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BACKGROUND: In recent years, the use of virtual reality (VR) as a complementary intervention in treating cognitive impairment has significantly increased. VR applications based on instrumental activities of daily living (iADL-VR) could offer a promising approach with greater ecological validity for intervention in groups with cognitive impairments. However, the effectiveness of this approach is still debated. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to synthesize the effects of iADL-VR interventions to rehabilitate, train, or stimulate cognitive functions in healthy adults and people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and different types of dementia. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in the Scopus, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and APA PsycNet databases until September 2022 and repeated in April 2023. The selected studies met the search terms, were peer-reviewed, included an iADL-VR intervention, and were written in English. Descriptive, qualitative studies, reviews, cognitive assessment, non-intervention studies, those unrelated to VR or iADL, those focused on motor aspects, and non-degenerative disorders were excluded. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the controlled studies. To present and synthesize the results, we organized the extracted data into three tables, including PEDro scores, participant characteristics, and study characteristics. RESULTS: Nineteen studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The total sample reached 590 participants, mostly women (72.67%). Approximately 30% were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or dementia, and 20% had mild cognitive impairment. Variables such as authors and year of publication, study design, type of intervention and VR applied, duration of the intervention, main findings, and conclusions were extracted. Regarding demographic characteristics, the sample size, age, sex, years of education, neurological diagnosis, dropouts, and the city and country where the intervention took place were recorded. Almost all studies showed improvements in some or all the outcomes after the intervention, generally greater in the iADL-VR group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: iADL-VR interventions could be beneficial in improving the performance of cognitive functions in older adults and people with MCI and different types of dementia. The ecological component of these tasks makes them very suitable for transferring what has been learned to the real world. However, such transfer needs to be confirmed by further studies with larger and more homogeneous samples and longer follow-up periods. This review had no primary funding source and was registered with PROSPERO under registration ID: 375166.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Cognitive Dysfunction , Virtual Reality , Humans , Female , Aged , Male , Activities of Daily Living , CognitionABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: Many older adults face physical limitations to performing activities of daily life (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily life (IADLs) and seek help performing them. In Mexico, family caregivers, especially spouses and adult children, traditionally take care of older adults. However, a detailed characterization of the care received has not been thoroughly provided. We sought to identify socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related differences in receiving help among older adults reporting physical limitations. Research Design and Methods: Using the 2012 wave of the Mexican Health and Aging Study, we provided information on adults aged 60 and older who reported one or more physical limitations and whether they received help or not. We estimated 2 logistic regression models to obtain the odds ratios (ORs) of receiving help among individuals with an ADL limitation and those with an IADL limitation. Results: Adults with ADL limitations received, on average, approximately 10.7 hr of assistance per day, whereas those with at least 1 IADL limitation received around 7.7 hr of help per day. Women were more likely to receive help with ADLs than men (OR = 2.35). Individuals with chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis also received more help with both ADLs and IADLs. Discussion and Implications: Our work suggests that help received does respond to the care needs of older adults, but future research should focus on the burden of care for caregivers and expand this analysis using a longitudinal data approach.
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Background: While efforts have been made to validate intrinsic capacity (IC) as a multidimensional indicator of healthy aging in high-income countries, we still need evidence from lower-income countries. We examined associations of IC with wide ranges of activities of daily living in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged≥50 years. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 7175 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging. IC domains (cognitive, psychological, sensory, locomotor, and vitality) were determined using self-reported and physical performance measures. IC was operationalized through factorial analysis. We investigated associations of IC and its domains with functional ability in basic, instrumental, and advanced activities of daily living (ADL, IADL, and AADL) using logistic regressions adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and modifiable risk factors. Findings: The IC bi-factorial model revealed satisfactory goodness-of-fit. Preserved ability in ADL and IADL, respectively, ranged from 69% and 29% to 89% and 74% across IC quartiles. In adjusted analyses, every standard deviation increment in IC composite score was associated with almost twice the odds of preserved ADL (OR=1·72; 95%CI=1·54-1·93), preserved IADL (OR=1·95; 95%CI=1·77-2·16), and high performance in AADL (OR=1·79; 95%CI=1·59-2·00). Similar results were reported using the IC domains as predictors. Although age, race/ethnicity, and education did not modify associations of IC with functional ability, we found sex differences with stronger relationships of IC with preserved ADL or IADL in females. Interpretation: Our results support IC validity and reliability to measure healthy aging in diverse socioeconomic and cultural settings. Incorporating IC in routine practices can promote holistic and person-centered care approaches in aging societies. Funding: The Brazilian Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communication.
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Introducción: La transición al modelo biopsicosocial implica que las herramientas de evaluación se adapten a esta nueva visión de la salud. Las herramientas usadas en Chile para medir la funcionalidad en las actividades de la vida diaria instrumentales (AVDI) son las mismas desde los años 50, por lo que se requiere hacer una revisión de la literatura a fin de conocer nuevas metodologías de evaluación en la materia. Objetivo: Identificar las herramientas de evaluación en AVDI, qué ítems son considerados, metodología de puntuación (rangos, puntajes, categorización de resultados), tiempo y contexto de aplicación, creadores de las herramientas y propiedades psicométricas de los mismos. Diseño: Revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos: PubMed, BIREME y Epistemonikos. Se realizaron tres búsquedas: dos el 2018 (marzo y septiembre) y una el 2020 (diciembre). Selección de estudios: Estudios observacionales (estudios de cohorte y estudios de corte transversal) y revisiones sistemáticas que contemplaron la valoración de AVDI en mayores de 18 años, en inglés o español, publicados desde 1998 y de libre acceso. Extracción de datos: Se realizó lectura de títulos y resúmenes como primer filtro, y posteriormente el texto completo. Una vez seleccionados los estudios que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión, se les aplicó la pauta "Strengthening The Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)" y la pauta "Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Spanish (CASPe)" para evaluar la calidad metodológica. Se estableció, a través de un consenso de las investigadoras, que cada estudio seleccionado debía cumplir con al menos 13 de los 22 ítems de la pauta STROBE. Resultados: De los 27.606 artículos encontrados, 15 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y el punto de corte establecido de la pauta. Sólo un artículo era en idioma español y 14 en inglés; y fueron publicados principalmente en EE.UU. y España. De los 20 instrumentos encontrados en los artículos seleccionados, el 60% corresponde a la "Escala Lawton y Brody", el 10% a la de "The Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS)" y el porcentaje restante otras herramientas. Conclusiones: A nivel internacional se han creado nuevas herramientas de evaluación de AVDI en respuesta a necesidades locales, dificultando la posibilidad de ser generalizadas a otros contextos sin contar previamente con un proceso de validación transcultural y estadística que resguarde la confiabilidad de su aplicación y data. La "Escala de Lawton y Brody", pese a las limitaciones ni sesgos, sigue siendo un patrón de oro a nivel internacional.
Background: The transition to the biopsychosocial model implies that the assessment tools are adapted to this new vision of health. In Chile, the evaluations to measure functionality on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), have been the same since the 1950s, so a review of the literature is required to know new evaluation tools in the matter. Aim: To identify the evaluation tools that exist to assess the functionality in AVDI, what items are considered, scoring methodology (rank, score, categorization of results), time and in which contexts they are applied, assessment creators and psychometric properties. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: PubMed, BIREME and Epistemonikos. Three searches were carried out: two in 2018 (March and September) and one in 2020 (December). Study selection: Observational studies (cohort studies and cross-sectional studies) and Systematic Reviews that contemplated the assessment of IADL in people over 18 years of age, in English or Spanish, published since 1998 and open access. Data extraction: Titles and abstracts were read as a first filter, followed by the full text. Once the studies that met the inclusion criteria had been selected, the "Strengthening The Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)" and "Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Spanish (CASPe)" guideline was applied to assess methodological quality. It was established, through a consensus of the researchers, that each selected study had to comply with at least 13 of the 22 items of STROBE guideline. Results: Of the 27.606 articles found, 15 met the inclusion criteria and the established cut-off point of the guideline. One article was written in Spanish and 14 in English, which were carried out mainly in the United States and Spain (3 out of 15 respectively). Of the 20 instruments found in the selected articles, 60% correspond to "Lawton & Brody Scale", 10% to "The Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS)" and the remaining percentage other tools. Conclusions: At an international level, new IADL assessment tools have been created in response to local needs, making it difficult to generalize to other contexts without previously having a cross-cultural and statistical validation process that safeguards the reliability of its application and data. The "Lawton s Brody Scale", despite its limitations and biases, remains an international gold standard.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Activities of Daily Living , Psychometrics , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the contribution of chronic conditions to the disability burden in the older men and women in Brazil. METHODS: Data from 10,290 participants of the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013 aged 60 years or older were used. Disability was defined based on limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Binomial additive hazards models were fitted to assess the contribution of chronic conditions to the disability prevalence. RESULTS: Back pain was the most common condition, followed by diabetes and heart diseases in men and arthritis and diabetes in women. Stroke and mental disorders were by far the most disabling conditions in men and women. A higher disability prevalence was observed in women (34.4 %, CI 32.4; 36.2 %) compared to men (28.4 %; CI 25.9; 30.8 %). The most important contributors to the disability prevalence were stroke, back pain, and arthritis among men, and diabetes, heart diseases, and arthritis in women. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce disability in the older population in Brazil should take into account the gender gap in the occurrence of chronic conditions, focusing on the main contributors to the disability burden.