Case series of retinal vein occlusions showing early recovery using oral l-methylfolate.

This case series describes the aggregate rate of recovery in five consecutive subjects (six eyes) with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) who received l-methylfolate and other vitamins via Ocufolin®, a medical food. Subjects were followed for 10-33 months by a single ophthalmologist. Ocufolin® was prescribed at the time of diagnosis and subjects remained on the regimen throughout the time of observation. Examinations were performed in an un-masked fashion at 3-month intervals with recording of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), average retinal nerve fiber layer (ARNFL) and central macular thickness (CMT), and fundus (examination of the retina, macula, optic nerve, and vessels) photography. Testing was done for vitamin deficiencies, vascular and coagulable risk factors, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms. Vitamin deficiencies and vascular risk factors were found in all subjects, and all four tested subjects carried at least one MTHFR polymorphism. By the end of the study period BCVA in all subjects was 20/25 or better. Cystoid macular edema was identified and measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The percent change was calculated and plotted at 3-month intervals using the percent change in thickness from the time of diagnosis and percent change toward normative values for ARNFL and CMT. The total reduction in thickness of ARNFL and CMT from time of diagnosis was 44.19% and 30.27%, respectively. The comparison to normative data shows a reduction of ARNFL from 164.2% to 94% and CMT from 154.4% to 112.7% of normal thickness (100%). Plots showed the aggregate recovery was most rapid over the first 3 months and slowed over the next 3 months with most of the recovery taking place within 6 months of treatment. The rate of improvement in BCVA and resolution of retinal thickening was found to be better than predicted on historical grounds. No subjects progressed from nonischemic to ischemic RVO. Vitamin deficiencies, vascular risk factors, and genetic predisposition to oxidative stress were common in this RVO series. It appears that addressing these factors with Ocufolin® had a salutary effect on recovery.

Effect of L-Methylfolate Supplementation on Sleep for Patients with Reduced Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Activity.

INTRODUCTION: Clinicians have limited options outside controlled substances to address sleep disturbance, which left untreated can negatively affect patient outcomes in cardiovascular health, mental health, immunologic function, and more. For some, genetic factors may influence sleep disturbances. L-methylfolate, the active form of folate, plays a critical role in regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters known to have significant impact on sleep regulation: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the enzyme methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase are common and can impact monoamine production. The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of L-methylfolate supplementation on sleep in a cohort with reduced methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients being treated with L-methylfolate in a concierge medical clinic setting was studied. Patients presenting with sleep complaints were evaluated using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System at baseline. Patients with known MTHFR polymorphisms at either C667T and/or A1298C were recommended 5 mg of L-methylfolate daily and were reevaluated at 2 wks, at 4 wks, and at 8 wks of supplementation. Statistical comparisons were made utilizing ANOVA and T-test comparisons. RESULTS: Ten were included in the final cohort: six male and four female, average age 43 ± 16 years. Beginning at wk 2, average sleep disturbance improved significantly by -6.94 points (p = 0.005) and by 8 wks, all patients had improvement with a -14.34 change in disturbance from baseline (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Improvement in sleep disturbance was seen in both low and intermediate function phenotypes. L-methylfolate may be useful for improving sleep in patients with MTHFR polymorphism.

The effects of folinic acid and l-methylfolate supplementation on serum total homocysteine levels in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND - AIM: Hyperhomocysteinemia is recognized as a risk factor for several diseases and conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of two total homocysteine (tHcy)-lowering treatments including folinic acid or l-methylfolate in healthy Greek adults. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-two healthy Greek adults (143 men, 129 women; mean age±SD: 43.0 ± 15.3 years), with serum tHcy levels ≥10 µmol/L received randomized folinic acid ("Folinic acid Group") or l-methylfolate ("l-methylfolate Group") orally for three months. All subjects with serum cobalamin (Cbl) levels <300 pg/mL additionally received 1 mg hydroxycobalamine intramuscularly twice a week for the first month only. Serum folate, Cbl and tHcy levels were determined using immunoassays methods at the beginning and the end of the study period. The MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization. RESULTS: At the end of the 3-month intervention period, the levels of serum folate and Cbl increased significantly, whereas the levels of serum tHcy decreased significantly in the two groups. The individuals with MTHFR 677TT genotype had a significantly higher reduction in serum tHcy levels than the individuals with the MTHFR 677CC or MTHFR 677CT genotypes. Although the "Folinic acid Group" had a considerably higher increase in their serum folate levels (but not Cbl) than the "l-methylfolate Group", the reduction of serum tHcy levels between the two groups was not substantially different. The individuals with MTHFR 677CT genotype had a statistically significant higher reduction in serum tHcy levels when supplemented with folinic acid rather than l-methylfolate. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of folinic acid compared to l-methylfolate caused a higher increase of serum folate levels but no difference in the reduction of serum tHcy levels. The reduction of serum tHcy levels was influenced by the existence of MTHFR C677T and not MTHFR A1298C gene polymorphisms. The individuals with MTHFR 677CT genotype appear to benefit more by folinic acid than l-methylfolate supplementation.

Homocysteine Reduction for Stroke Prevention: Regarding the Recent AHA/ASA 2021 Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack.

Reduction of secondary ischemic stroke risk following an initial stroke is an important goal. The 2021 Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack assembles opportunities for up to 80% secondary stroke reduction. Homocysteine reduction was not included in the recommendations. The reduction of homocysteine with low doses of folic acid has been shown to reduce ischemic stroke and all stroke. This has been obscured by studies using high doses of folic acid and cyanocobalamin in patients with renal failure and Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms. The confounding impacts of high dose folic acid and cyanocobalamin toxicity in renal failure and MTHFR C677T subgroups are discussed. New studies show that their toxicity is due to non-bioequivalence to the natural dietary forms, L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin. Low doses of folic acid and cyanocobalamin are safer than high doses for these subpopulations. Even lower toxicity with greater effectiveness for reducing homocysteine is seen with L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin, which are safe at high doses. Retinal vascular imaging is a noninvasive method for evaluating central nervous system (CNS) microangiopathy. A formulation containing l-methylfolate and methylcobalamin has been shown to reduce homocysteine and increase perfusion in diabetic retinopathy. This supports homocysteine intervention for CNS ischemia. Future ischemic stroke intervention studies could benefit from monitoring retinal perfusion to estimate the impact of risk reduction strategies. The omission of a recommendation for homocysteine and secondary stroke reduction through the use of B vitamins should be reconsidered in light of re-analysis of major B vitamin intervention studies and new technologies for monitoring CNS perfusion. We recommend revision of the 2021 Guideline to include homocysteine reduction with low doses of folic acid and cyanocobalamin, or better yet, L-methylfolate and methylcobalamin, making a good clinical guideline better.

Effects of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Polymorphisms on Retinal Tissue Perfusion in Mild Diabetic Retinopathy Patients Receiving the Medical Food, Ocufolin®.

Purpose: We evaluate the effects of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms on retinal tissue perfusion in patients with mild diabetic retinopathy (DR + PM) taking the medical food, Ocufolin®, for 6 months. Methods: Prospective, case-controlled study. Eight early diabetic retinopathy patients with common reduced function MTHFR polymorphisms (DR+PM) and 15 normal controls (NC) were recruited. MTHFR polymorphisms were subtyped as normal, C677T, or A1298C. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was evaluated. Retinal blood flow velocity (BFV) was measured using Retinal Function Imager. Retinal tissue perfusion (RTP, blood flow rate per inner retinal volume) was calculated within a 2.5 mm diameter circle centered on the fovea. The medical food is intended to address ocular ischemia with high doses of vitamin B-complexes and antioxidants, including L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin, zinc, copper, lutein, vitamins C, D, E, and n-acetylcysteine. The subjects were provided with a medical food for a period of 6 months. Results: BCVA and vascular indices of DR + PM patients at baseline were initially below those of NC and improved after medical food. Compared to baseline, DR + PM patients after the medical food had significantly improved BCVA during the follow-up period (P < 0.05). In comparison, overall RTP and arteriolar BFV were significantly increased at 6 months (P < 0.05). The changes varied with MTHFR subtypes. In patients with the C677T and the C677T/A1298C compound mutations, RTP was increased at 6 months as compared to that at baseline and 4 months (P < 0.05). In patients with only the A1298C mutation, all microcirculation metrics were increased from baseline at 4 and 6 months, but with less improvement at 6 months than at 4 months (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Medical food was effective in improving both visual acuity and retinal tissue perfusion in DR + PM patients. The degree of improvement of retinal microcirculation varied among MTHFR subtypes.

L-Methylfolate in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Narrative Review.

OBJECTIVE: One of the most frequently occurring complications of diabetes mellitus is peripheral neuropathy. Despite the painful symptoms associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the current treatment landscape focuses on managing symptoms without addressing the underlying causes of DPN. This narrative review describes the mechanistic effects and clinical trial data supporting the use of L-methylfolate calcium (LMF), the bioactive form of folate, which is available in the United States as a prescription medical food that also contains other B vitamins for the dietary management of DPN. METHODS: Preclinical and clinical trial data evaluating the impact of LMF on DPN were identified using PubMed searches for articles published between 2010 and 2023. Search terms included: folate, LMF, diabetes, neuropathy, and neuropathic pain. Additionally, a literature search was conducted to identify studies related to LMF, genetic polymorphisms, and DPN pathophysiology. RESULTS: Several studies show that the C677T variant of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is linked to greater risk of DPN than other methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase variants due to its inhibitory effects on several folic acid metabolic pathways. One double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 5 open-label studies, and 1 retrospective study found that LMF has a significant beneficial effect on DPN that extends beyond symptomatic relief to include modulating the underlying pathophysiology that leads to the progression and symptoms of DPN. LMF also significantly improves patient quality of life, with minimal adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Preclinical and clinical studies have found that LMF can be used to treat the underlying causes of DPN and provide long-lasting symptomatic relief.

Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of B vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving the standard treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. We also aimed to gather the evidence supporting the recommendations for supplementation in clinical practice. METHODS: Performed between March 2020 and September 2021, the main inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with patients ≥ 18 years old, both sexes, fulfilling target diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or mild to severe depressive and anxiety symptoms. In addition, the RCTs were included if the scales to assess the severity of the symptoms were standardized rating scales in psychiatric. Trials that reported diagnoses of schizophrenia, perinatal depression, bipolar depression, sleep disorders, eating disorders, cancer, and multiple sclerosis in association with any of the mentioned diagnoses were excluded. RESULTS: We identified 20 RCTs that matched all eligibility criteria, totaling 2,256 subjects, diagnosed with MDD, GAD, and depressive or anxiety symptoms. Supplementation with folic acid or L-methylfolate, B1, B12 or methylcobalamin, and vitamin D (in different doses and study duration) significantly decreased depression score scales by increasing response to standard pharmacological treatment or as monotherapy, including partial or complete remission. As for anxiety symptoms, the availability of results is limited to adjuvant vitamin D therapy. DISCUSSION: B vitamins and vitamin D associated with other compounds also showed significant results, so the improvement in symptoms cannot be attributed strictly to those. Our results suggest that intervention with B vitamins and/or vitamin D may be an effective and well-tolerated adjuvant strategy for improving the symptoms of depression and anxiety, according to the patient's clinical status and nutritional biomarkers.

A retrospective examination of adjunctive L-methylfolate in children and adolescents with unipolar depression.

BACKGROUND: Adjunctive l-methylfolate is commonly prescribed for children and adolescents with treatment-resistant mood disorders; however, the relationship between l-methylfolate augmentation across methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes in youths with depressive symptoms is unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the electronic health records of patients (N = 412) with depressive symptoms associated with unipolar depressive disorders and their MTHFR C677T genotypes from 2013 to 2019. Patients were ≤18 years of age at the time of MTHFR pharmacogenetic testing. Treatment response was assessed with Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score reported in the medical record. RESULTS: Patients with an MTHFR C677T C/T or T/T genotype were more likely to be prescribed l-methylfolate when the clinician knew their MTHFR genotype (p < 0.0001, OR: 15.1, 95 % CI: [5.1, 44.2]), but not when the clinician did not know their genotype (p = 0.4, OR: 2.1, 95 % CI: [0.4, 11.4]). Change in baseline and endpoint CGI-I scores between patients with an MTHFR C677T variant who were prescribed and not prescribed l-methylfolate did not significantly differ (p = 0.39). Response rate was not associated with l-methylfolate prescription (p = 0.17) or l-methylfolate dose (p = 0.69). LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective study, which yielded a heterogeneous patient population and limited data availability (e.g., adherence). Patients are severely ill and may have a refractory illness that limits response to adjunctive l-methylfolate. CONCLUSION: Clinicians prescribe l-methylfolate to children and adolescents with depressive symptoms associated with unipolar depressive disorders who have an MTHFR C677T variant, although augmentation may not be associated with treatment response, regardless of MTHFR genotype or dose.

Synergic action of L-acetylcarnitine and L-methylfolate in Mouse Models of Stress-Related Disorders and Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons.

The epigenetic agents, L-acetylcarnitine (LAC) and L-methylfolate (MF) are putative candidates as add-on drugs in depression. We evaluated the effect of a combined treatment with LAC and MF in two different paradigms of chronic stress in mice and in human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated into dopaminergic neurons. Two groups of mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 28 days or chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 21 day, and LAC (30 or 100 mg/kg) and/or MF (0.75 or 3 mg/kg) were administered i.p. once a day for 14 days, starting from the last week of stress. In both stress paradigms, LAC and MF acted synergistically in reducing the immobility time in the forced swim test and enhancing BDNF protein levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, LAC and MF acted synergistically in enhancing type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu2) protein levels in the hippocampus of mice exposed to CRS. Interestingly, CRS mice treated with MF showed an up-regulation of NFκB p65, which is a substrate for LAC-induced acetylation. We could also demonstrate a synergism between LAC and MF in cultured hiPSCs differentiated into dopamine neurons, by measuring dendrite length and number, and area of the cell soma after 3 days of drug exposure. These findings support the combined use of LAC and MF in the treatment of MDD and other stress-related disorders.

Improved Retinal Microcirculation in Mild Diabetic Retinopathy Patients Carrying MTHFR Polymorphisms Who Received the Medical Food, Ocufolin®.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of Ocufolin® on retinal microcirculation in patients with mild diabetic retinopathy carrying MTHFR polymorphisms. Methods: In a prospective, case-controlled study, eight patients with mild diabetic retinopathy and MTHFR polymorphisms and 15 normal controls (NC) were recruited. MTHFR polymorphisms were subtyped as normal, C677T, or A1298C. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was evaluated. Retinal blood flow velocity (BFV) was measured using Retinal Function Imager. Retinal tissue perfusion (RTP, blood flow rate per inner retinal volume) was calculated within a 2.5 mm diameter circle centered on the fovea. The eight retinopathy patients received Ocufolin® for 6 months, and their imaging was performed at baseline, 4 months, and 6 months. The NC group was imaged once. Results: BCVA and vascular indices of DR + PM patients at baseline were below those of NC and improved after Ocufolin® administration. Compared to baseline, DR + PM patients had significantly improved BCVA during the follow-up period (P < 0.05). RTP and arteriolar BFV were significantly increased at 6 months (P < 0.05), approaching NC. Conclusion: Ocufolin® may be effective in improving both visual acuity and retinal microcirculation in patients with DR + PM. Further studies with increasing sample size, and longer duration, including cases with severe DR, are needed.

L-Methylfolate in Antidepressant Non-responders: The Impact of Body Weight and Inflammation.

This summary provides context for the role of L-methylfolate (LMF) in treating antidepressant non-responders. Bidirectional relationships have been observed between obesity and/or inflammation and depression. Studies have shown an increased prevalence of depression among patients with elevated body mass index and/or chronic inflammation and an increased risk of becoming obese and experiencing chronic inflammation in those with depression. These relationships can negatively affect the pathophysiology of depression. Elevated cytokine levels have been found to be among the factors that correlate with poor antidepressant treatment responsiveness. Low baseline neurotransmitter levels (e.g., serotonin) can also be associated with reduced effectiveness of commonly used antidepressants [e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)]. LMF is an approved nutritional adjunctive antidepressant therapy that increases central neurotransmitter levels and thereby improves the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy. LMF can increase clinical response when used adjunctively in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and who are SSRI-resistant. In 2 randomized controlled trials, the pooled results showed increased response rates (32.3 vs. 14.6%; P = 0.04) as measured by a ≥50% reduction or final score ≤ 7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and greater mean HAM-D reductions (-5.6 vs. -3.0; P = 0.05) when LMF was added to an SSRI compared with an SSRI plus placebo. Additionally, LMF has demonstrated effectiveness in real-world studies, with 67.9% of patients responding to therapy, using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (P < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses found that patients with inflammation and/or obesity responded better to adjunctive LMF therapy compared with the overall sample (mean HAM-D reduction: -2.74 vs. +0.99).

The potential use of folate and its derivatives in treating psychiatric disorders: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the strengths and limitations of existing data to provide guidance for the use of folate supplements as treatment, with or without other psychotropic medications, in various psychiatric disorders. To identify area for further research in terms of the biosynthesis of mechanism of folate and genetic variants in metabolic pathway in human. METHODS: A systematic review of published literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to assess whether folate supplements are beneficial in certain psychiatric disorders (depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Methodology of this review is registered with Prospero (Registration number CRD 42021266605). DATA SOURCES: Eligible studies were identified using a systematic search of four electronic databases: Embase, Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane. The search strategy covered the time period from 1974 to August 16th, 2021. Therefore, this review examines randomized control trials or open-label trials completed during this period. RESULTS: We identified 23 studies of folate supplements in various psychiatric disorders for critical review. Of these, 9 studies investigated the efficacy of folate supplements in major depressive disorders, 5 studies in schizophrenia, 6 studies in autism spectrum disorder, 2 studies in bipolar affective disorder and 1 study in attention deficit hyperactive disorder. The most consistent finding association of oral levomefolic acid or 5-methylfolate with improvement in clinical outcomes in mental health conditions as mentioned above, especially in major depressive disorder (including postpartum and post-menopausal depression), schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Folate supplements were well tolerated. LIMITATION: Our results are not representative of all types of studies such as case reports or case series studies, nor are they representative of the studies conducted in languages that are not in English or not translated in English. CONCLUSION: Increasing evidence from clinical trials consistently demonstrate folate supplements, especially levomefolic acid or 5-methylfolate, may improve clinical outcomes for certain psychiatric diseases, especially as an adjunct pharmacotherapy with minimal side effects.

Folate as adjunct therapy to SSRI/SNRI for major depressive disorder: Systematic review & meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate depression scores, response, and remission rates in patients with major depression receiving adjunct therapy with folate (L-Methylfolate or folic acid) compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSRI or SNRI) monotherapy. METHODS: Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline with Full Text, PsychInfo, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.org, and Google Scholar were searched utilizing specific key words. Identified studies were independently screened for inclusion by two reviewers, were assessed for risk of bias using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2), then meta-analyzed using a random effects model with Review Manager (5.4) software. RESULTS: The initial search revealed 293 articles with 6 randomized control trials ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. In patients with depression, analysis of 5 studies revealed a significantly lower Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score in individuals treated with adjunct therapy with l-Methylfolate/folic acid [Mean Difference (MD): -2.16 (95 % CI -3.62 to -0.69), p = 0.004], as well a combined HAM-D and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores [standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.61 (95 % Confidence Interval {CI} -0.97 to -0.24), p = 0.002]. This adjunct therapy also yielded an improved response rate [Risk Ratio (RR): 1.36 (95 % CI: 1.16-1.59) P = 0.0001], increase in remission rate [RR: 1.39 (95 % CI: 1.00-1.92) P = 0.05], and reduction in depression scores after varying durations of treatment, 4 week: [SMD = -0.38 (95 % CI: -0.55 to -0.22) P ≤ 0.00001]; 6 week: [SMD = -0.94 (95 % CI: -1.85 to -0.03) P = 0.04]; ≥ 8 week: [SMD= -0.57 (95 % CI: -0.91 to -0.23) P = 0.0009]. CONCLUSION: Adjunct therapy with l-Methylfolate or folic acid improves depression scale scores, patient response, and remission rates.

Improved conjunctival microcirculation in diabetic retinopathy patients with MTHFR polymorphisms after Ocufolin™ Administration.

PURPOSE: To investigate conjunctival microvascular responses in patients with mild diabetic retinopathy (MDR) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (D + PM) after administration of Ocufolin™, a medical food containing 900 µg l-methylfolate (levomefolate calcium or [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, calcium salt), methylcobalamin, and other ingredients. METHODS: Eight D + PM patients received Ocufolin™ for six months (6 M). Bulbar conjunctival microvasculature and microcirculation metrics, including vessel diameter (D), axial blood flow velocity (Va), cross-sectional blood flow velocity (Vs), flow rate (Q), and vessel density (VD, Dbox), were measured at baseline, 4 M, and 6 M. RESULTS: The mean age was 54 ± 7 years. No significant demographic differences were found. Conjunctival microcirculation, measured as Va, Vs, and Q was significantly increased at 4 M and 6 M, compared to baseline. Va was 0.44 ± 0.10 mm/s, 0.58 ± 0.13 mm/s, 0.59 ± 0.13 mm/s in baseline, 4 M, and 6 M, respectively (P < 0.01). Similarly, Vs was 0.31 ± 0.07 mm/s, 0.40 ± 0.09 mm/s, 0.41 ± 0.09 mm/s in baseline, 4 M, and 6 M, respectively (P < 0.05). Q was 107.8 ± 49.4 pl/s, 178.0 ± 125.8 pl/s, 163.3 ± 85.8 mm/s in baseline, 4 M, and 6 M, respectively (P < 0.05). The VD at 6 M was significantly higher than that at baseline (P = 0.017). Changes of D were positively correlated with changes of Va, Q, and VD. Effects of MTHFR and haptoglobin polymorphisms on the improvements of conjunctival microcirculation and microvasculature were found. CONCLUSIONS: Ocufolin™ supplementation improves conjunctival microcirculation in patients with diabetic retinopathy and common folate polymorphisms.

Calcium l-methylfolate as a source of folate added for nutritional purposes to infant and follow-on formula, baby food and processed cereal-based food.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the extension of use of calcium l-methylfolate to be used as a source of folate added for nutritional purposes to infant and follow-on formula, baby food and processed cereal-based food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 609/2013. In 2004, EFSA assessed the use of calcium l-methylfolate as a source of folate in foods for particular nutritional uses, food supplements and foods intended for the general population. The new alternative synthetic step proposed to produce the nutrient source, using platinum as a catalyst, did not raise any safety concern and the production process was found to consistently yield a product in line with the proposed specifications. Based on the studies assessed in the previous evaluation, it was concluded that calcium l-methylfolate is non-genotoxic and that subchronic and embryotoxicity/teratogenicity studies in rats did not reveal any adverse effects up to the highest doses tested. The Panel considered that no additional toxicological studies are required on the nutrient source. The intervention study in healthy infants provided by the applicant did not indicate differences in growth and tolerance parameters in infants who consumed either an infant formula supplemented with calcium l-methylfolate or with folic acid, and did not raise concerns regarding safety or tolerability of the infant formula with the proposed nutrient source. The study also provided further supporting evidence for the bioavailability of calcium l-methylfolate. The Panel considers that calcium l-methylfolate is a source from which folate is bioavailable and concludes that calcium l-methylfolate is safe under the proposed uses and use levels for infants and young children.

Nutritional and medical food therapies for diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a form of microangiopathy. Reducing oxidative stress in the mitochondria and cell membranes decreases ischemic injury and end-organ damage to the retina. New approaches are needed, which reduce the risk and improve the outcomes of DR while complementing current therapeutic approaches. Homocysteine (Hcy) elevation and oxidative stress are potential therapeutic targets in DR. Common genetic polymorphisms such as those of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), increase Hcy and DR risk and severity. Patients with DR have high incidences of deficiencies of crucial vitamins, minerals, and related compounds, which also lead to elevation of Hcy and oxidative stress. Addressing the effects of the MTHFR polymorphism and addressing comorbid deficiencies and insufficiencies reduce the impact and severity of the disease. This approach provides safe and simple strategies that support conventional care and improve outcomes. Suboptimal vitamin co-factor availability also impairs the release of neurotrophic and neuroprotective growth factors. Collectively, this accounts for variability in presentation and response of DR to conventional therapy. Fortunately, there are straightforward recommendations for addressing these issues and supporting traditional treatment plans. We have reviewed the literature for nutritional interventions that support conventional therapies to reduce disease risk and severity. Optimal combinations of vitamins B1, B2, B6, L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin (B12), C, D, natural vitamin E complex, lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-lipoic acid, and n-acetylcysteine are identified for protecting the retina and choroid. Certain medical foods have been successfully used as therapy for retinopathy. Recommendations based on this review and our clinical experience are developed for clinicians to use to support conventional therapy for DR. DR from both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have similar retinal findings and responses to nutritional therapies.