ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The negative inotropic effect of Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs limits their use for acute cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine, in an intact porcine model, the effects of pulmonary and intravenous (IV) administration of flecainide on left ventricular (LV) contractility and QRS complex width at doses that are effective in converting new-onset AF to sinus rhythm. METHODS: Flecainide (1.5 mg/kg bolus) was delivered by intratracheal administration and compared to 2.0 mg/kg 10-minute IV administration (European Society of Cardiology guideline) and to 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg 2-minute IV doses in 40 closed-chest, anesthetized Yorkshire pigs. Catheters were fluoroscopically positioned in the LV to monitor QRS complex width and contractility and at the bifurcation of the main bronchi to deliver intratracheal flecainide. RESULTS: Peak flecainide plasma concentrations (Cmax) were similar, but the 30-minute area under the curve (AUC) of plasma levels was 1.4- to 2.8-fold greater for 2.0 mg/kg 10-minute IV infusion than for the lower, more rapidly delivered intratracheal and IV doses. AUC for LV contractility (ie, negative inotropic burden) was 2.2- to 3.6-fold greater for 2.0 mg/kg 10-minute IV dose than for the lower, more rapidly delivered doses. QRS complex widening by flecainide was highly correlated with the decrease in LV contractility (r2 = 0.890, P <.0001, for all IV doses; r2 = 0.812, P = .01, for intratracheal flecainide). CONCLUSION: QRS complex widening in response to flecainide is strongly correlated with decrease in LV contractility. Rapid pulmonary or IV flecainide delivery reduces the negative inotropic burden while quickly achieving Cmax levels associated with conversion of AF.
Subject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation/chemically induced , Electrocardiography , Flecainide/toxicity , Heart Conduction System/physiopathology , Heart Rate/physiology , Animals , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Heart Conduction System/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Male , Swine , Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers/toxicityABSTRACT
Cardiac inotropy depends, among other factors, on the interval between contractions. In this study, we developed instrumentation for cell shortening recording, which was used to investigate the influence of stimulatory rhythm on contraction amplitude of isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Peak cell shortening amplitude was recorded during electric stimulation at the average rate of 0.5 Hz with different stimulatory patterns: regular and pseudo-random rhythms, as well as double pulse stimulation. Cells were perfused at 23 ºC with modified Tyrodes solution with or without 10 nM isoproterenol (ISO). The main advantages of the developed microscopy system were its relatively low cost(~US$ 1,000.00), small size (150 × 170 × 300 mm), and absence of detectable optic distortions. We observed that average contraction amplitude was similar for all stimulatory patterns, in the absence and presence of ISO (p > 0.05), although the amplitude of individual contractions was highly dependent on the previous interval, and was significantly increased by ISO (p < 0.05). With the double pulse patterns, the amplitude ratio of contractions following the shorter and the longer intervals was ~0.55. ISO positive inotropic effect was more prominent for contractions after short intervals, which increased the ratio to ~0.80. This might be explained by acceleration of the recovery of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels from the adapted state, possibly by proteinkinase A-dependent phosphorylation, which would resultin enhanced systolic Ca2+ release.
O inotropismo cardíaco depende de inúmeros fatores, entre eles o intervalo entre contrações. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos instrumentação para registro de encurtamento celular e investigamos a influência do ritmo estimulatório sobre a atividade contrátil de miócitos ventriculares isolados de rato. A amplitude do encurtamento celular foi registrada durante estimulação elétrica à freqüência média de 0,5 Hz, com ritmo regular, ritmo pseudoaleatório e pulsos duplos. Os miócitos foram perfundidos a 23 ºC com solução de Tyrode modificada contendo ou não 10 nMde isoproterenol (ISO). O sistema de microscopia desenvolvido é de custo relativo baixo (~US$ 1.000,00), dimensões reduzidas(150 × 170 × 300 mm) e apresenta boa qualidade óptica (sem distorções ou paralaxe detectáveis). Observamos que a amplitude média das contrações foi semelhante em todos os ritmos estimulatórios na ausência e presença de ISO (p > 0,05), embora a amplitude de contrações individuais fosse dependente do intervalo precedente, e ISO tenha causado aumento da amplitude média das contrações (p < 0,05). Nos padrões com pulso duplo, a razão de amplitude das contrações que seguem o menor e o maior intervalo foi ~0,55. O efeito inotrópico positivo de ISO foi mais pronunciado para contrações após intervalos curtos, o que levou a razão para ~0,80. Isto poderia ser explicado por aceleração da recuperação dos canais de liberação de Ca2+ do retículo sarcoplasmático do estado adaptado, causada possivelmente por fosforilação pela proteína quinase A, o que aumentaria a quantidade de Ca2+ liberada durante a sístole.