ABSTRACT
Order Rodentia contains approximately half of all living mammalian species. Most of the living species diversity within rodents is within five monophyletic radiations: Hystricognathi, Sciuridae, Geomyoidea, Dipodidae, and Muroidea. The samples collected across different areas of Egypt were analyzed by means of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analysis to ascertain the true taxonomic status between the studied species. For phylogenetic analysis, the cytochrome b sequences from this study were combined with previously published data. This study reveals that all species were divided into two main clades, the first for the Gerbillinae taxon and the second for the other studied genera in the molecular phylogenetic trees and demonstrates that Gerbillus species form a sister group with Dipodillus species. The phylogenetic relationships specified for the murine genera. Clustering was obtained between Mus and Rattus as well as in all Gerbillinae species. This study provides the first insight into the genetic diversity of some rodents in Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data sampling all species of Leucochloron alongside representatives of genera of the Inga and Albizia clades of the larger ingoid clade of mimosoid legumes (sensu Koenen et al. 2020) confirm the non-monophyly of the genus Leucochloron. We show that Leucochloronbolivianum is placed in the Albizia clade, while the remaining four species of Leucochloron are placed in the Inga clade, in line with previous results. To rectify this non-monophyly, L.bolivianum is segregated as the new genus, Boliviadendron, with a single species, Boliviadendronbolivianum, narrowly endemic to the interior Andean valleys of Bolivia. We illustrate this new segregate genus, present a map of its distribution and discuss the striking lack of morphological distinctions between Boliviadendron and Leucochloron, as well as the phylogenetic and morphological affinities of Boliviadendron to the genera Enterolobium and Albizia.
ABSTRACT
Recent results have demonstrated that the genus Desmanthus is non-monophyletic because the genus Kanaloa is nested within it, with a single species, Desmanthusbalsensis placed as sister to the clade comprising Kanaloa plus the remaining species of Desmanthus. Here we transfer D.balsensis to a new segregate genus Mezcala, discuss the morphological features supporting this new genus, present a key to distinguish Mezcala from closely related genera in the Leucaena subclade, and provide a distribution map of M.balsensis.
ABSTRACT
A taxonomic revision is presented of the genus Paracanthopoma, probably the least-known vandelliine genus at present. The work is based on most of the material available in museums worldwide and includes a major expansion in the knowledge about the genus. Paracanthopoma is circumscribed as a monophyletic group on the basis of nine putatively synapomorphic characters. Evidence is provided for Paracanthopoma and Paravandellia as sister groups and the two genera are comparatively diagnosed. A total of 13 species are recognized in Paracanthopoma, of which nine are new and one is transferred from Paravandellia: Pc. ahriman, new species, Pc. alleynei (Henschel et al., 2021), Pc. carrapata, new species, Pc. cangussu Henschel et al., 2021, Pc. capeta, new species, Pc. daemon, new species, Pc. irritans, new species, Pc. malevola,new species, Pc. parva Giltay, 1935, Pc. saci Dagosta & de Pinna, 2021, Pc. satanica, new species, Pc. truculenta, new species, and Pc. vampyra, new species. The holotype and paratype of Pc. alleynei are found to belong to two different species. The various taxa in Paracanthopoma display a high degree of phenotypic divergence and are diagnosed on the basis of traditional as well as new morphological characters of both external and internal anatomy. Geographical distributions are mapped for each species and an identification key is provided. Preliminary evidence suggests the existence of four main subclades within Paracanthopoma. The first one includes Pc. ahriman, Pc. cangussu, and Pc. irritans. A second subclade comprises Pc. carrapata, Pc. daemon, Pc. parva, and Pc. truculenta. A third clade includes Pc. malevola and Pc. satanica and a fourth comprises Pc. alleyneiand Pc. vampyra. The last clade lacks some putative synapomorphies of all other members of Paracanthopoma and seems to be the sister group to the rest of the genus. Relationships of Pc. capeta and Pc. saci are not as clear, but some evidence exists for the former being related to the first subclade and the latter to the second subclade.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/anatomy & histology , Catfishes/classification , Predatory Behavior , Species Specificity , BiodiversityABSTRACT
The evolutionary relationships of Salvia have been difficult to estimate. In this study, we used the Next Generation Sequencing method Hyb-Seq to evaluate relationships among 90 Lamiaceae samples, including representatives of Mentheae, Ocimeae, Salvia subgenera Audibertia, Leonia, Salvia, and 69 species of subgenus Calosphace, representing 32 of Epling's sections. A bait set was designed in MarkerMiner using available transcriptome data to enrich 119 variable nuclear loci. Nuclear and chloroplast loci were assembled with hybphylomaker (HPM), followed by coalescent approach analyses for nuclear data (ASTRAL, BEAST) and a concatenated Maximum Likelihood analysis of chloroplast loci. The HPM assembly had an average of 1,314,368 mapped reads for the sample and 527 putative exons. Phylogenetic inferences resolved strongly supported relationships for the deep-level nodes, agreeing with previous hypotheses which assumed that subgenus Audibertia is sister to subgenus Calosphace. Within subgenus Calosphace, we recovered eight monophyletic sections sensu Epling, Cardinalis, Hastatae, Incarnatae, and Uricae in all the analyses (nDNA and cpDNA), Biflorae, Lavanduloideae, and Sigmoideae in nuclear analyses (ASTRAL, BEAST) and Curtiflorae in ASTRAL trees. Network analysis supports deep node relationships, some of the main clades, and recovers reticulation within the core Calosphace. The chloroplast phylogeny resolved deep nodes and four monophyletic Calosphace sections. Placement of S. axillaris is distinct in nuclear evidence and chloroplast, as sister to the rest of the S. subg. Calosphace in chloroplast and a clade with "Hastatae clade" sister to the rest of the subgenus in nuclear evidence. We also tested the monophyly of S. hispanica, S. polystachia, S. purpurea, and S. tiliifolia, including two samples of each, and found that S. hispanica and S. purpurea are monophyletic. Our baits can be used in future studies of Lamiaceae phylogeny to estimate relationships between genera and among species. In this study, we presented a Hyb-Seq phylogeny for complex, recently diverged Salvia, which could be implemented in other Lamiaceae.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: El grupo de géneros Dichopetala se propuso recientemente después de una revisión del género Dichopetala Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878. Actualmente, el grupo consta de ocho géneros y 44 especies distribuidas desde el sur de los Estados Unidos hasta el sur de México. Este acuerdo genérico, se basó únicamente en evidencia morfológica y se acompañó por discusiones sobre nuevos géneros erigidos, para los cuales no se probó su monofilia. Objetivo: Evaluar las relaciones filogenéticas entre especies representativas de los ocho géneros del grupo Dichopetala. Métodos: Generamos secuencias de ADN para un gen mitocondrial (Citocromo oxidasa I: COI) y dos marcadores de genes nucleares (28S, Histona III: H3), e incluimos especies de otros géneros de Phaneropterinae para probar la monofilia del grupo en estudio. Utilizamos modelos evolutivos bayesianos y de máxima verosimilitud. Resultados: Se respalda la monofilia del grupo Dichopetala y la monofilia de los géneros Dichopetala, Obolopteryx, Planipollex, Mactruchus y Rhabdocerca. Además, los géneros Acanthorintes y Pterodichopetala como parafiléticos. Los marcadores mitocondriales también sugieren que los géneros Rhabdocerca y Acanthorintes ampliamente distribuidos, pueden en realidad contener varias especies no vistas previamente. Conclusión: Se proporciona la primera contribución a la filogenia del grupo de Dichopetala y una definición filogenética y morfológica más robusta de algunos de los géneros involucrados.
Introduction: The Dichopetala genus group was proposed recently after revision of the genus Dichopetala Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878. Currently, the group consists of eight genera and 44 species distributed from Southern United States to Southern Mexico. This generic arrangement was based solely on morphological evidence, and was accompanied by discussions on new erected genera, for which their monophyly was not tested. Objective: To assess the phylogenetic relationships among representative species of the eight genera of the Dichopetala group. Methods: We generated DNA sequences for one mitochondrial (Cytochrome oxidase I: COI) and two nuclear (28S, Histone III: H3) gene markers, and included species of other Phaneropterinae genera to test the monophyly of the ingroup; Bayesian and maximum likelihood evolutionary models were used. Results: The monophyly of the Dichopetala group and the monophyly of genera Dichopetala, Obolopteryx, Planipollex, Mactruchus and Rhabdocerca is supported. In addition, Acanthorintes and Pterodichopetala were recovered as paraphyletic. The mitochondrial markers also suggest that the widely distributed genera Rhabdocerca and Acanthorintes may actually contain various overlooked species. Conclusions: The first contribution on the Phylogeny of the Dichopetala group, and a more robust phylogenetic and morphological definition of some of the genera involved are provided.
ABSTRACT
The Pleistocenic Arc Hypothesis (PAH) posits that South American Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) were interconnected during Pleistocene glacial periods, enabling the expansion of species ranges that were subsequently fragmented in interglacial periods, promoting speciation. The lizard genus Lygodactylus occurs in Africa, Madagascar, and South America. Compared to the high diversity of African Lygodactylus, only two species are known to occur in South America, L. klugei and L. wetzeli, distributed in SDTFs and the Chaco, respectively. We use a phylogenetic approach based on mitochondrial (ND2) and nuclear (RAG-1) markers covering the known range of South American Lygodactylus to investigate (i) if they are monophyletic relative to their African congeners, (ii) if their divergence is congruent with the fragmentation of the PAH, and (iii) if cryptic diversity exists within currently recognized species. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recovered a well-supported monophyletic South American Lygodactylus, presumably resulting from a single trans-Atlantic dispersal event 29 Mya. Species delimitation analyses supported the existence of five putative species, three of them undescribed. Divergence times among L. klugei and the three putative undescribed species, all endemic to the SDTFs, are not congruent with the fragmentation of the PAH. However, fragmentation of the once broader and continuous SDTFs likely influenced the divergence of L. wetzeli in the Chaco and Lygodactylus sp. 3 (in a SDTF enclave in the Cerrado).
Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Lizards/classification , Animals , Bayes Theorem , Genetic Variation , Geography , Likelihood Functions , Lizards/genetics , Phylogeny , South America , Species Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Callichthyidae comprises a well-corroborated monophyletic group divided into two subfamilies: Corydoradinae and Callichthyinae. A recent proposal, based on molecular data, suggests that Corydoradinae is composed by nine monophyletic lineages, possibly genera. The species pertaining to those lineages have extensive modification in the size of genome, including diploid, tetraploid and octoploid species. Considering the occurrence of these monophyletic lineages and that the variations in DNA content may imply in significant alterations on the structure of spermatozoa, this study analyzed the morphology of the male reproductive system and the morphometry of the head of the spermatozoa of representatives of the nine lineages of Corydoradinae, seeking for particular characteristics of each lineage. Morphological data revealed a high intra-lineage variation, larger than that observed among species of different lineages. In contrast, morphometric data obtained for eight out of the nine lineages, revealed large congruency with the hypothesis that Corydoradinae is composed by different lineages. These results demonstrate that there is a correlation among variations in DNA content and the size of the spermatozoon head, thus providing additional subsides for the definition of the Corydoradinae lineages.(AU)
A família Callichthyidae compreende um grupo monofilético bem corroborado, dividida em duas subfamílias: Corydoradinae e Callichthyinae. Uma proposta recente, baseada em dados moleculares, sugeriu que a subfamília Corydoradinae é composta por nove linhagens, possivelmente gêneros. As espécies pertencentes a cada uma destas linhagens possuem extensivas modificações no tamanho do genoma, incluindo espécies diplóides, tetraplóides e octaplóides. Considerando a ocorrência dessas diferentes linhagens e que as extremas variações em conteúdo de DNA podem implicar em alterações significativas na estrutura dos espermatozoides, o presente estudo analisou a morfologia do sistema reprodutor masculino e a morfometria da cabeça dos espermatozoides de representantes das nove linhagens de Corydoradinae, procurando características particulares em cada uma. Os dados morfológicos revelaram a ocorrência de grande variação dentro das linhagens, maior que aquela observada entre espécies de diferentes linhagens. Diferentemente, os dados morfométricos obtidos para oito das nove linhagens revelaram grande congruência com a atual proposta para Corydoradinae. Estes resultados demonstram que há correlação entre as variações em conteúdo de DNA e o tamanho da cabeça dos espermatozoides, fornecendo, assim, subsídio adicional para a definição das nove linhagens de Corydoradinae.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/anatomy & histology , Catfishes/classification , Genetic Variation/genetics , Spermatozoa/classificationABSTRACT
Callichthyidae comprises a well-corroborated monophyletic group divided into two subfamilies: Corydoradinae and Callichthyinae. A recent proposal, based on molecular data, suggests that Corydoradinae is composed by nine monophyletic lineages, possibly genera. The species pertaining to those lineages have extensive modification in the size of genome, including diploid, tetraploid and octoploid species. Considering the occurrence of these monophyletic lineages and that the variations in DNA content may imply in significant alterations on the structure of spermatozoa, this study analyzed the morphology of the male reproductive system and the morphometry of the head of the spermatozoa of representatives of the nine lineages of Corydoradinae, seeking for particular characteristics of each lineage. Morphological data revealed a high intra-lineage variation, larger than that observed among species of different lineages. In contrast, morphometric data obtained for eight out of the nine lineages, revealed large congruency with the hypothesis that Corydoradinae is composed by different lineages. These results demonstrate that there is a correlation among variations in DNA content and the size of the spermatozoon head, thus providing additional subsides for the definition of the Corydoradinae lineages.(AU)
A família Callichthyidae compreende um grupo monofilético bem corroborado, dividida em duas subfamílias: Corydoradinae e Callichthyinae. Uma proposta recente, baseada em dados moleculares, sugeriu que a subfamília Corydoradinae é composta por nove linhagens, possivelmente gêneros. As espécies pertencentes a cada uma destas linhagens possuem extensivas modificações no tamanho do genoma, incluindo espécies diplóides, tetraplóides e octaplóides. Considerando a ocorrência dessas diferentes linhagens e que as extremas variações em conteúdo de DNA podem implicar em alterações significativas na estrutura dos espermatozoides, o presente estudo analisou a morfologia do sistema reprodutor masculino e a morfometria da cabeça dos espermatozoides de representantes das nove linhagens de Corydoradinae, procurando características particulares em cada uma. Os dados morfológicos revelaram a ocorrência de grande variação dentro das linhagens, maior que aquela observada entre espécies de diferentes linhagens. Diferentemente, os dados morfométricos obtidos para oito das nove linhagens revelaram grande congruência com a atual proposta para Corydoradinae. Estes resultados demonstram que há correlação entre as variações em conteúdo de DNA e o tamanho da cabeça dos espermatozoides, fornecendo, assim, subsídio adicional para a definição das nove linhagens de Corydoradinae.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/anatomy & histology , Catfishes/classification , Genetic Variation/genetics , Spermatozoa/classificationABSTRACT
In the present response paper, the article entitled "Morphometric variation of the Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise H. labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)?" by Mejía et al . 2015 is critically reviewed. The current review pinpoints some of the more conspicuous conceptual inconsistencies and fundamental errors found in the study by Mejía et al . (2015), It is contended that the authors fail to provide any new insights into the complex biogeography and evolutionary history of the Nosferatu and Herichthys genus groups, and that while results of their Cox1 molecular analysis are comparable to those by De la Maza-Benignos et al . (2015), the conclusions of the two studies are not comparable. In addition, it is contested that, whereas the designation of genus Nosferatu by De la Maza-Benignos et al . (2015) was found on the principles of the biological and phylogenetic species concepts, the rejection of the genus by Mejía et al . (2015) is solely based "on the presence of (overlapping) morphometric characters" between genera. The assumption by Mejía et al . (2015),that because their geometric morphometrics analysis failed to provide separation of species, then Nosferatu genus does not correspond to a valid taxon; and their suggesting geometric morphometrics "as useful tool to discriminate species, because it allows to propose diagnostic characters" were not supported by their results. While Mejía et al . present some interesting thoughts on the systematics of Nosferatu , they unfortunately fail to provide any data that can be objectively assessed as relevant to motivate any changes in the current taxonomy.(AU)
El presente documento de respuesta analiza críticamente el artículo titulado "Morphometric variation of the Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise H. labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)?" por Mejía et al. (2015), así como también evidencia algunas de las contradicciones conceptuales y errores fundamentales encontrados en dicho documento. Se arguye que el artículo no proporciona ningún aspecto nuevo acerca de la compleja biogeografía, ni de la historia evolutiva de los géneros Nosferatu y Herichthys , y que mientras que los resultados del análisis molecular utilizando el gen Cox1 son similares a los de la Maza-Benignos et al. (2015), las conclusiones de ambos estudios no son compatibles. Se contiende además que mientras que la designación del género Nosferatu por De la Maza-Benignos et al. (2015) se fundamentó en principios asociados a los conceptos biológico y filogenético de especie, el rechazo del género por Mejía et al. ,(2015) únicamente se basa "en la existencia de caracteres morfométricos (superpuestos)" entre géneros. La inferencia por parte de Mejía et al . de que debido a que el análisis de morfometría geométrica no logró separar a las especies, y que por lo tanto el género Nosferatu no corresponde a un taxón válido; así como la observación de que la morfometría geométrica corresponde a "una herramienta útil para diferenciar especies, porque permite proponer caracteres de diagnóstico" no están sustentadas por los resultados de su análisis, y mientras que Mejía et al. ,presentan algunas ideas interesantes sobre la sistemática de Nosferatu , lamentablemente no proporcionan ningún dato relevante que pueda ser evaluado objetivamente como para motivar cambios en la taxonomía actual.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Fishes/classification , Fishes/growth & development , Fishes/physiology , Manuscripts as Topic/historyABSTRACT
In the present response paper, the article entitled "Morphometric variation of the Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise H. labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)?" by Mejía et al . 2015 is critically reviewed. The current review pinpoints some of the more conspicuous conceptual inconsistencies and fundamental errors found in the study by Mejía et al . (2015), It is contended that the authors fail to provide any new insights into the complex biogeography and evolutionary history of the Nosferatu and Herichthys genus groups, and that while results of their Cox1 molecular analysis are comparable to those by De la Maza-Benignos et al . (2015), the conclusions of the two studies are not comparable. In addition, it is contested that, whereas the designation of genus Nosferatu by De la Maza-Benignos et al . (2015) was found on the principles of the biological and phylogenetic species concepts, the rejection of the genus by Mejía et al . (2015) is solely based "on the presence of (overlapping) morphometric characters" between genera. The assumption by Mejía et al . (2015),that because their geometric morphometrics analysis failed to provide separation of species, then Nosferatu genus does not correspond to a valid taxon; and their suggesting geometric morphometrics "as useful tool to discriminate species, because it allows to propose diagnostic characters" were not supported by their results. While Mejía et al . present some interesting thoughts on the systematics of Nosferatu , they unfortunately fail to provide any data that can be objectively assessed as relevant to motivate any changes in the current taxonomy.
El presente documento de respuesta analiza críticamente el artículo titulado "Morphometric variation of the Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise H. labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)?" por Mejía et al. (2015), así como también evidencia algunas de las contradicciones conceptuales y errores fundamentales encontrados en dicho documento. Se arguye que el artículo no proporciona ningún aspecto nuevo acerca de la compleja biogeografía, ni de la historia evolutiva de los géneros Nosferatu y Herichthys , y que mientras que los resultados del análisis molecular utilizando el gen Cox1 son similares a los de la Maza-Benignos et al. (2015), las conclusiones de ambos estudios no son compatibles. Se contiende además que mientras que la designación del género Nosferatu por De la Maza-Benignos et al. (2015) se fundamentó en principios asociados a los conceptos biológico y filogenético de especie, el rechazo del género por Mejía et al. ,(2015) únicamente se basa "en la existencia de caracteres morfométricos (superpuestos)" entre géneros. La inferencia por parte de Mejía et al . de que debido a que el análisis de morfometría geométrica no logró separar a las especies, y que por lo tanto el género Nosferatu no corresponde a un taxón válido; así como la observación de que la morfometría geométrica corresponde a "una herramienta útil para diferenciar especies, porque permite proponer caracteres de diagnóstico" no están sustentadas por los resultados de su análisis, y mientras que Mejía et al. ,presentan algunas ideas interesantes sobre la sistemática de Nosferatu , lamentablemente no proporcionan ningún dato relevante que pueda ser evaluado objetivamente como para motivar cambios en la taxonomía actual.
Subject(s)
Animals , Manuscripts as Topic/history , Fishes/classification , Fishes/growth & development , Fishes/physiologyABSTRACT
Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera; Culicidae) es un mosquito perteneciente al complejo Pipiens con distribución amplia en el mundo y en Venezuela tanto en zonas urbanas como rurales; es acentuadamente antropofílico y vector de varios virus y parásitos mantenidos en la naturaleza en un ciclo enzoótico ave-mosquito-ave. Dicha distribución y ocupación de hábitats larvales de origen antropogénico podría sugerir la presencia de subpoblaciones geográficas que pudieran participar en forma diferencial en la transmisión de patógenos. Los análisis filogenéticos y redes de haplotipos de éste trabajo, con secuencias de los genes mitocondriales (Subunidad I del Citocromo oxidasa y Subunidad 5 de la NADH deshidrogenasa) de poblaciones de Cx. quinquefasciatus colectadas en nueve localidades (cementerios) de Venezuela sugieren alta homogeneidad genética inter-poblacional y una sola entidad filogenética (monofilia). Se demostró que el fragmento del gen COI tiene mayor resolución en la definición de la filogenia de especies cercanas y a nivel de géneros y ajustado con la clasificación actual. El gen ND5 con alta variación es más útil para estudios poblacionales, sin embargo muestra parafilia entre Cx. corniger y Cx. quinquefasciatus, que representa una evidencia de posible homogenización por entrecruzamiento, introgresión o infección por Wolbachia. Las redes de haplotipos sugieren poblaciones en expansión con alta variabilidad haplotípica y heterogeneidad genética intra poblacional y homogeneidad inter poblacional, con implicaciones evolutivas en la dispersión de sus poblaciones y el éxito en áreas urbanas, así como evidencia de posible cuello de botella en poblaciones producto de marcadas campañas de aplicación de insecticidas, información útil en la planificación de futuras estrategias de control sanitario.
Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera, Culicidae) is a mosquito belonging to the Pipiens complex with wide distribution in the world and in Venezuela, both urban and rural. Besides, it is a markedly anthropophilic vector of several viruses and parasites maintained in nature in a cycle enzootic bird-mosquito-bird. The wide distribution and occupation of larval habitats of anthropogenic origin may suggest the presence of geographical subpopulations, which may differentially participate in the transmission of pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks with sequences of mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I and subunit 5 of NADH dehydrogenase) of populations collected in nine locations (cemeteries) of Venezuela showed high interpopulation genetic homogeneity and a single phylogenetic entity (monophyly). It demostrated that the COI gene fragment had a higher resolution in the definition of the phylogeny of closely related species and genera level and correlated with the current classification. The ND5 gene variation is highly useful for population studies. However, this gene showed paraphyly between Cx. corniger and Cx. quinquefasciatus as an evidence of possible homogenization by inbreeding, introgression or infection with Wolbachia. The haplotype networks suggest expanding populations with high haplotype variability and genetic heterogeneity occurred within populations. Moreover, the analysis, showed homogeneity among populations with evolutionary implications in the dispersion of their populations and successful occupation in urban areas, as well as evidence of possible population bottleneck as consequence of insecticide control campaigns.
Subject(s)
Animals , Culex , Culicidae , Culex/anatomy & histology , Culex/genetics , Genetic Vectors , Viruses , Diptera , Diptera/geneticsABSTRACT
A growing number of biogeographical methods have attempted to describe formal means of reconstructing the biogeographical history of the organisms. Whatever the biogeographical method, however, the source of systematic information has to be well worked out. Taxonomic noise is sometimes a true impediment to properly deal with the complexity of life in its three-dimensional aspects, the threefold parallelism represented by form, space and time. This paper argues that historical systematics is a necessary basis for a historical biogeography. Organismal phylogenies or at least hypotheses of monophyly should be taken as the basis for the study of distribution patterns. Whenever a non-monophyletic taxon is misleadingly taken as monophyletic, erroneous interpretations in evolutionary analyses necessarily follow. When the proportion of paraphyletic taxa considered in an analysis is small, a general pattern may be obtained, but the interpretation of the biogeographical evolution of each paraphyletic taxon will be equivocated. The delimitation of areas of endemism also depends on the precision of the recovered phylogenetic information. Indices based on phylogenetic diversity allow the delimitation of areas for conservation of biological diversity. Despite the plethora of current available biogeographical methods, biogeography is not a mess, as was pointed elsewhere. The order in the discipline is subtle: as biogeography intends to comprehend the living world based on the study of the form, space and time, a phylogenetic framework is a basic requirement. The lack of reliable biogeographical primary information - historical taxa - certainly creates severe obstacles for historical biogeography.
Um crescente número de métodos biogeográficos tem buscado descrever maneiras formais de reconstruir a história biogeográfica dos organismos. Entretanto, para qualquer método biogeográfico empregado, a fonte de informação sistemática deve ser precisa. Ruído taxonômico é por vezes um verdadeiro obstáculo para se tratar apropriadamente da complexidade da vida no seu aspecto tridimensional, representado pelo triplo paralelismo forma, espaço e tempo. Esse artigo defende que a sistemática é o fundamento necessário para a biogeografia histórica. Filogenias de organismos ou ao menos hipóteses de monofiletismo devem ser a base para o estudo de padrões de distribuição. Táxons não-monofiléticos tomados erroneamente como monofiléticos resultarão em interpretações incorretas nas análises evolutivas. Quando a proporção de táxons parafiléticos considerada em uma análise é pequena, um padrão geral pode ser obtido, mas a interpretação da evolução biogeográfica de cada táxon parafilético será equivocada. A delimitação de áreas de endemismo, da mesma forma, também depende da precisão da informação filogenética. Além disso, índices baseados na diversidade filogenética permitem a delimitação de áreas para a conservação da diversidade biológica. Apesar da pletora de métodos biogeográficos correntes, a biogeografia não é uma confusão, como foi apontado anteriormente. A ordem nessa disciplina é sutil: como a biogeografia pretende compreender o mundo natural baseandose no estudo de forma, tempo e espaço, um arcabouço filogenético é condição essencial. A ausência de informação biogeográfica primária confiável - táxons históricos - cria sérios obstáculos para a biogeografia histórica.
ABSTRACT
A growing number of biogeographical methods have attempted to describe formal means of reconstructing the biogeographical history of the organisms. Whatever the biogeographical method, however, the source of systematic information has to be well worked out. Taxonomic noise is sometimes a true impediment to properly deal with the complexity of life in its three-dimensional aspects, the threefold parallelism represented by form, space and time. This paper argues that historical systematics is a necessary basis for a historical biogeography. Organismal phylogenies or at least hypotheses of monophyly should be taken as the basis for the study of distribution patterns. Whenever a non-monophyletic taxon is misleadingly taken as monophyletic, erroneous interpretations in evolutionary analyses necessarily follow. When the proportion of paraphyletic taxa considered in an analysis is small, a general pattern may be obtained, but the interpretation of the biogeographical evolution of each paraphyletic taxon will be equivocated. The delimitation of areas of endemism also depends on the precision of the recovered phylogenetic information. Indices based on phylogenetic diversity allow the delimitation of areas for conservation of biological diversity. Despite the plethora of current available biogeographical methods, biogeography is not a mess, as was pointed elsewhere. The order in the discipline is subtle: as biogeography intends to comprehend the living world based on the study of the form, space and time, a phylogenetic framework is a basic requirement. The lack of reliable biogeographical primary information - historical taxa - certainly creates severe obstacles for historical biogeography.
Um crescente número de métodos biogeográficos tem buscado descrever maneiras formais de reconstruir a história biogeográfica dos organismos. Entretanto, para qualquer método biogeográfico empregado, a fonte de informação sistemática deve ser precisa. Ruído taxonômico é por vezes um verdadeiro obstáculo para se tratar apropriadamente da complexidade da vida no seu aspecto tridimensional, representado pelo triplo paralelismo forma, espaço e tempo. Esse artigo defende que a sistemática é o fundamento necessário para a biogeografia histórica. Filogenias de organismos ou ao menos hipóteses de monofiletismo devem ser a base para o estudo de padrões de distribuição. Táxons não-monofiléticos tomados erroneamente como monofiléticos resultarão em interpretações incorretas nas análises evolutivas. Quando a proporção de táxons parafiléticos considerada em uma análise é pequena, um padrão geral pode ser obtido, mas a interpretação da evolução biogeográfica de cada táxon parafilético será equivocada. A delimitação de áreas de endemismo, da mesma forma, também depende da precisão da informação filogenética. Além disso, índices baseados na diversidade filogenética permitem a delimitação de áreas para a conservação da diversidade biológica. Apesar da pletora de métodos biogeográficos correntes, a biogeografia não é uma confusão, como foi apontado anteriormente. A ordem nessa disciplina é sutil: como a biogeografia pretende compreender o mundo natural baseandose no estudo de forma, tempo e espaço, um arcabouço filogenético é condição essencial. A ausência de informação biogeográfica primária confiável - táxons históricos - cria sérios obstáculos para a biogeografia histórica.
ABSTRACT
Penaeid shrimps are an important resource in crustacean fisheries, representing more than the half of the gross production of shrimp worldwide. In the present study, we used a sample of wide-ranging diversity (41 shrimp species) and two mitochondrial markers (758 bp) to clarify the evolutionary relationships among Penaeidae genera. Three different methodologies of tree reconstruction were employed in the study: maximum likelihood, neighbor joining and Bayesian analysis. Our results suggest that the old Penaeus genus is monophyletic and that the inclusion of the Solenocera genus within the Penaeidae family remains uncertain. With respect to Metapenaeopsis monophyly, species of this genus appeared clustered, but with a nonsignificant bootstrap value. These results elucidate some features of the unclear evolution of Penaeidae and may contribute to the taxonomic characterization of this family.