A estrutura de ocupações nos mercados de trabalho das cidades médias no Rio Grande do Sul: uma análise da dinâmica recente / The structure of occupations in the labor markets of mediumsized cities in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis of recent dynamics

O artigo apresenta dados de uma pesquisa realizada com o objetivo de analisar como a dinâmica de desenvolvimento do capitalismo no Brasil, em especial a partir da década de 2010, repercutiu nos mercados de trabalho de cidades médias do Rio Grande do Sul. Tomando como referência as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura de ocupações das cidades médias do Rio Grande do Sul no período entre 2010 e 2017, propõe-se que, apesar das singularidades dos mercados de trabalho das cidades médias gaúchas, algumas tendências gerais estão presentes no período analisado, indicando um processo de aprofundamento da insegurança dos trabalhadores nesses mercados de trabalho. Insegurança essa objetivada, por exemplo, nos altos índices de rotatividade nos empregos, no baixo poder aquisitivo dos salários, na criação de empregos vinculados ao setor de serviços básicos e que não estão associados a exigências de maior qualificação profissional.(AU)

The article presents data from a research conducted with the objective of analyzing how the dynamics of capitalism development in Brazil, especially from the 2010s, had repercussions on the labor markets of medium cities of Rio Grande do Sul. changes occurring in the occupation structure of medium-sized cities of Rio Grande do Sul between 2010 and 2017, it is proposed that, despite the singularities of the labor markets of medium-sized cities in Rio Grande do Sul, some general trends are present in the analyzed period, indicating a process deepening workers' insecurity in these labor markets. Insecurity of this objective, for example, by the high rates of job turnover, the low purchasing power of wages, the creation of jobs linked to the basic services sector and which are not associated with higher professional qualification requirements.(AU)

Oportunidades laborais, educacionais e homicídios no Brasil

As oportunidades no mercado de trabalho, bem como a formação de capital humano (educação), afetam os custos implícitos de se dedicar às atividades ilegais. No presente texto, investigamos empiricamente o efeito que a taxa de desemprego, os rendimentos reais no mercado de trabalho e o acesso educacional para os jovens (15 a 24 anos) exercem sobre a prevalência de homicídios nos municípios brasileiros. Analisamos ainda as heterogeneidades que dizem respeito à especialização do trabalho e ao ciclo de vida na juventude. A fim de contornar os problemas de endogeneidade, em nossa estratégia de identificação utilizamos um modelo de dados em painel para todos os municípios brasileiros (no período entre 1980 e 2010), com o uso de variáveis instrumentais, seguindo de perto a abordagem desenvolvida por Gould, Weinberg e Mustard (2002). Os instrumentos relacionam-se a mudanças estruturais de longo prazo na indústria que afetam a demanda por trabalho nas cidades. Encontramos os seguintes resultados: i) efeito positivo da taxa de desemprego dos homens sobre a taxa de homicídios, sendo esse efeito maior para jovens adultos (25 a 29 anos); ii) efeito estatisticamente nulo da renda do trabalho por hora trabalhada sobre a taxa de homicídios; e iii) efeito negativo da taxa de atendimento escolar de 15 a 17 anos sobre a taxa de homicídios.

The opportunities in the labor market and formation of human capital (education) affect the implicit costs of engaging in illegal activities. In this article we empirically investigate the effect that the unemployment rate, which real income in the labor market and which school atandence rate for young people (15 to 24 years) exert on the prevalence of homicides in Brazilian municipalities. We also analyze the heterogeneities related to the specialization of work and the life cycle in youth. In order to overcome the problems of endogeneity, in our identification strategy we used a instrumental variable estimation of panel data model for all Brazilian municipalities (between 1980 and 2010), closely following the approach developed by Gould et al. (2002). The instruments its relationship to long-term structural changes in industry that affect the demand for labor in cities. We found the following results over homicide rate: i) positive effect of men’s unemployment rate, which is greater for young adults (25-29 years); ii) no effect of real hourly labor wage ; and iii) the negative effect of the school attendance rate of 15 to 17 years.

New Skills, New Jobs: Return Migration, Skill Transfers, and Business Formation in Mexico.

Numerous studies have documented a high propensity for self-employment and business formation among return migrants relative to non-migrants. The literature points to the importance of remitted savings, migration duration, and number and types of jobs abroad for business formation upon return. Implicit in this scholarship is the assumption that migrants acquire not only financial capital, but also human capital, which expands their opportunities upon return. Empirical work has demonstrated how the transfer of formal human capital, such as language skills and professional credentials, influences the mobility pathways of professional return migrants. More recent research has also found that the transfer of informal human capital, such as social and technical skills learned on the job, shape the mobility pathways of return migrants with little schooling. Absent from this scholarship, however, are studies that directly test the relationship between the transfer of informal human capital and the odds of business formation among return migrants. In this paper, we address this gap. Using a multidimensional skills variable, which includes social, technical, and English language competences, we measure and test the relationship between skill acquisition and transfer and business formation among return migrants. Drawing on findings from a survey of 200 return migrants and 200 non-migrants in Mexico, we show that return migrants who successfully acquire and transfer new skills across the migratory circuit often leverage their new knowledge to launch businesses. Our findings have wide implications for how social scientists conceptualize and measure human capital formation across the migratory circuit.

Political power and health inequalities in Vieques, Puerto Rico.

The relationship between political power and the various pathways to health inequalities in Vieques, Puerto Rico, is explored. The U.S. Navy used the island for 62 years for bombing and other military exercises. The article focuses on the resulting changes to the island's socioeconomic positioning and the health inequalities over six decades. Secondary data analysis of census data using a revised World Health Organization model is used to examine the relationships of political power, labor markets, employment, material deprivation, social and family networks, and health inequalities. Findings are interpreted through a social justice lens and implications suggest the use of political advocacy for social change.

Assessing labor market impacts of trade opening in Uruguay.

ABSTRACT: The analysis of the links between trade policy and labor market outcomes has developed in recent decades, prompt up by the concerns about the effects of the increasing globalization process in which trade plays a major role. In this work we analyze the impact of the increase in trade liberalization, as a consequence of Mercosur's creation on employment, income and wage dispersion at the individual level. To this aim we use data from the Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH) for the period 1988 and 1996 and apply impact evaluation techniques in order to isolate the effects of trade reforms from other policies at work during the period. One of the most robust findings that emerge using difference-in-difference regressions as well as double robust estimators and inverse probability weighting, is that in the period following Mercosur's creation there was an increase in monthly earnings and hourly labor earnings as well as a significant increase in the probability of unemployment and increased wage dispersion. JEL CODES: F02, F16, J23, J31.