-vaccinated puppies affected by canine distemper virus

Canine distemper is an uncommon disease in vaccinated domestic dogs, but presents high incidence in South America due to the lack of widespread prevention measures. The purpose of this study is to describe histological lung lesions in non-vaccinated puppies affected by canine distemper virus (CDV). The lungs of 4 non-vaccinated puppies ageing 2 to 5 months that showed respiratory signs for about 15 days were examined. Interstitial pneumonia was histologically detected in one puppy, while the other 3 showed alveolar lesions such as edema, congestion and hemorrhage. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of pulmonary disease without interstitial pneumonia in puppies diseased by CDV. The differences observed between puppies may relate to distinct passive immune states. Remarkably, characteristic inclusion bodies of CDV were only detected in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages of the puppy with interstitial pneumonia.(AU)

Positive outcomes of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor on histopathologic and biochemical changes induced by ureteral obstruction

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of tadalafil, one of the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, in a rat model of with partial and complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). METHODS: The rats were divided into 5 groups: sham (n=6), partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO, n=6), PUUO with tadalafil treatment (PUUO+T; Cialis, 10 mg/72 h, intragastric; Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA), complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (CUUO, n=6), and CUUO with tadalafil treatment (CUUO+T). RESULTS: Fifteen days after the UUO, the ureter presented changes in the layers of urothelium and significant infiltration of inflammatory cells in the PUUO and CUUO groups. Compared with the sham, PUUO and CUUO groups had severe increased inflammatory cell infiltration. The urothelial epithelium exhibited cell degeneration and loss because of the swollen, atrophic, and denuded epithelial cells in the PUUO and CUUO groups. In the PUUO+T and CUUO+T groups, the urothelium revealed less epithelial cell degeneration and loss. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) exhibited up-regulation in the PUUO and CUUO groups. The expression of TGF-β decreased positively correlated with that of α-SMA in the tadalafil therapy groups, PUUO+T and CUUO+T. CONCLUSION: The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor's tadalafil reduced expressions of α-SMA and TGF-β in the obstructed ureters, measured by biochemical examinations. In addition, tadalafil decreased urothelium degeneration due to the decreased epithelial cell loss and inflammatory cell infiltration. Our results show that tadalafil prevents or slows down the onset of ureter inflammation and urothelial degeneration in rats with UUO.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Examinamos os efeitos do tadalafil em um dos inibidores da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE5) em um modelo de rato com obstrução ureteral unilateral parcial e completa (UUO). MÉTODOS: Os ratos foram divididos em cinco grupos: sham (n = 6), obstrução ureteral unilateral parcial (PUUO, n = 6), PUUO com tadalafil (PUUO T; Cialis, 10 mg/72 h, intragástrica; Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana, EUA), completa obstrução ureteral unilateral (CUUO, n = 6) e CUUO com tratamento com tadalafil (CUUO T). RESULTADOS: Quinze dias após a UUO, o ureter apresentou alterações nas camadas de urotélio e infiltração significativa de células inflamatórias nos grupos PUUO e CUUO. Em comparação com os grupos sham, PUUO e CUUO, houve um aumento grave da infiltração de células inflamatórias. O epitélio urotelial exibiu degeneração e perda celular devido às células epiteliais inchadas, atróficas e desnudas nos grupos PUUO e CUUO. Nos grupos PUUO T e CUUO T, o urotélio revelou menor degeneração e perda de células epiteliais. Nós mostramos que a expressão da actina do músculo liso-α (α-SMA) e do fator de crescimento transformador-β (TGF-β) foram exibidas como sub-regulação nos grupos PUUO e CUUO. A expressão do TGF-β foi diminuída positivamente correlacionada com a da α-SMA nos grupos de terapia com tadalafil, PUUO T e CUUO T. CONCLUSÃO: O tadalafil do inibidor da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 reduziu as expressões α-SMA e TGF-β nos ureteres obstruídos, medidos por exames bioquímicos. Além disso, o tadalafil diminuiu a degeneração do urotélio devido à diminuição da perda de células epiteliais e da infiltração de células inflamatórias. Nossos resultados mostram que o tadalafil previne ou retarda o início da inflamação do ureter e degeneração urotelial em ratos com UUO.

Impact of historic histopathologic sample review on the risk of recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the historic risk of recurrence (RR) and response to therapy to risk stratification estimated with historical pathology reports (HPRs) and contemporary re-review of the pathological slides in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Subjects and methods Out of 210 DTC patients with low and intermediate RR who underwent total thyroidectomy and remnant ablation in our hospital, 63 available historic pathologic samples (HPS) were reviewed. The RR and the response to therapy were evaluated considering historical histological features (histological type, tumor size, capsular invasion, number of lymph node metastases) and then, reassessed after observing additional histological features (vascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, size of lymph node metastases, presence of extranodal extension, and/or status of the resection margins). Results A change in the RR category was observed in 16 of 63 cases (25.4%). Out of 46 patients initially classified as low RR, 2 patients were reclassified as intermediate RR, 4 as high RR, and 1 as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). Out of 17 patients initially classified as intermediate RR, 3 were reassigned to the low RR group, 5 as high RR, and 1 as NIFTP. The percentages of structural incomplete response at final follow-up changed from 2.2 to 0% (p = 1) in patients with low RR and from 6.3 to 20% (p = 0.53) in patients with intermediate RR. Conclusion A detailed report of specific features in the HPR of patients with DTC might give a more accurate RR classification and a better estimation of the response to treatment.

Correlation between preoperative tomographic staging and definitive histopathologic results in gastric cancer at the Hospital Central Militar. / Correlación entre la estadificación tomográfica preoperatoria con los resultados histopatológicos definitivos en cáncer gástrico en el Hospital Central Militar.

BACKGROUND: In relation to the number of new cases diagnosed, gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide, and the second cause of cancer death. The development of multidetector tomography has improved the preoperative staging of gastric cancer. AIM: To correlate preoperative tomographic studies with the definitive pathologic results according to the TNM staging system. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study within the time frame of January 2009 to December 2013 was conducted that included the case records of 67 patients. They all had upper endoscopy and preoperative multidetector tomography examinations, underwent surgical resection, and had the corresponding histopathology study. Statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS version 15.0 software and the sensitivity and specificity calculations were made using the Excel 2011 program for Mac. RESULTS: The majority of the patients included in the case series had clinical stage iii and iv disease. When compared with the histopathologic result, the overall accuracy of multidetector CT was 83% (T0 96%, T1 94%, T2 93%, T3 67%, and T4 67%) for tumor size (T) and was 70% (N0 72%, N1 73%, N2 70%, and N3 66%) for lymph node involvement (N). Overall sensitivity was 48% (T0 100%, T1 0%, T2 33%, T3 44%, and T4 65%) for T and was 41% (N0 58%, N1 56%, N2 15%, and N3 35%) for N. A strong association between the multidetector CT results and the pathology results was demonstrated through the Spearman's correlation, especially in T4 and N3. CONCLUSIONS: Multidetector computed tomography showed greater congruency in detecting stages T4, N0, and N3 in gastric cancer, when compared with the definitive histopathologic results.

Correlación entre hallazgos histeroscópicos y reportes histopatológicos en pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal / Correlation between hysteroscopic and histopathological reports in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

Resumen OBJETIVO: determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos de la histeroscopia; evaluar su correlación con los reportes histopatológicos en pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo y observacional, al que se incluyeron los registros de procedimientos histeroscópicos de pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal y posmenopáusico, atendidas en el Hospital Integral de la Mujer del Estado de Sonora (HIMES). Se clasificaron los hallazgos histeroscópicos e histopatológicos de las alteraciones endometriales. Para calcular la sensibilidad y especificidad de la histeroscopia las pacientes se agruparon en dos categorías: endometrio normal (mujeres sanas) y endometrio anormal (pacientes con pólipo endometrial, mioma submucoso, adenomiosis, hiperplasia endometrial, cáncer de endometrio, entre otras alteraciones). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS V. 22, para Windows 10.0. La sensibilidad y especificidad se calcularon con intervalos de confianza al 95%, para calcular el coeficiente de correlación se utilizó el método de Pearson. RESULTADOS: se registraron 400 pacientes, con media de edad de 45.2 (± 11.04) años; los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron los pólipos (26%) y el cáncer endometrial (8%). Se registró una sensibilidad de 0.95 (IC95%: 0.93-0.97) y especificidad de 0.85 (IC95%: 0.82-0.89) para la histeroscopia. Para la detección de las causas de sangrado uterino anormal por histeroscopia se registró un valor predictivo positivo de 0.97 (IC95%: 0.95-0.98) y negativo de 0.79% (IC95%: 0.75-0.83). La correlación entre histopatología e histeroscopia fue de 77.8% (Pearson; p = 0.000), cuando el diagnóstico se establece como endometrio normal o anormal. CONCLUSIÓN: la histeroscopia es una técnica con elevada sensibilidad y especificidad para establecer el diagnóstico de alteraciones endometriales benignas y malignas; además, se observó excelente correlación entre los hallazgos histeroscópicos y los resultados histopatológicos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity, predictive value positive and negative and estimate the correlation coefficient between hysteroscopy and endometrial histopathological outcomes in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, observational, a series of consecutive cases was performed at the Hysteroscopy Clinic of the "Hospital Integral de la Mujer del Estado de Sonora" were included with abnormal uterine bleeding. The hysteroscopy and histopathological findings of the endometrial alterations were classified. In order to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the hysteroscopy, the patients were grouped into two categories: normal endometrium (healthy women) and abnormal endometrium (patients with endometrial polyp, submucous myoma, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, among other alterations). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program V. 22, for Windows 10.0; the sensitivity and specificity was calculated with 95% confidence intervals, the correlation coefficient was estimated by Pearson method. RESULTS: We registered 400 patients; the average age was 45.2 (±11.04). The most frequent diagnosis by hysteroscopy and histopathological was endometrial polyp. The sensitivity was 0.95 (95%CI = 0.93-0.97) and specificity of 0.85 (95%CI = 0.82-0.89) as cause of abnormal uterine bleeding by hysteroscopy, the positive predictive value was 0.97 95%CI = 95-98) and negative predictive value of 0.79%. (CI95% = 0.75-0.83). The Pearson correlation coefficient was 77.8% (p = 0.000) between hysteroscopy impression and histopathology diagnosis, when the result was classified as normal or abnormal. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopy is a high sensitivity and specificity technique to diagnosis of benign and malignant endometrial alterations; in addition, an excellent correlation was observed between the hysteroscopy findings and the histopathological findings.

Técnicas e aplicação da biopsia intestinal na clínica de equinos / Techniques and application of intestinal biopsy in the equine medicine / Técnicas y aplicación de la biopsia intestinal en la clínica de equinos

As doenças do trato gastrointestinal de equinos promovem importantes alterações, tanto sistêmicas comolocais, sendo que essas últimas podem ser analisadas, contribuindo para o diagnóstico e para definição de uma conduta terapêutica adequada. Uma vez que muitas enfermidades manifestam-se clinicamente de forma inespecífica, a biopsia intestinal desempenha papel fundamental para obtenção de amostras de diferentes segmentos, viabilizando em muitos casos a identificação do processo patogênico por meio desses fragmentos. A análise microscópica de tecidos intestinais possibilita a avaliação da predominância de diferentes grupos celulares infiltrados na mucosa e submucosa, além da avaliação da integridade dessas estruturas. Abordagens por celiotomia, gastroduodenoscopia, laparoscopia e por via retal são descritas para realização da biopsia intestinal, entretanto, em equinos ainda não são empregadasconsistentemente, ao contrário do que ocorre em humanos e pequenos animais. São poucos os relatos que demonstramo uso da biopsia intestinal na rotina clínica, sendo uma área promissora para a identificação e diferenciação entrediversas doenças que afetam o sistema digestório de cavalos. A biopsia intestinal pode ser indicada em casos dedoença inflamatória intestinal (DII), enteropatia proliferativa equina (EPE), disautonomia equina (Equine Grass Shickness), neoplasias intestinais, afecções intestinais isquêmicas e em estudos experimentais. No entanto, determinadas enfermidades diagnosticadas em países que utilizam com maior frequência a biopsia intestinal, podem estar sendo sub identificadas no Brasil. Portanto, esse exame complementar pode e deve ser indicado para elucidação de casos dedistúrbios gastrointestinais inespecíficos. Dessa forma, este artigo visa apresentar e discutir diferentes indicações, técnicase padrões de qualidade de biopsias intestinais em equinos.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of horses trigger important disorders, both systemic and local, whereasthe evaluation of the local alterations may contribute to the diagnosis and establishment of an appropriate treatment.Since many diseases are clinically manifested in a nonspecific way, intestinal biopsy plays a fundamental role in obtainingsamples of different segments, allowing, in many cases, the identification of the pathogenic process through the fragmentscollected. Microscopic exam of intestinal tissue enables the analysis of the predominance of different cell groups infiltratedin the mucosa and submucosa, in addition to evaluating the integrity of these structures. Celiotomy, gastroduodenoscopy,laparoscopy and rectal approaches are described for performing intestinal biopsies; however, in horses they are notconsistently used, as opposed to what occurs in humans and small animais. There are a few accounts that demonstratethe use of intestinal biopsies in clinical practice, that being a promising area for the identification and differentiation ofvarious diseases that affect the digestive system of horses. Intestinal biopsies may be indicated in cases of inflammatorybowel disease (IBD), equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), equine dysautonomia (Equine Grass Sickness), intestinalneoplasms, ischemic bowel diseases and in experimental studies. However, some diseases commonly diagnosed incountries where intestinal biopsies are more often employed, might be sub-identified in Brazil. Therefore, this additionalexamination may and should be used for the elucidation of nonspecific cases of gastrointestinal disorder. Thus, thisarticle aims to present and discuss different indications, techniques and quality standards for intestinal biopsies in horses.

Las enfermedades dei tracto gastrointestinal de equinos promueven importantes alteraciones, tanto sistémicascomo locales, siendo que esas últimas pueden ser analizadas, contribuyendo para el diagnóstico y para Ia definición deuna conducta terapéutica adecuada. Una vez que muchas enfermedades se manifiestan clínicamente de forma inespecífica,Ia blopsla intestinal desempena un papel fundamental para Ia obtención de muestras de distintos segmentos, haciendofactible en muchos casos Ia identificación dei proceso patógeno por media de esos fragmentos. EI análisis microscópicode tejidos intestinales posibilita el análisis de Ia predominancia de distintos grupos celulares infiltrados en Ia mucosa ysubmucosa, además de Ia evaluación de Ia integridad de esas estructuras. Abordajes por celiotomía, gastroduodenoscopía,laparoscopia y por vía rectal son descriptas para realización de Ia biopsia intestinal, sin embargo, en equinos aún no sonempleadas consistentemente, ai contrario de 10que ocurre en humanos y pequenos animales. Son pocos los relatosque demuestran el uso de Ia biopsia intestinal en Ia rutina clínica, siendo un área promisora para Ia identificación ydiferenciación entre diversas enfermedades que afectan el sistema digestor de caballos. La biopsia intestinal puede serindicada en casos de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (DII), enteropatía proliferativa equina (EPE), disautonomía equina(EquineGrassShickness), neoplasias intestinales, afecciones intestinales isquémicas y en estudios experimentales. Sinembargo, determinadas enfermedades diagnosticadas en países que utilizan con mayor frecuencia Ia biopsia intestinalpueden estar siendo sub-identificadas en Brasil. Por tanto, ese examen complementario puede y debe ser indicado paraelucidación de casos de disturbios gastrointestinales inespecíficos. Así, el objeto de este artículo es presentar y discutirdistintas indicaciones, técnicas y estándares de calidad de biopsias intestinales en equinos.

Técnicas e aplicação da biopsia intestinal na clínica de equinos / Techniques and application of intestinal biopsy in the equine medicine / Técnicas y aplicación de la biopsia intestinal en la clínica de equinos

As doenças do trato gastrointestinal de equinos promovem importantes alterações, tanto sistêmicas comolocais, sendo que essas últimas podem ser analisadas, contribuindo para o diagnóstico e para definição de uma conduta terapêutica adequada. Uma vez que muitas enfermidades manifestam-se clinicamente de forma inespecífica, a biopsia intestinal desempenha papel fundamental para obtenção de amostras de diferentes segmentos, viabilizando em muitos casos a identificação do processo patogênico por meio desses fragmentos. A análise microscópica de tecidos intestinais possibilita a avaliação da predominância de diferentes grupos celulares infiltrados na mucosa e submucosa, além da avaliação da integridade dessas estruturas. Abordagens por celiotomia, gastroduodenoscopia, laparoscopia e por via retal são descritas para realização da biopsia intestinal, entretanto, em equinos ainda não são empregadasconsistentemente, ao contrário do que ocorre em humanos e pequenos animais. São poucos os relatos que demonstramo uso da biopsia intestinal na rotina clínica, sendo uma área promissora para a identificação e diferenciação entrediversas doenças que afetam o sistema digestório de cavalos. A biopsia intestinal pode ser indicada em casos dedoença inflamatória intestinal (DII), enteropatia proliferativa equina (EPE), disautonomia equina (Equine Grass Shickness), neoplasias intestinais, afecções intestinais isquêmicas e em estudos experimentais. No entanto, determinadas enfermidades diagnosticadas em países que utilizam com maior frequência a biopsia intestinal, podem estar sendo sub identificadas no Brasil. Portanto, esse exame complementar pode e deve ser indicado para elucidação de casos dedistúrbios gastrointestinais inespecíficos. Dessa forma, este artigo visa apresentar e discutir diferentes indicações, técnicase padrões de qualidade de biopsias intestinais em equinos.(AU)

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of horses trigger important disorders, both systemic and local, whereasthe evaluation of the local alterations may contribute to the diagnosis and establishment of an appropriate treatment.Since many diseases are clinically manifested in a nonspecific way, intestinal biopsy plays a fundamental role in obtainingsamples of different segments, allowing, in many cases, the identification of the pathogenic process through the fragmentscollected. Microscopic exam of intestinal tissue enables the analysis of the predominance of different cell groups infiltratedin the mucosa and submucosa, in addition to evaluating the integrity of these structures. Celiotomy, gastroduodenoscopy,laparoscopy and rectal approaches are described for performing intestinal biopsies; however, in horses they are notconsistently used, as opposed to what occurs in humans and small animais. There are a few accounts that demonstratethe use of intestinal biopsies in clinical practice, that being a promising area for the identification and differentiation ofvarious diseases that affect the digestive system of horses. Intestinal biopsies may be indicated in cases of inflammatorybowel disease (IBD), equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), equine dysautonomia (Equine Grass Sickness), intestinalneoplasms, ischemic bowel diseases and in experimental studies. However, some diseases commonly diagnosed incountries where intestinal biopsies are more often employed, might be sub-identified in Brazil. Therefore, this additionalexamination may and should be used for the elucidation of nonspecific cases of gastrointestinal disorder. Thus, thisarticle aims to present and discuss different indications, techniques and quality standards for intestinal biopsies in horses.(AU)

Las enfermedades dei tracto gastrointestinal de equinos promueven importantes alteraciones, tanto sistémicascomo locales, siendo que esas últimas pueden ser analizadas, contribuyendo para el diagnóstico y para Ia definición deuna conducta terapéutica adecuada. Una vez que muchas enfermedades se manifiestan clínicamente de forma inespecífica,Ia blopsla intestinal desempena un papel fundamental para Ia obtención de muestras de distintos segmentos, haciendofactible en muchos casos Ia identificación dei proceso patógeno por media de esos fragmentos. EI análisis microscópicode tejidos intestinales posibilita el análisis de Ia predominancia de distintos grupos celulares infiltrados en Ia mucosa ysubmucosa, además de Ia evaluación de Ia integridad de esas estructuras. Abordajes por celiotomía, gastroduodenoscopía,laparoscopia y por vía rectal son descriptas para realización de Ia biopsia intestinal, sin embargo, en equinos aún no sonempleadas consistentemente, ai contrario de 10que ocurre en humanos y pequenos animales. Son pocos los relatosque demuestran el uso de Ia biopsia intestinal en Ia rutina clínica, siendo un área promisora para Ia identificación ydiferenciación entre diversas enfermedades que afectan el sistema digestor de caballos. La biopsia intestinal puede serindicada en casos de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (DII), enteropatía proliferativa equina (EPE), disautonomía equina(EquineGrassShickness), neoplasias intestinales, afecciones intestinales isquémicas y en estudios experimentales. Sinembargo, determinadas enfermedades diagnosticadas en países que utilizan con mayor frecuencia Ia biopsia intestinalpueden estar siendo sub-identificadas en Brasil. Por tanto, ese examen complementario puede y debe ser indicado paraelucidación de casos de disturbios gastrointestinales inespecíficos. Así, el objeto de este artículo es presentar y discutirdistintas indicaciones, técnicas y estándares de calidad de biopsias intestinales en equinos.(AU)

Candidiasis bucal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Oral Candidiasis in patients with diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 75 pacientes con diabetes mellitus, quienes presentaron candidiasis bucal, tratados en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde marzo de 2013 hasta igual mes de 2015, a fin de evaluar los resultados del diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de la citada afección. Las muestras para biopsias se fijaron y procesaron con la técnica clásica de inclusión en parafina; se colorearon con una tinción especial de ácido peryódico de Schiff, lo cual confirmó la existencia de cambios celulares. Predominaron el sexo masculino, el grupo etario de 60 años y más; la ausencia de manifestaciones clínicas, el paladar duro y la comisura labial como los sitios de mayor prevalencia y la candidiasis eritematosa como la forma clínica más común. La presencia de hifas patógenas y células levaduriformes fueron los hallazgos histopatológicos más sobresalientes.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 75 patients with diabetes mellitus who presented oral candidiasis, treated in the stomatological service of the Specialties Polyclinic of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Provincial Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, from March, 2013 to the same month in 2015, in order to evaluate the results of the clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of the mentioned affection. The samples for biopsies were fixed and processed with the classic technique of inclusion in paraffin; they were colored with a special stain of Schiff periodic acid, which confirmed the existence of cellular changes. There was a prevalence of male sex, the 60 years and over age group; the absence of clinical symptoms, the hard palate and the corner of the mouth as the sites of greater prevalence and the erythematous candidiasis as the most common clinical form. The presence of pathogen hyphae and yeast-like cells were the most outstanding histopathologic findings.

Precisión del diagnóstico dermatoscópico para el carcinoma basocelular en el Servicio de Dermatología. Policlínico Colón-Este. 2012 / Accuracy of the dermatoscopic diagnosis for basal cell carcinoma in the Service of Dermatology. East-Colón Polyclinic. 2012

Fundamento: La dermatoscopía se considera como un paso intermedio entre la clínica y la histopatología en el diagnóstico de Carcinoma basocelular, sin embargo se desconoce si es útil en manos de una persona que esté especializada en el dermatoscopio. Objetivo: Describir los criterios epidemiológicos, clínicos y dermatoscópicos de una serie de casos con diagnóstico clínico de carcinoma basocelular y evaluar la precisión dermatoscopía-histopatología. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 25 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de Dermatología con diagnóstico clínico de carcinoma basocelular, con un total de 36 lesiones observadas a las que se le realizó la técnica de dermatoscopía. En todos los casos se tomó biopsia de la lesión y se realizó la correlación clínico-dermatoscópica e histopatológica. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino, los mayores de 71 años y el fototipo de piel II. Las lesiones se localizaron preferentemente en cabeza y cuello, prevaleciendo las de alto riesgo. La variedad clínica más frecuente fue el nodular y el de mayor confusión dermatoscópica fue el pigmentado. Las estructuras dermatoscópicas más representadas fueron los múltiples nidos ovoides, los vasos arborescentes, las hojas de arce y la ulceración. Existió una concordancia entre el diagnóstico dermatoscópico y el histológico. Conclusiones: La precisión diagnóstica dermatoscópica-histopatológica fue demostrada lo que refuerza su utilidad previa a la toma de decisiones.

Background: Dermoscopy is considered as an intermediate step between clinical and histopathology in the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma, however it is unknown whether it is useful in the hands of a person who is specialized in the dermatoscope. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and dermatoscopic criteria of a series of cases with clinical diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma and evaluate the dermoscopy-histopathology accuracy. Methodology: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was performed on 25 patients who attended the dermatology consultation with a clinical diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma, with a total of 36 lesions observed at which the technique of dermoscopy was undergone. In all cases a lesion biopsy was taken and the clinical and histopathologic correlation was performed. Results: There was a predominance of male gender, age 71 and skin phototype II. The lesions were preferentially located in the head and neck, prevailing high risk lesions. The most common clinical range was nodular and the highest dermoscopic confusion was pigmented. The most represented dermoscopic structures were multiple ovoid nests, arborescent vessels, maple leaves and ulceration. There was a correlation between dermoscopic and histological diagnosis.

A case report: primary melanoma of the nasal cavity / Un reporte de caso: melanoma primario de la cavidad nasal

We report a rare case of sinonasal mucosal malignant melanoma in the nasal cavity. The patient had respiratory difficulty, continuous epistaxis and nasal pain. We identified a malignant tumour which is a rare pathology with detailed physical examination, anterior rhinoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathologic examination. The patient did not accept surgical procedures and was referred for chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Continued follow-up of this is necessary.

Reportamos un caso raro de melanoma maligno de la mucosa del tracto nasosinusal. El paciente tenía dificultad respiratoria, epistaxis continua, y dolor nasal. Identificamos un tumor maligno que es una patología, con examen físico detallado, rinoscopia anterior, tomografía computarizada (TC), resonancia magnética (MRI) y examen histopatológico. El paciente no aceptaba los procedimientos quirúrgicos y fue remitido para quimioterapia o inmunoterapia. Es necesario realizar un seguimiento continuo.

Tumor de Vanek o pólipo fibroide inflamatorio. Reporte de un caso / Vanek's tumor or inflammatory fibroid polyp. Report of a case

El tumor de Vanek o pólipo fibroide inflamatorio, se conoce como una lesión benigna, rara, de localización submucosa, no encapsulada, cuya ubicación puede darse a lo largo del tracto digestivo, siendo más común en el antro gástrico (80 %), aunque también se ha descrito en la unión gastroesofágica, duodeno, yeyuno, íleon y colon. Representa el tumor gástrico benigno menos frecuente (1-4 %), con ligero predominio en el sexo masculino y un pico de incidencia a partir de la sexta década de la vida, siendo la malignización un evento excepcional. En este reporte de caso se presentó un paciente masculino de 47 años de edad, con tumor de Vanek de localización antra, diagnosticado en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro, de la ciudad de Santa Clara.

The Vanek's tumor or inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare benign lesion of submucosal location, not encapsulated, that may be located throughout the digestive tract, being more common in the gastric antrum (80%), although it has also been described in the gastroesophageal junction, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. It is the less frequent benign gastric tumor (1-4%) with slight predominance in males and a peak incidence after the sixth decade of life, being its process of getting malignant an exceptional event. This case report presents a 47-year-old male patient with a Vanek's tumor of antral localization that was diagnosed at the Teaching Provincial Hospital Arnaldo Milian Castro, of Santa Clara.

Histopathological alterations observed in the liver of Poecilia vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) as a tool for the environmental quality assessment of the Cachoeira River, BA / Alterações histopatológicas observadas no fígado de Poecilia vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) como ferramenta de avaliação da qualidade ambiental do rio Cachoeira, BA

Histopathological alterations in liver have been widely used as a tool in studies for monitoring environmental quality. To evaluate the environmental quality in the Cachoeira river, five spots were monitored between the municipal districts of Itapé and Ilhéus, using liver histological analysis. The species chosen for analysis was Poecilia vivipara due to the fact that it is one of the most abundant in the sampling. The routine technique of inclusion and impregnation in paraffin was used, and the cuts were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E). Histopathological alterations in the liver were evaluated semi-quantitatively and based on the severity of the lesions. The results of the histopathological alteration frequency together with the average taken from the Histopathological Alteration Index from points 1 (Vila de Itapé) and 2 (Fazenda Santa Amélia) showed that in this area the environment is more threatened because of some stressor agent, possibly contaminants that seem to be acting in the environment and endangering the health of fish. The statistic results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among points 1, 2 and 4, which means they are very similar to one another, and are ecologically endangered.

Alterações histopatológicas em fígado têm sido amplamente utilizadas como ferramenta no estudo de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental. A fim de avaliar a qualidade ambiental do Rio Cachoeira, foi realizado um monitoramento em cinco pontos do rio, entre Itapé e Ilhéus, utilizando-se análise histopatológica do fígado. A espécie Poecilia vivipara foi escolhida para análise por ser uma das mais abundantes nas amostragens. Foi utilizada a técnica histológica de rotina de inclusão e impregnação em parafina, sendo os cortes corados com hematoxilina e eosina (H&E). As alterações histopatológicas no fígado foram avaliadas semiquantitativamente e baseadas na severidade das lesões. Os resultados das frequências de alterações histopatológicas juntamente com as médias de IAH dos pontos 1 (Vila de Itapé) e 2 (Fazenda Santa Amélia) demonstraram que nestas áreas os ambientes encontram-se mais comprometidos por causa da atuação de algum agentes estressores, que possivelmente, seja contaminante que deve estar atuando sobre o ambiente e comprometendo a saúde dos peixes. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos demonstraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os pontos Vila de Itapé, Fazenda Santa Amélia e Ponto do Pitu, e que ambos - pontos Vila de Itapé, Fazenda Santa Amélia - estão comprometidos ecologicamente, apesar de o ponto Fazenda Santa Amélia ser considerado o mais degradado de acordo com as frequências de alterações e o IAH.

Histopathological alterations observed in the liver of Poecilia vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) as a tool for the environmental quality assessment of the Cachoeira River, BA

Histopathological alterations in liver have been widely used as a tool in studies for monitoring environmental quality. To evaluate the environmental quality in the Cachoeira river, five spots were monitored between the municipal districts of Itapé and Ilhéus, using liver histological analysis. The species chosen for analysis was Poecilia vivipara due to the fact that it is one of the most abundant in the sampling. The routine technique of inclusion and impregnation in paraffin was used, and the cuts were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E). Histopathological alterations in the liver were evaluated semi-quantitatively and based on the severity of the lesions. The results of the histopathological alteration frequency together with the average taken from the Histopathological Alteration Index from points 1 (Vila de Itapé) and 2 (Fazenda Santa Amélia) showed that in this area the environment is more threatened because of some stressor agent, possibly contaminants that seem to be acting in the environment and endangering the health of fish. The statistic results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among points 1, 2 and 4, which means they are very similar to one another, and are ecologically endangered.

Alterações histopatológicas em fígado têm sido amplamente utilizadas como ferramenta no estudo de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental. A fim de avaliar a qualidade ambiental do Rio Cachoeira, foi realizado um monitoramento em cinco pontos do rio, entre Itapé e Ilhéus, utilizando-se análise histopatológica do fígado. A espécie Poecilia vivipara foi escolhida para análise por ser uma das mais abundantes nas amostragens. Foi utilizada a técnica histológica de rotina de inclusão e impregnação em parafina, sendo os cortes corados com hematoxilina e eosina (H&E). As alterações histopatológicas no fígado foram avaliadas semiquantitativamente e baseadas na severidade das lesões. Os resultados das frequências de alterações histopatológicas juntamente com as médias de IAH dos pontos 1 (Vila de Itapé) e 2 (Fazenda Santa Amélia) demonstraram que nestas áreas os ambientes encontram-se mais comprometidos por causa da atuação de algum agentes estressores, que possivelmente, seja contaminante que deve estar atuando sobre o ambiente e comprometendo a saúde dos peixes. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos demonstraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os pontos Vila de Itapé, Fazenda Santa Amélia e Ponto do Pitu, e que ambos - pontos Vila de Itapé, Fazenda Santa Amélia - estão comprometidos ecologicamente, apesar de o ponto Fazenda Santa Amélia ser considerado o mais degradado de acordo com as frequências de alterações e o IAH.

Proporción de concordancia entre los diagnósticos clínico e histopatológico bucofaciales durante 20 años / Proportion of agreement between the clinical and the histopathologic diagnosis during 20 years

Se realizó un estudio para determinar la proporción de concordancia entre los diagnósticos clínico e histopatológico de las biopsias estudiadas en el departamento de Patología Bucal de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Se recopilaron los diagnósticos histopatológicos de 2 183 biopsias a partir del libro de registro de los años 1989 a 2008. Se asignaron códigos a las distintas variables estudiadas y se procesaron con Epi Info para obtener las frecuencias y porcentajes. El estudio presentó una concordancia del 54,1 por ciento, ligera discordancia del 13,8 por ciento, no concordancia de 7,9 por ciento y sin diagnóstico clínico un 24,2 por ciento. Las lesiones en glándulas salivales presentaron la mayor concordancia con un 66,8 por ciento y para tejido óseo los quistes no odontogénicos ocuparon el primer lugar de concordancia con el 80,0 por ciento. Se encontró una concordancia aceptable, superior a otros estudios similares. Existe la posiblidad de mejorar el nivel científico mediante la actualización continua de los clínicos(AU)

To determine the proportion of agreement between the clinical and histopathologic diagnoses of study biopsies in the Oral Pathology Department. From the registry book from years 1989 to 2008 the histopathologic diagnoses of 2 183 biopsies were collected codifying the different study variables and were processed using Epi Info to obtain the frequencies end percentages. This study presents a 7.9 percent of agreement, a slight agreement of 13.8 percent, no-agreement of 7.9 percent and without clinical diagnosis of 24.2 percent. The salivary glands lesions showed the high agreement for the 66.8 percent and for the bone tissue the non-odontogenic cysts occupied the first place of agreement for the 80.0 percent. There was an acceptable agreement higher than other similar studies. There is the possibility to improve these features by means of a continuous updating of the clinical diagnoses(AU)