Una tumba para Alejandro. Simbolización de huellas traumáticas en eltestimonio de una madre que se enfrentóa la destrucción parcial delos restos de su hijo / A tomb for Alejandro. Symbolization of traumatic traces in the narrative of a mother who faced the partial destruction of her son's remains / Un tombeau pour Alejandro. Symbolisation des traces traumatiques dans le témoignage d'une mère confrontée à la destruction partielle de la dépouille de son fils / Um túmulo para Alejandro. Simbolização de traços traumáticos no depoimento de uma mãe que enfrentou o destruição parcial dos restos mortais de seu filho

En 2006, el Gobierno mexicano desplegó las Fuerzas Armadas para combatir el crimen organizado en la llamada guerra contra el narcotráfico. Desde entonces, la sociedad civil ha sido víctima de asesinatos, desapariciones y torturas cometidos tanto por los grupos del crimen organizado como por las fuerzas federales y estatales que supuestamente se encuentran combatiendo a estos primeros. En este artículo se muestra el análisis del testimonio de una madre que se enfrentó a la destrucción parcial de los restos de su hijo; para ello, se utilizan tres aspectos fundamentales para guiar el estudio: la relación entre las somatizaciones y la reelaboración de la experiencia traumática de la destrucción parcial de los restos de un ser querido, la creación de zonas de silencio en torno a escenas brutales, y la función que cumple el testimonio en el proceso de simbolización de huellas traumáticas.

Resumos In 2006, the Mexican government deployed the armed forces to combat organized crime in the so-called "war against narcotrafficking". Since then, civilians have been victims o of murders, disappearances, and torture carried out both by cartels and by the federal and state forces who are supposedly fighting the former. This article presents the analysis of the narrative of a mother who faced the partial destruction of her son's remains, focusing on three fundamental aspects: the relationship between somatizations and the working trough of the traumatic experience of the destruction of a beloved's remains, the creation of zones of silence around brutal events, and the role that accounts play in the process of symbolization of traumatic traces.

En 2006, le gouvernement mexicain a déployé les forces armées pour combattre le crime organisé dans le cadre de la soi-disant guerre contre la drogue. Depuis lors, la société civile est victime d'assassinats, de disparitions et de tortures commis tant par les groupes du crime organisés que par les forces gouvernementales censées les combattre. Cet article analyse le témoignage d'une mère confrontée à la destruction partielle de la dépouille de son fils. Trois aspects fondamentaux guident l'étude: la relation entre les somatisations et la réélaboration de l'expérience traumatique, la création des zones de silence autour des scènes brutales et le rôle du témoignage dans le processus de symbolisation des traces traumatiques.

Em 2006, o governo mexicano mobilizou as forças armadas para combater o crime organizado na chamada guerra contra o narcotráfico. Desde então, a sociedade civil tem sido vítima de assassinatos, desaparecimentos e torturas cometidos tanto por grupos do crime organizado quanto por forças federais e estaduais que supostamente lutam contra eles. São três os aspetos fundamentais que orientam o estudo: a relação entre as somatizações e a reelaboração da experiência traumática da destruição dos restos mortais de uma pessoa amada, a criação de zonas de silêncio em torno das cenas brutais e o papel que o testemunho desempenha no processo de simbolização dos vestígios traumáticos.

DNA barcode analysis of the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Mexico1.

Technological and analytical advances to study evolutionary biology, ecology, and conservation of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are realized through molecular approaches including DNA barcoding. We characterized the usefulness of COI DNA barcodes in green turtles in Mexico to better understand genetic divergence and other genetic parameters of this species. We analyzed 63 sequences, including 25 from green turtle field specimens collected from the Gulf of Mexico and from the Mexican Pacific and 38 already present in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD). A total of 13 haplotypes were identified with four novel haplotypes from the Pacific Ocean and three novel haplotypes from the Atlantic Ocean. Intraspecific distance values among COI gene sequences by two different models were 0.01, demonstrating that there is not a subdivision for green turtle species. Otherwise, the interspecific distance interval ranged from 0.07 to 0.13, supporting a clear subdivision among all sea turtle species. Haplotype and total nucleotide diversity values of the COI gene reflect a medium genetic diversity average. Green turtles of the Mexican Pacific showed common haplotypes to some Australian and Chinese turtles, but different from the haplotypes of the Mexican Atlantic. COI analysis revealed new haplotypes and confirmed that DNA barcodes were useful for evaluation of the population diversity of green turtles in Mexico.

Efectos de la depresión y la diabetes en el riesgo de mortalidad de adultos mayores mexicanos / Effects of depression and diabetes on the mortality risk of Mexican older adults / Efeitos da depressão e do diabetes no risco de mortalidade de idosos mexicanos / Effets de la dépression et du diabète sur le risque de mortalité des personnes âgées au Mexique

Resumen Objetivo Estimar los efectos de los síntomas depresivos no diagnosticados y la diabetes mellitus en la mortalidad general de hombres y mujeres adultos mayores. Material y métodos Se utilizó una muestra de personas de 60 y más años del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México 2001-2015. Los síntomas depresivos se determinaron con una versión validada de la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D), y la diabetes por autorreporte. La mortalidad se estimó con modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox por sexo. Resultados Se estimó un gradiente en el riesgo de mortalidad entre hombres y mujeres adultos mayores: el riesgo más bajo fue para quienes solo tenían síntomas depresivos, seguido por quienes solo padecían diabetes mellitus. Así, el mayor riesgo de muerte se estimó para los individuos con diabetes y síntomas depresivos no diagnosticados. Conclusiones Los síntomas depresivos no detectados incrementan la mortalidad entre hombres y mujeres adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus, e incluso entre los no diabéticos. Se sugiere el desarrollo de programas de detección y tratamiento de la depresión en adultos mayores diabéticos.

Abstract Objective To estímate the effects of undiagnosed depressive symptoms and diabetes on the all-cause mortality of elderly men and women. Methods and materials A sample of people aged 60 and over was used from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2001-2015. Depressive symptoms were determined with a validated version among older Mexican adults of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and diabetes by self-report. Mortality was estimated with Cox proportional hazards models by sex. Results A gradient in mortality risk was estimated between older men and women: the lowest risk was for those who only had depressive symptoms, followed by those who only had diabetes. Thus, the highest risk of death was estimated for individuals with diabetes and undiagnosed depressive symptoms. Conclusion Undiagnosed depressive symptoms increase mortality among older men and women with diabetes, and even among non- diabetics. It is suggested the development of early detection and treatment programs for depression in diabetic elderly people.

Resumo Objetivo Estimar os efeitos de sintomas depressivos não diagnosticados e diabetes mellitus na mortalidade geral de homens e mulheres idosos. Material e métodos Uma amostra de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais de idade foi usada no Estudo Nacional de Saúde e Envelhecimento 2001-2015 no México. Os sintomas depressivos foram determinados com uma versão validada da Escala de Depressão do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos (CES-D) e o diabetes por autorrelato. A mortalidade foi estimada usando modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox por sexo. Resultados Um gradiente no risco de mortalidade foi estimado entre homens e mulheres mais velhas: o menor risco foi para aqueles que apresentaram apenas sintomas depressivos, seguidos por aqueles que tiveram apenas diabetes mellitus. Assim, o maior risco de morte foi estimado para individuos com diabetes e sintomas depressivos não diagnosticados. Conclusões Os sintomas depressivos não detectados aumentam a mortalidade entre homens e mulheres idosas com diabetes mellitus e mesmo entre não diabéticos. É sugerido o desenvolvimento de programas de detecção e tratamento da depressão em idosos diabéticos.

Résumé Objectif Estimer les effets individuels et conjoints de la dépression et du diabète sur le risque global de mortalité des hommes et des femmes âgés. Matériel et méthodes Un échantillon de personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus provenant de l'Étude Nationale sur la Santé et le Vieillissement au Mexique 2001-2015 a été utilisé. La dépression a été déterminée á l'aide d'une version validée de l'Échelle de Dépression du Centre d'Études Épidémiologiques (CES-D), et le diabète avec un rapport d'autoévaluation. La mortalité a été estimée avec les modèles de risques proportionnels de Cox par sexe. Résultats Un gradient dans le risque de mortalité a été estimé entre les hommes et les femmes âgés : le risque le plus faible a été pour les personnes souffrant uniquement de dépression, et ensuite pour celles souffrant uniquement de diabète. C'est ainsi que le risque de décès le plus élevé a été estimé pour les personnes souffrant á la fois de diabète et de dépression. Conclusions La dépression augmente le risque de décès chez les hommes et les femmes âgés atteints de diabète, et même chez ceux qui ne le sont pas. Il est suggéré de développer des programmes de dépistage et de traitement de la dépression chez les personnes âgées atteintes de diabète.

Experiencias de padres de hijos con diagnóstico de cáncer en un Hospital infantil de Villahermosa Tabasco / Parents' experiences of children diagnosed with cancer in a Children's Hospital of Villahermosa Tabasco / Experiências de pais de crianças diagnosticadas com câncer em um Hospital Infantil de Villahermosa Tabasco / Expériences de parents d'enfants ayant reçu un diagnostic de cancer dans un hôpital pédiatrique á Villahermosa, Tabasco

Resumen Objetivo Explorar y comprender las experiencias de las familias que viven con un niño con cáncer. Material y Método Estudio cualitativo con muestreo intencional, se entrevistó a 12 padres (madre o padre) de un niño con cáncer. Los datos fueron analizados siguiendo el proceso hermenéutico Resultados La experiencia de los padres atraviesa primero, por el proceso de diagnóstico, que a veces requiere la valoración de más de un profesional de la salud (Médico general, Pediatra, Oncólogo pediatra), para finalmente determinar cuál es el problema de salud y cuáles son las alternativas de tratamiento. Este proceso genera mucha angustia y sentimientos de culpa e impotencia; segundo: el proceso del tratamiento, enfrentar los efectos secundarios de la medicación y la incertidumbre de saber si con ello se recuperará la salud de los niños/ as; tercero: el afrontamiento familiar, que en algunos casos une y en otros separa a los integrantes de la familia y por último la relación con el personal de salud (Médicos, Enfermeras, Psicólogos y Trabajadoras sociales), que al decir de las informantes siempre estuvieron para apoyarlos. Conclusiones Los/las informantes, experimentan angustia, dolor, culpa e impotencia ante el diagnóstico de cáncer en sus hijos, los profesionales de la salud, están conminados a tener en cuenta estos sentimientos a fin de mejorar la relación médico-paciente

Abstract Objective To explore and understand families' experiences living with a child with cancer. Materials and method Qualitative study with purposive sampling, 12 parents (mother or father) of a child with cancer were interviewed. Data were analyzed following the hermeneutical process. Results Parents' experience goes through the diagnostic process first, which sometimes requires the assessment of more than one health professional (general practitioner, pediatrician, or pediatric oncologist), to finally determine what the health problem is and what are the alternatives for its treatment. This process produces a lot of anxiety and feelings of guilt and helplessness; second, the treatment process, face the side effects of medication and the uncertainty of whether with this children recover health; third, family coping, which in some cases unites and in others separates family members and lastly the relationship with health staff (physicians, nurses, psychologists and social workers), who according to the informants were always there to support them Conclusions Participants experience anguish, pain, guilt and helplessness when diagnosing cancer in their children, health professionals are bound to take these feelings into account in order to improve the doctor-patient relationship.

Sumário Objetivo Explorar e entender as experiências de famílias que vivem com uma criança com câncer. Material e Método Estudo qualitativo com amostragem intencional. Foram entrevistados 12 pais (mãe ou pai) de uma criança com câncer. Os dados foram analisados seguindo o processo hermenêutico. Resultados A experiência dos pais passa primeiro pelo processo de diagnóstico, que ás vezes exige a avaliação de mais de um profissional de saúde (clínico geral, pediatra, oncologista pediátrico), para finalmente determinar qual é o problema de saúde e Quais são as alternativas de tratamento. Esse processo gera muita angústia e sentimentos de culpa e desamparo; segundo: o processo de tratamento, para enfrentar os efeitos colaterais da medicado e a incerteza de saber se isso recuperará a saúde das crianças; terceiro: o enfrentamento familiar, que em alguns casos une e, em outros, separa os familiares e, por fim, o relacionamento com o pessoal de saúde (médicos, enfermeiros, psicólogos e assistentes sociais), que ao dizer informantes sempre para apoiá-los. Conclusões Os informantes experimentam angústia, dor, culpa e impotência diante do diagnóstico de câncer em seus filhos, profissionais de saúde, são obrigados a levar em considerado esses sentimentos, a fim de melhorar a relado médico-paciente.

Résumé Objectif Explorer et comprendre les expériences des familles qui vivent avec un enfant atteint de cancer. Matériel et méthode Étude qualitative avec échantillonnage délibéré. Des entretiens ont été réalisés avec douze parents (mère ou père) d'un enfant atteint de cancer. Les données ont été analysées selon le processus herméneutique. Résultats L'expérience des parents passe premièrement par le processus de diagnostic qui nécessite parfois l'évaluation de plusieurs professionnels de la santé (médecin généraliste, pédiatre, oncologue pédiatrique) pour déterminer quel est le problème de santé et quelles sont les alternatives de traitement; ce processus génère beaucoup d'angoisse et de sentiments de culpabilité et d'impuissance. Deuxièmement, ils affrontent le processus de traitement avec ses effets secondaires et l'incertitude quant á savoir si l'enfant recouvrira la santé. Troisièmement, vient l'adaptation de la famille qui dans certains cas unit et dans d'autres sépare les membres de la famille. Un autre élément important est la relation avec le personnel de santé (médecins, infirmières, psychologues et travailleurs sociaux) qui, selon les informateurs, est toujours là pour les soutenir. Conclusions Les informateurs ressentent de l'angoisse, de la douleur, de la culpabilité et de l'impuissance face au diagnostic de cancer chez leurs enfants. Les professionnels de santé sont encouragés á prendre en compte ces sentiments afin d'améliorer la relation médecin- patient.

Sexo y prevención: representaciones sociales del condón en adultos mexicanos / Sex and prevention: social representations of condom among Mexican adults / Sexo e prevenção: representações sociais do preservativo em adultos mexicanos / Sexe et prévention: représentations sociales du préservatif chez les adultes mexicains

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las representaciones sociales del condón en adultos mexicanos. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio desde una perspectiva pluri metodológica, ya que se realizaron procedimientos cuantitativos y cualitativos con el apoyo de las técnicas de listados libres y elecciones sucesivas con bloques, las cuales fueron aplicadas a 176 personas adultas de las ciudades de Guadalajara y San Luis Potosí, México. Resultados: Las palabras que fueron asociadas con mayor frecuencia a condón fueron protección, seguridad y sexo; mientras que las menos referidas fueron salud, embarazo y enfermedades. La estructura y la organización de las representaciones sociales del condón se agrupan en tres bloques alusivos a los usos del condón, los aspectos valorativos y los riesgos sexuales; a su vez, el concepto de prevención es delimitado como núcleo central. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos encontrados a partir de la realización de este estudio permiten comprender el concepto del condón a partir de aspectos propios del contexto social, lo que posibilita considerar elementos para las acciones en materia de salud sexual desde un análisis que ha sido diferenciado por sexo.

Abstract Objective: To analyze social representations of condom among Mexican adults. Material and methods: A study was carried out from a pluri-methodological aproche, since quantitative and qualitative procedures were done with the support of free listing techniques and successive block choices, which were applied to 176 adults from the cities of Guadalajara and San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Results: Words that were most frequently associated with the condom were protection, safety and sex; while the less referred were health, pregnancy and diseases. The structure and organization of the social representations of the condom are grouped in three blocks referring to the condom uses, the evaluative aspects and the sexual risks; therefore, the concept of prevention is defined as the central core. Conclusions: The results found from the realization of this study allow us to understand the concept of condom from aspects of the social context, which makes it possible to consider elements for sexual health actions from an analysis that has been differentiated by sex.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as representagoes sociais do preservativo em adultos mexicanos. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo a partir de uma perspectiva pluri-metodológica, uma vez que os procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos foram realizados com o apoio de técnicas de listagem livre e escolhas sucessivas de blocos, aplicadas a 176 adultos nas cidades de Guadalajara e San Luis Potosí, México. Resultados: As palavras mais frequentemente associadas ao preservativo foram protegao, seguranga e sexo; enquanto as menos referidas foram saúde, gravidez e doengas. A estrutura e organizagao das representagoes sociais do preservativo foram agrupadas em tres blocos, relacionado com o uso do preservativo, os aspetos avaliativos e os riscos sexuais. O conceito de prevengao é considerado como o núcleo central. Conclusoes: Os dados encontrados a partir da realizagao deste estudo permitem compreender o conceito do preservativo a partir do contexto social, o que possibilita considerar elementos fundamentais para a realizagao de agoes no ambito da saúde sexual a partir de uma análise que tem sido diferenciada por sexo.

Résumé Objectif: Analyser les représentations sociales du préservatif chez les adultes mexicains. Matériel et méthodes: Une étude a été réalisée dans une perspective pluri-méthodologique, puisque des procédures quantitatives et qualitatives ont été effectuées avec le support des techniques de référencement gratuit et des choix successifs par blocs, qui ont été appliqués à 176 adultes des villes de Guadalajara et de San Luis Potosí, au Mexique. Résultats: Les mots les plus fréquemment associés au préservatif étaient protection, sécurité et sexe; tandis que les moins ont été renvoyés à la santé, la grossesse et les maladies. La structure et l'organisation des représentations sociales du préservatif sont regroupées en trois blocs faisant référence à l'utilisation du préservatif, les aspects évaluatifs et les risques sexuels; à son tour, le concept de prévention est défini comme le noyau central. Conclusions: Les résultats tirées de la réalisation de cette étude permettent de comprendre le concept de préservatif à partir d'aspects du contexte social, ce qui permet de considérer des éléments pour des actions de santé sexuelle à partir d'une analyse différenciée par sexe.

La atención de los migrantes Centroamericanos en los servicios de Salud en Tabasco, 2012-2014 / Health care to Central american migrants at Health services in Tabasco, 2012-2014 / Cuidados de saúde prestados aos imigrantes Centroamericanos nos serviços de Saúde em Tabasco, 2012-2014 / Soins aux migrants Centramericains dans les services de Santé de Tabasco, 2012-2014

Resumen: Objetivo: Proveer información sobre la atención médica que recibieron los migrantes centroamericanos en su tránsito por el estado de Tabasco, entre los años 2012-2014. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con la utilización de técnicas cualitativas para la revisión de artículos científicos e informes de investigaciones vinculados con la migración en México y en Tabasco; entrevistas a informantes clave y recolección directa de datos oficiales de la migración en Tabasco.. Resultados: Se describen los principales problemas de salud de los migrantes, se confirma la dinámica migratoria en la frontera sur de México El municipio de Tenosique recibe el mayor flujo de entrada de migrantes al estado, procedentes de Guatemala y Honduras. Se destaca que el mayor número de consultas correspondió a ese municipio y el aumento de la migración femenina orieginó el 45% de las consultas. Conclusiones: Se concluye que aunque en Tabasco se ha realizado un esfuerzo en la atención a los migrantes, aún se presentan deficiencias en la información sobre los servicios de salud ofrecidos a los centroamericanos, en todo el estado. También, se necesitan investigaciones y estudios que amplíen los conocimientos sobre tan importante problema para los servicios de salud en Tabasco.

Abstract: Objective: To provide information about the health care attention received by Central American migrants in transit through the state of Tabasco, México in 2012-2014. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study with qualitative techniques for scientific papers and research reports reviews, about migration in Mexico and Tabasco was made, joined to key informant interviews. Official data was obtained about health care services offer to migrants in Tabasco. Results: The priority health problem affected migrants was described, and it is confirmed that migration dynamics on the southern border of Mexico includes cross-border visitors and local workers and migrants. Tenosique, a municipal town in Tabasco, had received the largest inflow of migrants from Guatemala and Honduras into the state. About health services offered, it is noted that the largest number of consultations corresponded to that municipal town and most of them are female, originating the 45% of medical consultations. Conclusions: Although Tabasco has made an effort in the healthcare of migrants, deficiencies still occur in the information about health services offered to the Central Americans throughout the state. Furthermore, it's necessary to research and study, to expand knowledge on this important issue for health services in the state of Tabasco.

Resumo: Objetivo: Caraterizar o tipo de cuidados recebidos pelos imigrantes centroamericanos de Tabasco entre 2012 e 2014. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo usando técnicas qualitativas para a revisão de artigos científicos e documentos de investigações realizadas sobre a imigração no México e em Tabasco, foram também realizadas entrevistas a informadores-chave e foi concretizada uma recolha de dados oficiais da imigração em Tabasco. Resultados: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo usando técnicas qualitativas para a revisão de artigos científicos e documentos de investigações realizadas sobre a imigração no México e em Tabasco, foram também realizadas entrevistas a informadores-chave e foi concretizada uma recolha de dados oficiais da imigração em Tabasco. Conclusões: Conclui-se que, ainda que se tenha realizado no Estado de Tabasco um esforço no âmbito dos cuidados de saúde aos imigrantes, ainda existem lacunas nos serviços de saúde oferecidos aos centroamreicanos. Também é necessária a realização de estudos que ampliem os conhecimentos sobre este importante problemas para os serviços de saúde de Tabasco.

Résumé: Objectif: Fournir des informations sur les soins de santé offerts aux migrants centraméricains en transit dans l'état de Tabasco, entre 2012 et 2014. Matériel et méthodes: Une étude descriptive a été menée en utilisant des techniques qualitatives pour l'analyse d'articles scientifiques et de rapports de recherche liés à la migration dans le Mexique et dans l'État de Tabasco en particulier. De plus, des entrevues ont été réalisées avec des informateurs clés et des données officielles ont été obtenues sur la migration à Tabasco. Résultats: Les principaux problèmes de santé des migrants sont décrits. La dynamique migratoire est confirmée à la frontière sud du Mexique. La municipalité de Tenosique reçoit le plus grand afflux de migrants de l'État de Tabasco, en provenance du Guatemala et du Honduras. La majorité des consultations correspond à cette municipalité. L'augmentation de la migration féminine est a l'origine de 45% des consultations. Conclusions: En conclusion, bien que Tabasco ait fait un effort d'attention aux besoins des migrants, des carences se produisent encore dans l'information sur les services de santé offerts aux centraméricains dans tout l'État. Des recherches et des études visant à accroître les connaissances sur cette question importante pour les services de santé à Tabasco sont nécessaires.

Mammalophilic feeding behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in the cities of Chetumal and Cancun, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The studie describes the blood-feeding behaviour of mosquitoes in Mexico, to understand host-vector relationships and dynamics of disease transmission. METHODS: From September 2012 to November 2012 and in November 2013, 911 blood-fed Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected with aspirators inside houses in Chetumal and Cancun. Blood meals were analysed by PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. RESULTS: 93.3% of mosquitoes fed on mammals, 6.5% on birds and 0.2% on reptiles. The most frequent vertebrate hosts were humans (65.4%), dogs (23.2%), chicken (5.4%), cattle (2.2%) and cats (1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Cx. quinquefasciatus most frequently fed on humans and dogs in both studied cities, which is in contrast to a previous study that demonstrated lower prevalence of mammalian blood in engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Cost of neurocysticercosis patients treated in two referral hospitals in Mexico City, Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate annual costs related to the diagnosis, treatment and productivity losses among patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC) receiving treatment at two referral hospitals, the Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia (INNN) and the Hospital de Especialidades of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (HE-IMSS), in Mexico City from July 2007 to August 2008. METHODS: Information on presenting clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, hospitalisations, surgical procedures and other treatments received by NCC outpatients was collected from medical charts, and supplemented by an individual questionnaire regarding productivity losses and out-of-pocket expenses related to NCC. RESULTS: The annual average per-patient direct costs were US$ 503 (95% CI: 414-592) and US$ 438 (95% CI: 322-571) for patients without a history of hospitalisation and/or surgery seen at the INNN and the HE-IMSS, respectively. These costs increased to US$ 2506 (95% CI: 1797-3215) and US$ 2170 (95% CI: 1303-3037), respectively, for patients with a history of hospitalisation and/or surgery. The average annual per-patient indirect costs were US$ 246 (95% CI: 165-324) and US$ 114 (95% CI: 51-178), respectively, using minimum salary wages for individuals not officially employed. CONCLUSIONS: The total annual cost for patients who had and had not been hospitalised and/or undergone a surgical procedure for the diagnosis or treatment of NCC corresponded to 212% and 41% of an annual minimum wage salary, respectively. The disease tends to affect rural socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and creates health disparities and significant economic losses in Mexico.

Household use of insecticide consumer products in a dengue-endemic area in México.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the household use of insecticide consumer products to kill mosquitoes and other insect pests, as well as the expenditures for using these products, in a dengue-endemic area of México. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 441 households in Mérida City and other communities in Yucatán to assess household use of insecticide consumer products. RESULTS: A total of 86.6% of surveyed households took action to kill insect pests with consumer products. The most commonly used product types were insecticide aerosol spray cans (73.6%), electric plug-in insecticide emitters (37.4%) and mosquito coils (28.3%). Mosquitoes were targeted by 89.7% of households using insecticide aerosol spray cans and >99% of households using electric plug-in insecticide emitters or mosquito coils. Products were used daily or every 2 days in most of the households for insecticide aerosol spray cans (61.4%), electric plug-in insecticide emitters (76.2%) and mosquito coils (82.1%). For all products used to kill insect pests, the median annual estimated expenditure per household that took action was 408 Mexican pesos ($MXN), which corresponded to approximately 31 $US. These numbers are suggestive of an annual market in excess of 75 million $MXN (>5.7 million $US) for Mérida City alone. CONCLUSION: Mosquitoes threaten human health and are major nuisances in homes in the study area in México. Households were found to have taken vigorous action to kill mosquitoes and other insect pests and spent substantial amounts of money on insecticide consumer products.

Importation et destin de la première théorie des germes au Mexique: développement des premières recherches sur la fièvre jaune dans les années 1880 / Importation and destination of the first germ theory in Mexico: development of the first researches into yellow fever in the 1880s

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de la discussion du transfert de connaissances entre l'Occident et l'Amérique latine, le Mexique en particulier. Nous essayerons de montrer les enjeux internationaux et locaux qui ont encouragé l'importation de la théorie des germes au Mexique pendant les années 1880. Par ailleurs, on montrera quelles ont été les difficultés conceptuelles et matérielles pour incorporer la théorie des germes et les techniques bactériologiques encore en train de se bâtir en Europe. Au moyen de deux exemples, on essayera de mettre en évidence les intentions politiques des médecins mexicains, à l'origine de l'étude des maladies infectieuses au Mexique.

This article aims to contribute to discussions about knowledge transfer between the West and Latin America, especially Mexico. We seek to show the international and local efforts to foster the importation of germ theory during the 1880s. We also highlight the conceptual and material hurdles which stood in the way of the incorporation of this theory and bacteriology techniques at a time when they were still being developed in Europe. Two examples are given as evidence of the political motivations of Mexican physicians in studying infectious diseases in that country.