A Novel Device for Micro-Droplets Generation Based on the Stepwise Membrane Emulsification Principle.

This paper presents a novel design of the device to generate microspheres or micro-droplets based on the membrane emulsification principle. Specifically, the novelty of the device lies in a proposed two-layer or stepwise (by generalization) membrane structure. An important benefit of the stepwise membrane is that it can be fabricated with the low-cost material (SU-8) and using the conventional lithography technology along with a conventional image-based alignment technique. The experiment to examine the effectiveness of the proposed membrane was conducted, and the result shows that microspheres with the size of 2.3 µm and with the size uniformity of 0.8 µm can be achieved, which meets the requirements for most applications in industries. It is noted that the traditional membrane emulsification method can only produce microspheres of around 20 µm. The main contribution of this paper is thus the new design principle of membranes (i.e., stepwise structure), which can be made by the cost-effective fabrication technique, for high performance of droplets production.

Monodisperse polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles as self-sticky and bio-resorbable tissue adhesives.

Monodisperse nanoparticles of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) polymers, copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), are synthesized using a membrane-assisted emulsion encapsulation and evaporation process for biomedical resorbable adhesives. The precise control over the diameter of these PHA particles, ranging from 100 nm to 8 µm, is achieved by adjusting the diameter of emulsion or the PHA concentration. Mechanical properties of the particles can be tailored based on the 3HB to 4HB ratio and molecular weight, primarily influenced by the level of crystallinity. These monodisperse PHA particles in solution serve as adhesives for hydrogel systems, specifically those based on poly(N, N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA). Semi-crystalline PHA nanoparticles exhibit stronger adhesion energy than their amorphous counterparts. Due to their self-adhesiveness, adhesion energy increases even when those PHA nanoparticles form multilayers between hydrogels. Furthermore, as they degrade and are resorbed into the body, the PHA nanoparticles demonstrate efficacy in in vivo wound closure, underscoring their considerable impact on biomedical applications.

Sustainable production of porous chitosan microparticles by energy-efficient membrane emulsification.

In drug delivery, it is common to use porous particles as carrier media, instead of dense particles, due to their high specific surface area and available entrapment volume, which allows a higher amount of drug to be encapsulated and then released. Chitosan microparticles are extensively used in drug delivery, but porous chitosan microparticles are scarcely reported. In this work, the preparation of porous chitosan microparticles using membrane emulsification is addressed, a technology that involves mild operating conditions and less energy consumption than traditional methods (such as ultrasound), and with higher control of the particle size. The dense structure is obtained by a water-in-oil emulsion. The porous structure is obtained by a gas-in-water-in-oil G/W/O double emulsion, where argon bubbles get entrapped in an aqueous chitosan solution that is further emulsified in a paraffin/petroleum ether mixture. Porous chitosan particles were obtained with sizes of 7.7 ± 1.6 µm, which was comparable with dense chitosan particles (6.2 ± 2.3 µm). The pore structure was optimized by varying the argon flow rate, being optimized at 0.24 L h-1. The impact of drug loading by adsorption or encapsulation, and of the drug release behaviour when using porous and dense particles were assessed, using the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug. The results showed that by encapsulating BSA the loading efficiency was above 95 % for both types of particles, with the release being slightly slower for the dense particles. As for the adsorbed BSA, the loading efficiency was significantly higher for porous particles - 70 % - against the 40 % for dense particles. Porous chitosan particles were successfully obtained using the membrane emulsification technology and showed that these carriers are advantageous regarding drug loading and release.

Oriented Interpenetrating Capillary Network with Surface Engineering by Porous ZnO from Wood for Membrane Emulsification.

Membrane emulsification technology has garnered increasing interest in emulsion preparation due to controllable droplet size, narrower droplet size distribution, low energy consumption, simple process design and excellent reproducibility. Nevertheless, the pore structure and surface engineering in membrane materials design play a crucial role in achieving high-quality emulsions with high throughput simultaneously. In this work, an oriented interpenetrating capillary network composed of highly aligned and interconnected wood cell lumens has been utilized to fabricate an emulsion membrane. A novel honeycomb porous ZnO layer obtained by a seed prefabrication-hydrothermal growth method was designed to reconstruct wood channel surfaces for enhanced microfluid mixing. The results show that through the unique capillary mesh microstructure of wood, the emulsion droplets were smaller in size, had narrower pore-size distribution, and were easy to obtain under high throughput conditions. Meanwhile, a well-designed ZnO layer could further improve the emulsion quality of a wood membrane, while the emulsifying throughput is still maintained at a higher level. This demonstrates that the convection process of the microfluid in these wood capillary channels was intensified markedly. This study not only develops advanced membrane materials in emulsion preparation, but also introduces a brand-new field for functional applications of wood.

Polyfunctional sugar-free white chocolate fortified with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG co-encapsulated with beet residue extract (Beta vulgaris L.).

Chocolate is a worldwide consumed food. This study investigated the fortification of sugar-free white chocolate with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG microcapsule co-encapsulated with beet residue extract. The chocolates were evaluated for moisture, water activity, texture, color properties, melting, physicochemical, and probiotic stability during storage. Furthermore, the survival of L. rhamnosus GG and the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds were investigated under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Regarding the characterization of probiotic microcapsules, the encapsulation efficiency of L. rhamnosus GG was > 89 % while the encapsulation efficiency of phenolic compounds was > 62 %. Chocolates containing probiotic microcapsules were less hard and resistant to breakage. All chocolates had a similar melting behavior (endothermic peaks between 32.80 and 34.40 °C). After 120 days of storage at 4 °C, probiotic populations > 6.77 log CFU/g were detected in chocolate samples. This result demonstrates the potential of this matrix to carry L. rhamnosus GG cells. Regarding the resistance of probiotic strains during gastric simulation, the co-encapsulation of L. rhamnosus GG with beet extract contributed to high counts during gastrointestinal transit, reaching the colon (48 h) with viable cell counts equal to 11.80 log CFU/g. Finally, one of our main findings was that probiotics used phenolic compounds as a substrate source, which may be an observed prebiotic effect.

Development of uniform fenofibrate-loaded biodegradable microparticle by membrane emulsification.

Fenofibrate has shown therapeutic effects on diabetic retinopathy. However, fenofibrate can be rapidly cleared from the eye after a single intravitreal injection. Here, we aim to develop fenofibrate loaded PLGA microparticles (Feno-MP) with high drug loading and sustained in vitro release up to 6 months suitable for intravitreal injection. First, orthogonal array experimental design was applied for formulation optimization. The selected formulation parameters were used to formulate Feno-MP using homogenization method and direct membrane emulsification method. Both methods generated Feno-MP with high drug loading and sustained in vitro drug release more than 140 days. Unlike the polydisperse Feno-MP prepared using homogenization method, membrane emulsification method generated Feno-MP with uniform size distribution. By controlling the membrane pore size, 1.5 µm, 8 µm and 16 µm Feno-MP were formulated and we found that larger Feno-MP demonstrated higher drug loading, more sustained drug release in vitro with less burst drug release than the smaller Feno-MP. In conclusion, we developed Feno-MP with high drug loading and sustained release profile, and elucidated that changing the particle size could have notable impacts on drug loading and release kinetics. Formulating Feno-MP with uniform size distribution by membrane emulsification method would benefit the batch-to-batch repeatability.

Recent advances in micro-sized oxygen carriers inspired by red blood cells.

Supplementing sufficient oxygen to cells is always challenging in biomedical engineering fields such as tissue engineering. Originating from the concept of a 'blood substitute', nano-sized artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) have been studied for a long time for the optimization of the oxygen supplementation and improvement of hypoxia environments in vitro and in vivo. When circulating in our bodies, micro-sized human red blood cells (hRBCs) feature a high oxygen capacity, a unique biconcave shape, biomechanical and rheological properties, and low frictional surfaces, making them efficient natural oxygen carriers. Inspired by hRBCs, recent studies have focused on evolving different AOCs into microparticles more feasibly able to achieve desired architectures and morphologies and to obtain the corresponding advantages. Recent micro-sized AOCs have been developed into additional categories based on their principal oxygen-carrying or oxygen-releasing materials. Various biomaterials such as lipids, proteins, and polymers have also been used to prepare oxygen carriers owing to their rapid oxygen transfer, high oxygen capacity, excellent colloidal stability, biocompatibility, suitable biodegradability, and long storage. In this review, we concentrated on the fabrication techniques, applied biomaterials, and design considerations of micro-sized AOCs to illustrate the advances in their performances. We also compared certain recent micro-sized AOCs with hRBCs where applicable and appropriate. Furthermore, we discussed existing and potential applications of different types of micro-sized AOCs.

New Approach in the Determination of a Suitable Directionally Coarsened Microstructure for the Fabrication of Nanoporous Superalloy Membranes Based on CMSX-4.

The pore size of nanoporous superalloy membranes produced by directional coarsening is directly related to the γ-channel width after creep deformation, since the γ-phase is removed subsequently by selective phase extraction. The continuous network of the γ'-phase thus remaining is based on complete crosslinking of the γ'-phase in the directionally coarsened state forming the subsequent membrane. In order to be able to achieve the smallest possible droplet size in the later application in premix membrane emulsification, a central aspect of this investigation is to minimize the γ-channel width. For this purpose, we use the 3w0-criterion as a starting point and gradually increase the creep duration at constant stress and temperature. Stepped specimens with three different stress levels are used as creep specimens. Subsequently, the relevant characteristic values of the directionally coarsened microstructure are determined and evaluated using the line intersection method. We show that the approximation of an optimal creep duration via the 3w0-criterion is reasonable and that coarsening occurs at different rates in dendritic and interdendritic regions. The use of staged creep specimens shows significant material and time savings in determining the optimal microstructure. Optimization of the creep parameters results in a γ-channel width of 119 ± 43 nm in dendritic and 150 ± 66 nm in interdendritic regions while maintaining complete crosslinking. Furthermore, our investigations show that unfavorable stress and temperature combinations favor undirectional coarsening before the rafting process is completed.

Facilitated encapsulation of a nonionic contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography into lipid vesicles by the multiple emulsification-solvent evaporation method.

We studied the encapsulation of iohexol (Ihex), a nonionic contrast agent used for X-ray computational tomography, into lipid vesicles using the multiple emulsification-solvent evaporation method to formulate a nanosized contrast agent. This lipid vesicle preparation method consists of three steps: (1) primary emulsification for producing water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing fine water droplets that will be converted to the internal water phase of the lipid vesicles, (2) secondary emulsification for formulating multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions encapsulating the fine water droplets containing Ihex, and (3) solvent evaporation to remove the oil phase solvent (n-hexane) and to form lipid bilayers surrounding the fine inner droplets, resulting in the formation of lipid vesicles encapsulating Ihex. As the diameter and Ihex concentration of the primary W/O emulsion droplets decreased, a higher Ihex encapsulation yield was obtained for the final lipid vesicles. The entrapment yield of Ihex in the final lipid vesicles varied significantly with the emulsifier (Pluronic® F-68) concentration in the external water phase of W/O/W emulsion, and the highest yield (65%) was obtained when the emulsifier concentration was 0.1 wt%. We also investigated the powderization of lipid vesicles encapsulating Ihex via lyophilization. The powderized vesicles were dispersed in water after rehydration and maintained their controlled diameters. The entrapment yield of Ihex in powderized lipid vesicles was maintained for over 1 month at 25 ˚C, while significant leakage of Ihex was observed in the lipid vesicles suspended in the aqueous phase.

Efficacy of glass membrane emulsification device in conventional transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC)-B hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A novel glass membrane emulsification device (GMD) produces a high percentage of water/oil emulsions with homogeneous and stable droplets. There are few reports on the efficacy of GMD-conventional-TACE (GMD-c-TACE); therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of GMD-c-TACE. METHODS: Seventy-one patients with HCC with tumor diameter <5 cm who underwent c-TACE with and without GMD were included in this study to investigate local recurrence and hepatic functional reserve. RESULTS: The local recurrence rates of TACE without GMD were 3.0% at 6 months, 16.7% at 12 months, and 35.0% at 18 months, around where it plateaued. In contrast, the local recurrence rates in the GMD-c-TACE group were 0.0% at 12 months and 15.4% at 18 months, respectively. Thus, GMD-c-TAE had a significantly lower local recurrence. ALBI score of c-TACE with GMD significantly preserved hepatic reserve. Multivariate analysis showed that GMD-c-TACE could suppress local recurrence and maintain hepatic reserve. CONCLUSIONS: GMD-c-TACE allows dense lipiodol accumulation in the tumor and the attainment of good local control. Additionally, in vitro evaluation of the sustained release properties of GMD, the inhibition of the release of anticancer drugs may lead to maintain hepatic reserve. GMD-c-TACE is useful in preventing local recurrence and is expected to become the standard treatment form of c-TACE in the future.

Membrane Emulsification-A Novel Solution for Treatment and Reuse of Produced Water from Oil Field.

Produced water (PW) is, by volume, the largest waste product of the oil- and gas-exploration industry and contains pollutants such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals. To meet the stringent environmental regulations, PW must be treated before discharging into the environment. The current study proposes a novel treatment method where PW is used to prepare oil-in-water emulsion with potential applications within the oil-exploration industry. The emulsions are prepared by applying hollow fiber membrane emulsification (ME) on PW, which inherently contains oil, as to-be-dispersed phase. The results demonstrate that the average droplet size of the emulsions is a function of pressure applied on to-be-dispersed phase and could be customized from 0.24 to 0.65 µm by varying the pressure from 0.25 to 1 bar, respectively. Stability of the emulsions was verified under high pressure and a temperature and storage period of more than 24 h. The calculations showed that an ME unit with <100 kg weight and <1 m3 volume is appropriate to transform the daily average volume of PW from the Danish part of the North Sea into the emulsions. The study provides a novel route, which also complies well with the requirements (low-weight and small spatial footprints) of the offshore oil rigs, to treat and reuse PW within the oil production process and, therefore, eliminates its environmental footprint.

A Preparation Technique of Fine S/O/W Emulsions for Protein Delivery Formed with Solid Fat.

The improvement in the stability of solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsions, which are used as carriers for protein delivery, was investigated. For this purpose, emulsions were prepared using trimyristin, a solid fat, as the oil phase, and using the membrane emulsification and solvent evaporation methods. The samples were made into stable fine emulsions using polyvinyl alcohol, a hydrophilic polymer, as an emulsifier, and by controlling the particle size uniformly. The S/O/W emulsions prepared by this method showed almost no leakage of encapsulated proteins and exhibited controlled release in an intestinal environment.

Design of Enzyme Loaded W/O Emulsions by Direct Membrane Emulsification for CO2 Capture.

Membrane-based gas separation is a promising unit operation in a low-carbon economy due to its simplicity, ease of operation, reduced energy consumption and portability. A methodology is proposed to immobilise enzymes in stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions produced by direct membrane emulsification systems and thereafter impregnated them in the pores of a membrane producing emulsion-based supported liquid membranes. The selected case-study was for biogas (CO2 and CH4) purification. Upon initial CO2 sorption studies, corn oil was chosen as a low-cost and non-toxic bulk phase (oil phase). The emulsions were prepared with Nadir® UP150 P flat-sheet polymeric membranes. The optimised emulsions consisted of 2% Tween 80 (w/w) in corn oil as the continuous phase and 0.5 g.L-1 carbonic anhydrase enzyme with 5% PEG 300 (w/w) in aqueous solution as the dispersed phase. These emulsions were impregnated onto a porous hydrophobic PVDF membrane to prepare a supported liquid membrane for gas separation. Lastly, gas permeability studies indicated that the permeability of CO2 increased by ~15% and that of CH4 decreased by ~60% when compared to the membrane without carbonic anhydrase. Thus, a proof-of-concept for enhancement of CO2 capture using emulsion-based supported liquid membrane was established.

Protein conformational changes at the oil/water-interface induced by premix membrane emulsification.

We present combined experimental and modelling evidence that ß-lactoglobulin proteins employed as stabilizers of oil/water emulsions undergo minor but significant conformational changes during premix membrane emulsification processes. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics simulations reveal that the native protein structure is preserved as a metastable state after adsorption at stress-free oil/water interfaces. However, the shear stress applied to the oil droplets during their fragmentation in narrow membrane pores causes a transition into a more stable, partially unfolded interfacial state. The protein's ß-sheet content is reduced by up to 8% in a way that is largely independent of the pressure applied during emulsification, and is driven by an increase of contacts between the oil and hydrophobic residues at the expense of structural order within the protein core.

Effect of Bufalin-PLGA Microspheres in the Alleviation of Neuropathic Pain via the CCI Model.

The treatment of neuropathic pain (NPP) is considered challenging, while the search for alternative medication is striving. NPP pathology is related with the expression of both the purinergic 2X7 (P2X7) receptor and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1). Bufalin is a traditional Chinese medication derived from toad venom with pronounced antitumor, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and the knowledge gap on its pain alleviation mechanism have limited the clinical application of bufalin. Hence, the purpose of this study is to illustrate the NPP alleviation mechanism of bufalin via chronic constriction injury (CCI). To address the concern on fast metabolism, bufalin-PLGA microspheres (MS) were prepared via membrane emulsification to achieve prolonged pain-relieving effects. Western blot, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking were employed to demonstrate the therapeutic action of bufalin on NPP. The results showed enhanced thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) after the administration of both bufalin and bufalin-PLGA MS in the CCI rats. Prolonged pain-relieving effects for up to 3 days with reduced dose frequency was achieved via bufalin-PLGA MS. In the CCI rats treated with bufalin-PLGA MS, the expression levels of protein and mRNA in TRPV1 and P2X7, both localized in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), were reduced. Moreover, bufalin-PLGA MS effectively reduced the levels of IL-1ß, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α in the CCI group. The results from molecular docking suggested a possible mechanism of NPP alleviation of bufalin through binding to P2X7 receptors directly. The administration of bufalin-PLGA MS prepared by membrane emulsification demonstrated promising applications for sustained effect on the alleviation of NPP.

Encapsulation of curcumin within oil-in-water emulsions prepared by premix membrane emulsification: Impact of droplet size and carrier oil on the chemical stability of curcumin.

Oil-in-water emulsions containing curcumin with different droplet sizes were produced by premix membrane emulsification with different carrier oils: tributyrin (short chain triglycerides, SCT), medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and corn oil (long chain triglycerides, LCT). The influence of carrier oil type and droplet size on the physical stability, chemical stability of curcumin and lipid oxidation stability of emulsions were investigated. Turbiscan results indicated that the physical stability of emulsions was related to both carrier oils and emulsion droplet sizes. The oil type and droplet size of emulsions stored at 25 °C showed limited effect on the stability of curcumin, but significantly affected the stability of curcumin at 55 °C. Chemical stability of curcumin decreased with the decrease of emulsion droplet sizes. For each droplet size emulsions, the stability of curcumin decreased in the order SCT > MCT > LCT. Moreover, the lipid oxidation in LCT-based emulsions resulted in lower zeta potential of droplets, which was independent of emulsion droplet sizes. The presence of curcumin improved the oxidative stability of emulsions.

Critical role of chemical potential to assure effective encapsulation.

HYPOTHESIS: In emulsification-polymerisation avoiding monomer escape from emulsion droplets is the key to successful encapsulation. So far, it is believed that (1) a hydrophobe needs to be included and (2) free-micelles of surfactant need to be depleted. However, these criteria do not always work. The paper explores the critical role of the chemical potential difference between the inside and outside of the emulsion droplet for successful encapsulation. EXPERIMENTS: Crossflow membrane emulsification was used to produce uniform droplets of 1-2 µm of solutions of 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate (a biocide), castor oil (hydrophobe) in methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate (monomer) into aqueous solutions with a large amount of free-micelles of surfactant. The encapsulation was followed by polymerisation. The size distribution of microcapsule from different formula were examined. FINDINGS: The biocide encapsulation depends on castor oil content: >12% (full); 6-12% (either full or partial); <6% (minor). Results show a critical molar fraction ratio of the monomer in the droplet to water in the aqueous phase that provides a definitive criterion to assure size retention and full encapsulation. This critical value corresponds to an energy barrier of 116 J/mol to prevent the monomer escaping. This finding is proposed to be used as an advanced rule to guide precision formulation for desired microencapsulation.

Production of α-Tocopherol-Chitosan Nanoparticles by Membrane Emulsification.

α-tocopherol (α-T) has the highest biological activity with respect to the other components of vitamin E; however, conventional formulations of tocopherol often fail to provide satisfactory bioavailability due to its hydrophobic characteristics. In this work, α-tocopherol-loaded nanoparticles based on chitosan were produced by membrane emulsification (ME). A new derivative was obtained by the cross-linking reaction between α-T and chitosan (CH) to preserve its biological activity. ME was selected as a method for nanoparticle production because it is recognized as an innovative and sustainable technology for its uniform-particle production with tuned sizes and high encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and its ability to preserve the functional properties of bioactive ingredients operating in mild conditions. The reaction intermediates and the final product were characterized by 1HNMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the morphological and dimensional properties of the nanoparticles were analyzed using electronic scanning microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results demonstrated that ME has high potential for the development of α-tocopherol-loaded nanoparticles with a high degree of uniformity (PDI lower than 0.2), an EE of almost 100% and good mechanical strength, resulting in good candidates for the production of functional nanostructured materials for drug delivery. In addition, the chemical bonding between chitosan and α-tocopherol allowed the preservation of the antioxidant properties of the bioactive molecule, as demonstrated by an enhanced antioxidant property and evaluated through in vitro tests, with respect to the starting materials.

Encapsulation of Pomegranate Peel Extract (Punica granatum L.) by Double Emulsions: Effect of the Encapsulation Method and Oil Phase.

Pomegranate peel is an agro-industrial waste that can be used as source of punicalagin, a polyphenolic compound with several beneficial effects on health. Since, once extracted, punicalagin is prone to degradation, its encapsulation by double emulsions can be an alternative to protect the active compound and control its release. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of encapsulating pomegranate peel extract (PPE) in double emulsions using different types of oils (castor, soybean, sunflower, Miglyol and orange) in a ratio of 70:30 (oil:PPE) and emulsification methods (direct membrane emulsification and mechanical agitation), using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and Tween 80 as lipophilic and hydrophilic emulsifiers, respectively. Direct membrane emulsification (DME) led to more stable emulsions during storage. Droplet size, span values, morphology and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were better for double emulsions (DEs) prepared by DME than for mechanical agitation (MA). DEs formulated using Miglyol or sunflower oil as the oily phase could be considered as suitable food grade systems to encapsulate punicalagin with concentrations up to 11,000 mg/L of PPE.

Local Destruction of Tumors for Systemic Immunoresponse: Engineering Antigen-Capturing Nanoparticles as Stimulus-Responsive Immunoadjuvants.

Immunotherapy has established a new paradigm for cancer treatment and made many breakthroughs in clinical practice. However, the rarity of immune response suggests that additional intervention is necessary. In recent years, it has been reported that local tumor destruction (LTD) can cause cancer cell death and induce an immunologic response. Thus, the combination of immunotherapy and LTD methods will be a promising approach to improve immune efficiency for cancer treatment. Herein, a nanobiotechnology platform to achieve high-precision LTD for systemic cancer immunotherapy has been successfully constructed. Possessing radio-sensitizing and photothermal properties, the engineered immunoadjuvant-loaded nanoplatform, which could precisely induce radiotherapy (RT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) to eliminate local tumor and meanwhile lead to the release of tumor-derived protein antigens (TDPAs), has been facilely fabricated by commercialized SPG membrane emulsification technology. Further on, the TDPAs could be captured and form personal nanovaccines in situ to serve as both reservoirs of antigen and carriers of immunoadjuvant, which can effectively improve the immune response. The investigations suggest that the combination of RT/PTT and improved immunotherapy using adjuvant-encapsulated antigen-capturing nanoparticles holds tremendous promise in cancer treatments.