Dolor y edema de miembros inferiores por dermopatía tiroidea: presentación inusual de la enfermedad de Graves en una paciente adolescente / Lower limb pain and edema due to thyroid dermopathy: an unusual presentation of Graves disease in an adolescent patient

La enfermedad de Graves es un proceso inmunomediado en el que autoanticuerpos se dirigen contra el receptor de tirotrofina. Por su acción estimulante sobre la glándula tiroides, se genera crecimiento glandular difuso y aumento de la hormonogénesis. Se caracteriza por el comienzo subagudo de síntomas constitucionales, neuromusculares, cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y oculares, seguidos en algunos casos de la aparición de manifestaciones cutáneas como la dermopatía tiroidea o mixedema. En pediatría la enfermedad de Graves es infrecuente (aunque es la causa más frecuente de hipertiroidismo), pero la cronología de aparición de los síntomas está bien descrita; es rara la aparición de dermopatía en ausencia de otros síntomas de hipertiroidismo y sin afectación ocular. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 15 años con dermopatía tiroidea por enfermedad de Graves sin oftalmopatía ni otros síntomas de hipertiroidismo clínico asociados.

Graves disease is an immune-mediated process characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to thyrotropin receptors. Its stimulating action on the thyroid gland causes diffuse glandular growth and increased hormone production. Graves disease is characterized by a subacute onset of non-specific, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and eye symptoms, sometimes followed by skin manifestations, such as thyroid dermopathy or myxedema. In pediatrics, Graves disease is rare (although it is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism). However, the chronology of symptom onset has been well described; the development of dermopathy in the absence of other symptoms of hyperthyroidism and without eye involvement is rare. Here we describe the case of a 15-year-old female patient with thyroid dermopathy due to Graves disease without eye disease or other associated clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Lower limb pain and edema due to thyroid dermopathy: an unusual presentation of Graves disease in an adolescent patient. / Dolor y edema de miembros inferiores por dermopatía tiroidea: presentación inusual de la enfermedad de Graves en una paciente adolescente.

Graves disease is an immune-mediated process characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to thyrotropin receptors. Its stimulating action on the thyroid gland causes diffuse glandular growth and increased hormone production. Graves disease is characterized by a subacute onset of non-specific, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and eye symptoms, sometimes followed by skin manifestations, such as thyroid dermopathy or myxedema. In pediatrics, Graves disease is rare (although it is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism). However, the chronology of symptom onset has been well described; the development of dermopathy in the absence of other symptoms of hyperthyroidism and without eye involvement is rare. Here we describe the case of a 15-year-old female patient with thyroid dermopathy due to Graves disease without eye disease or other associated clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

La enfermedad de Graves es un proceso inmunomediado en el que autoanticuerpos se dirigen contra el receptor de tirotrofina. Por su acción estimulante sobre la glándula tiroides, se genera crecimiento glandular difuso y aumento de la hormonogénesis. Se caracteriza por el comienzo subagudo de síntomas constitucionales, neuromusculares, cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y oculares, seguidos en algunos casos de la aparición de manifestaciones cutáneas como la dermopatía tiroidea o mixedema. En pediatría la enfermedad de Graves es infrecuente (aunque es la causa más frecuente de hipertiroidismo), pero la cronología de aparición de los síntomas está bien descrita; es rara la aparición de dermopatía en ausencia de otros síntomas de hipertiroidismo y sin afectación ocular. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 15 años con dermopatía tiroidea por enfermedad de Graves sin oftalmopatía ni otros síntomas de hipertiroidismo clínico asociados.

Graves' disease, myxedema, and papillary thyroid carcinoma / Doença de Graves, mixedema e carcinoma papilífero de tireoide

Graves' disease (GD) is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism and diffuse toxic goiter in iodine-sufficient geographi-cal areas. GD is associated with classical manifestations such as ophthalmopathy and thyroid dermopathy, in addi-tion to diffuse goiter, which may be the site of carcinomas, as a complication. Case report: A 52-year-old woman presented with goiter and symptoms compatible with hyperthyroidism, such as heat intolerance, weight loss, fati-gue, increased sweat, tachycardia, fine tremors, increased intestinal transit, anxiety, emotional lability, insomnia, exophthalmos, and pretibial myxedema. A complementary investigation confirmed the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism (high free T4 and total T3 levels and low thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH levels). Ultrasound images showed dif-fuse enlargement of the thyroid lobes by approximately 10 times and the presence of three thyroid nodules, one of which was larger than 2 cm with heterogeneous echogenicity and vascularization throughout the nodule; ultrasoun-d-guided fine needle aspiration revealed cytology compatible with Bethesda IV; scintigraphy revealed a low uptake area (cold nodule) amid a diffuse high-uptake goiter. A thyroidectomy was performed, and the anatomical specimen diagnosis revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma in the right lobe, with adjacent parenchyma compatible with GD. Histopathological examination of the skin showed the presence of myxedema compatible with Graves' dermopathy. The patient evolved with the normalization of TSH levels and a reduction of cutaneous manifestations. Conclusion:GD abnormalities may not be restricted to the classic clinical manifestations, and a careful investigation may reveal the coexistence of carcinomas. (AU)

A doença de Graves (DG) é a principal causa de hipertireoidismo e bócio difuso tóxico em áreas geográficas com iodo suficiente. DG está associada a manifestações clínicas clássicas como oftalmopatia e dermopatia da tireoide, além do bócio difuso, que pode ser sítio de carcinomas, como uma complicação. Relato de caso: Mulher de 52 anos apresentou bócio e sintomas compatíveis com hipertireoidismo como intolerância ao calor, emagrecimento, fadiga, sudorese aumentada, taquicardia, tremores finos, trânsito intestinal aumentado, ansiedade, labilidade emocional, insônia, exoftalmia e mixedema pré-tibial. A investigação complementar confirmou o diagnóstico de hipertireoidis-mo (níveis elevados de T4 livre e T3 total; níveis baixos de hormônio estimulante da tireoide - TSH). As imagens ultrassonográficas mostraram aumento difuso dos lobos tireoidianos em aproximadamente 10 vezes e a presença de três nódulos tireoidianos, um dos quais, maior que 2 cm, com ecogenicidade e vascularização heterogêneas em todo o nódulo, cuja punção aspirativa por agulha fina guiada por ultrassom revelou citologia compatível com Bethesda IV; e a cintilografia evidenciou uma área de baixa captação (nódulo frio) em meio a um bócio difuso de alta captação. Foi realizada tireoidectomia e o diagnóstico da peça anatômica revelou carcinoma papilífero de tir-eoide em lobo direito, com parênquima adjacente compatível com DG. O exame histopatológico da pele mostrou a presença de mixedema compatível com dermopatia de Graves. A paciente evoluiu com normalização dos níveis de TSH e redução das manifestações cutâneas. Conclusão: As anormalidades da DG podem não estar restritas às manifestações clínicas clássicas, e uma investigação criteriosa pode revelar a coexistência de carcinomas, (AU)

Myxedema heart disease and non-comatose presentation of myxedema: A case report.

Myxedema coma is an emergency that develops from non-diagnosed or severe hypothyroidism and requires early recognition and management. Cardiac manifestations are uncommon and pose a challenge in the recognition of myxedema coma. We present the case of a 76-year-old male with a history of thyroidectomy secondary to a follicular carcinoma, who presented with dyspnea, generalized edema, drowsiness, disorientation, memory loss, and episodic generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Antiepileptic and diuretic treatment for seizures and heart failure exacerbation did not improve the symptoms. Further blood analysis revealed a thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine of 163 mUL/L and 0.64 ng/dL, respectively. Treatment with intravenous hydrocortisone and levothyroxine led to progressive clinical improvement. Uncommon clinical manifestations such as cardiac and non-specific neurologic symptoms should be considered as manifestations of myxedema coma. A comatose mental status is not a universal manifestation, and milder symptoms should be considered. An adequate assessment, including diagnostic scores and prompt hormonal supplementation prevents fatal consequences.

Coma mixedematoso asociado a infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Myxedema coma associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection / Coma mixedematoso associado à infecção por SARS-CoV-2

Resumen: Aunque se sabe que la infección por SARS-CoV-2 es una causa importante de enfermedad pulmonar, se han observado múltiples manifestaciones extrapulmonares asociadas a COVID-19. Existen en la literatura reportes de tirotoxicosis secundarios a COVID-19, pero los casos de hipotiroidismo descompensado por COVID-19 son escasos. Reportamos el caso de una paciente de 37 años con obesidad que presentó coma mixedematoso asociado a infección por SARS-CoV-2. El estado proinflamatorio secundario a obesidad, el daño directo a la glándula tiroidea por SARS-CoV-2 y la elevación de mediadores inflamatorios en sangre observados durante la infección viral podrían ser mecanismos que desencadenen el coma mixedematoso. En pacientes con COVID-19 severo es importante la búsqueda intencionada de signos de coma mixedematoso y su confirmación con un perfil tiroideo al ingreso hospitalario.

Abstract: Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is known to be an important cause of lung disease, multiple extrapulmonary manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been observed. There are reports of thyrotoxicosis secondary to COVID-19 in the literature, but cases of decompensated hypothyroidism due to COVID-19 are rare. We report the case of a 37-year-old female patient with obesity who presented myxedema coma associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The pro-inflammatory state secondary to obesity, direct damage to the thyroid gland by SARS-CoV-2, and the elevation of inflammatory mediators in the blood observed during viral infection could be mechanisms that trigger myxedema coma. In patients with severe COVID-19, the intentional search for signs of myxedema coma and its confirmation with a thyroid profile at hospital admission is important.

Resumo: Embora a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 seja conhecida por ser uma causa importante de doença pulmonar, foram observadas várias manifestações extrapulmonares associadas ao COVID-19. Há relatos na literatura de tireotoxicose secundária à COVID-19, mas os casos de hipotireoidismo descompensado por COVID-19 são raros. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 37 anos com obesidade que apresentou coma mixedematoso associado à infecção por SARS-CoV-2. O estado pró-inflamatório secundário à obesidade, o dano direto à glândula tireoide pelo SARS-CoV-2 e a elevação de mediadores inflamatórios no sangue observados durante a infecção viral podem ser mecanismos que desencadeiam o coma mixedematoso. Em pacientes com COVID-19 grave, é importante a busca intencional de sinais de coma mixedematoso e sua confirmação com perfil tireoidiano na admissão hospitalar.

Myxedema coma as a cause associated with multiple etiologies of heart failure

ABSTRACT Introduction: Myxedema coma is the rarest and most extreme manifestation of hypothyroidism in adults. It is more frequent in older women and is associated with various clinical manifestations including diseases with systemic involvement, such as heart failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, and atrial fibrillation in unstable patients. Case presentation: A 73-year-old female patient with a history of heart failure, hypertension and overweight, presented functional deterioration, dyspnea at rest, tachypnea, tachycardia, desaturation, generalized edema, distal cyanosis, and jugular venous pressure. Laboratory tests showed mild anemia, normal blood glucose and electrolytes, azotemia with impaired renal function, TSH: 100 μUI/ml, free T4: 0.21 ng/dL, atrial fibrillation with accelerated ventricular rhythm and high lactate level in blood. Based on the findings, heart failure associated with de novo myxedema coma was diagnosed, as well as pulmonary thromboembolism associated with signs of right systolic dysfunction. The patient's condition gradually improved with hormone replacement therapy, heart failure treatment, and anticoagulation. Conclusion: Myxedema coma is a rare and extreme form of hypothyroidism. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates because it has severe systemic manifestations. Timely diagnosis and early implementation of supportive and specific treatment, especially with aggressive thyroid hormone replacement therapy and intensive care unit monitoring, help improve the prognosis of patients.

RESUMEN Introducción. El coma mixedematoso representa la máxima y más rara expresión del hipotiroidismo en los adultos. Esta complicación es más frecuente en mujeres ancianas y tiene diversas formas clínicas asociadas como enfermedades con compromiso sistémico, entre ellas la falla cardíaca, el tromboembolismo pulmonar y la fibrilación auricular en pacientes inestables. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 73 años con antecedentes de insuficiencia cardíaca, hipertensión arterial y sobrepeso, quien presentó deterioro funcional, disnea en reposo, taquipnea, taquicardia, desaturación, edemas generalizados, cianosis distal e ingurgitación yugular. Los exámenes paraclínicos mostraron anemia leve, glucemia y electrolitos normales, azoados con deterioro de la función renal, TSH: 100 μUI/mL, T4 libre: 0.21 ng/dL, ritmo de fibrilación auricular con respuesta ventricular rápida e hiperlactatemia. A partir de los hallazgos se diagnosticó falla cardíaca asociada a coma mixedematoso de novo, que requirió soporte inotrópico y vasopresor, y tromboembolismo pulmonar asociado a signos de disfunción sistólica derecha. Finalmente, la paciente tuvo evolución lenta hacia la mejoría con la suplencia hormonal, optimización de falla cardíaca y anticoagulación. Conclusión. El coma mixedematoso es una forma extrema e infrecuente de hipotiroidismo que se asocia con altos niveles de morbimortalidad dado que implica manifestaciones sistêmicas graves. El diagnóstico oportuno y la implementación temprana de un tratamiento de soporte y específico, sobre todo con suplencia agresiva de hormonas tiroideas y vigilancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos, ayudan a mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con esta complicación.

Convulsiones, derrame pericárdico y rabdomiólisis en debut de coma mixedematoso / Myxedema coma presenting with seizures, pericardial effusion, and rhabdomyolysis

RESUMEN El coma mixedematoso es la complicación más grave de un hipotiroidismo. Ocurre, por lo general, en mujeres ancianas con hipotiroidismo conocido sin un adecuado manejo y en presencia de un evento desencadenante. El diagnóstico es difícil y debe realizarse en forma oportuna para disminuir el riesgo de muerte. El coma es una de las presentaciones neurológicas de esta urgencia endocrinológica y no es necesario su presencia para el diagnóstico. En este reporte de caso se presentan varías manifestaciones inusuales en un paciente masculino con hipotiroidismo profundo que, al diagnóstico, debutó con coma mixedematoso con predictores de mal pronóstico durante la hospitalización, pero debido al abordaje temprano y el manejo integral, se dio una resolución satisfactoria a esta urgencia endocrinológica infrecuente.

SUMMARY Myxedema coma is the most serious complication of hypothyroidism. It usually occurs in the context of elderly women, with known hypothyroidism without proper management and in the presence of a triggering event. The diagnosis is challenging and must be made in a timely manner to prevent the development of adverse outcomes. Coma is one of the neurological manifestations of the entity, not being necessary for its diagnosis. This case report presents a constellation of unusual manifestations of a male patient with myxedema coma at the debut of severe hypothyroidism with predictors of poor prognosis during hospitalization, but due to the early approach and comprehensive management, this uncommon endocrinological emergency was satisfactorily resolved.

Successful therapeutic approach in a patient with elephantiasic pretibial myxedema

Abstract Localized pretibial myxedema is a dermopathy whose treatment is a challenge in dermatology, occurring in 0.5-4% of patients with Graves' disease. This autoimmune thyroid condition stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans that are deposited particularly in the pretibial region. Clinically, it presents as a localized, circumscribed, and non-depressible infiltrate in plaques. Several treatment modalities have been proposed, and their results vary, with worse response observed in severe cases. This report presents the case of a patient with elephantiasic pretibial myxedema who was subjected to intralesional corticosteroid applications, resulting in an excellent and encouraging therapeutic response that was maintained.

Successful therapeutic approach in a patient with elephantiasic pretibial myxedema.

Localized pretibial myxedema is a dermopathy whose treatment is a challenge in dermatology, occurring in 0.5-4% of patients with Graves' disease. This autoimmune thyroid condition stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans that are deposited particularly in the pretibial region. Clinically, it presents as a localized, circumscribed, and non-depressible infiltrate in plaques. Several treatment modalities have been proposed, and their results vary, with worse response observed in severe cases. This report presents the case of a patient with elephantiasic pretibial myxedema who was subjected to intralesional corticosteroid applications, resulting in an excellent and encouraging therapeutic response that was maintained.

Coma mixedematoso como presentación de hipotiroidismo / Myxedema coma as presentation of hypothyroidism

Resumen Se presenta un caso de una paciente de 69 años de edad y sin antecedentes personales o familiares de patología tiroidea alguna, que asiste con un estado convulsivo de aparición súbita, de hemicuerpo derecho y relajación esfinteriana, asociado, además, a trastornos del estado de conciencia, bradicardia, bradipnea y edema de difícil Godet en miembros inferiores. Los exámenes complementarios mostraron acidosis respiratoria, hiposecreción de T4 y elevación de la hormona estimulante de la tiroides por retroalimentación negativa. Estos resultados corroboraron el diagnóstico presuntivo de coma mixedematoso. Se emprendió el tratamiento hormonal correspondiente con levotiroxina, al cual respondió satisfactoriamente y fue egresada a los 24 días de su ingreso, pendiente de valoración por el especialista de endocrinología.

Abstract We present the case of a 69-year-old female patient with no personal or family history of any thyroid disease, who attends with a convulsive state of sudden onset, right hemibody and sphincter relaxation, also associated with disorders of the state of consciousness, bradycardia, bradypnea and edema of difficult godet in lower limbs. Complementary analyses showed respiratory acidosis, hyposecretion of T4 and elevation of the thyroid stimulating hormone by negative feedback. These results corroborated the presumptive diagnosis of myxedema coma. The corresponding hormonal treatment with levothyroxine was undertaken, to which it responded satisfactorily and was discharged 24 days after admission, pending evaluation by the endocrinology specialist for an outpatient hormone replacement therapy.

Utility of rituximab treatment for exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome resistant to corticosteroids due to Graves' disease: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome is a very rare condition that is associated with Graves' disease. The presence of dermopathy and the involvement of joint/bone tissues indicate that it seems to be related with the severity of the autoimmune process. Owing to its low incidence, there is a lack of information regarding its treatment and clinical follow-up. Some cases improved after use of high doses of steroids; however, some patients do not respond to this treatment. Recently, the effectiveness of rituximab for treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy resistant to corticosteroids has been demonstrated. However, it has never been used for the treatment of exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome (particularly for the treatment of osteoarticular manifestations). CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 54-year-old Mexican woman previously treated for Graves' disease who developed post-iodine hypothyroidism and exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy that did not improve after high doses of steroids (intravenous and oral). Her exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome symptoms improved as early as 6 months after treatment with rituximab. CONCLUSION: Exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome is a non-classical presentation of Graves' disease, whose clinical manifestations could improve after treatment with rituximab, particularly in those patients with lack of response to high doses of corticosteroids.

Coma mixedematoso e trombo de veia cava superior. Relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Myxedema coma and superior vena cava thrombus: case report and literature review

O coma mixedematoso é uma emergência endocrinológica rara e consiste na máxima expressão do hipotireoidismo, com alta mortalidade por suas complicações hemodinâmicas e ventilatórias, podendo ser agravadas por distúrbios da coagulação. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente diagnosticada com coma mixedematoso e trombo de veia cava superior. Buscamos salientar os distúrbios de coagulação frequentes no hipotireoidismo grave, que contribuem para o aumento da mortalidade deste grupo de pacientes. O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce do coma mixedematoso, aliados à instituição imediata da terapia para o fenômeno trombótico encontrado, permitiram a evolução favorável do quadro. O relato, juntamente da bibliografia pesquisada, orientou o raciocínio sobre a relação dos distúrbios de coagulação, que ocorrem no hipotireoidismo descompensado. Apesar de poucos relatos, estes distúrbios podem ser frequentes e devem ser pesquisados, pois contribuem com o aumento da mortalidade.(AU)

Myxedema coma is a rare endocrinological emergency, consisting of the highest expression of hypothyroidism with high mortality due to hemodynamic and ventilatory complications, which may be aggravated by coagulation disorders. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with myxedema coma and superior vena cava thrombus. We sought to emphasize the frequent coagulation disorders in severe hypothyroidism, which contribute to increased mortality in this group of patients. The diagnosis and early treatment of myxedema coma, together with the immediate institution of therapy for the thrombotic phenomenon found, allowed the favorable evolution of the condition. The report, together with the literature, has guided the rationale for the influence of coagulation disorders that occur in decompensated hypothyroidism. Despite the few number of reports, these disorders can be frequent and should be investigated because they contribute to the increase in mortality.(AU)

[Myxedema coma]. / Coma mixedematoso.

Hypothyroidism is a frequently diagnosed and simply treated disease. If not recognised, however, in time it may develop into the most severe manifestation of hypothyroidism known as myxedema coma. The term "myxedema coma" is generally seen as misleading since most patients do not initially present in a coma. The typical progression is lethargy evolving into stupor and, eventually, into coma with respiratory failure and hypothermia. It mainly affects elderly women, often occurring in winter and is relatively rare. It can be considered a form of decompensated hypothyroidism often triggered by a variety of non-thyroid conditions or diseases provoking an extremely severe condition of multiple system failure with lethal consequences unless an early diagnosis is made and an aggressive treatment is administered.

Coma mixedematoso / Myxedema coma

El hipotiroidismo es una enfermedad frecuente, de diagnóstico y tratamiento simples. Si no es detectada a tiempo puede progresar a la forma más grave conocida como coma mixedematoso. El término "coma mixedematoso" es considerado generalmente engañoso, ya que la mayoría de los pacientes no se presenta inicialmente en estado de coma. La progresión típica es la letargia, evolucionando al estupor y eventualmente al coma, con insuficiencia respiratoria e hipotermia. Es relativamente infrecuente, afecta fundamentalmente a mujeres ancianas, y a menudo ocurre en invierno. Esta entidad debe ser considerada una forma de hipotiroidismo descompensado, desencadenada a partir de una variedad de enfermedades o condiciones no tiroideas que provocan un compromiso sistémico generalizado de extrema gravedad, con desenlace fatal de no mediar un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento intensivo.

Hypothyroidism is a frequently diagnosed and simply treated disease. If not recognised, however, in time it may develop into the most severe manifestation of hypothyroidism known as myxedema coma. The term "myxedema coma" is generally seen as misleading since most patients do not initially present in a coma. The typical progression is lethargy evolving into stupor and, eventually, into coma with respiratory failure and hypothermia. It mainly affects elderly women, often occurring in winter and is relatively rare. It can be considered a form of decompensated hypothyroidism often triggered by a variety of non-thyroid conditions or diseases provoking an extremely severe condition of multiple system failure with lethal consequences unless an early diagnosis is made and an aggressive treatment is administered.

Coma mixedematoso y síndrome de Ogilvie asociado a aripiprazol, memantina y venlafaxina. Reporte de caso / Myxedema and syndrome Ogilvie associated at aripiprazole, memantine and venlafaxine. Case report / Coma mixedematoso e síndrome de ogilvie associada à aripropazol, memantina e venlafaxina. Relato de caso

Resumen: El coma mixedematoso es la complicación más severa del hipotiroidismo que puede manifestarse en diversos aparatos y sistemas. La etiología más frecuente se asocia a deficiencias nutricionales, inmunológicas, infecciones o fármacos, las claves del diagnóstico son el déficit neurológico y un perfil tiroideo con elevación de la hormona estimulante de la tiroides, en algunas ocasiones es necesaria la intubación orotraqueal por insuficiencia respiratoria. El tratamiento consiste en corregir el déficit hormonal y proporcionar medidas de sostén cuando el paciente se encuentre intubado. Reportamos el caso de un paciente con antecedentes psiquiátricos tratado con antipsicóticos por largo tiempo, el cual inició con un cuadro de oclusión intestinal que fue manejado de manera conservadora; durante su estancia hospitalaria se reinició tratamiento antipsicótico y se presentaron datos de insuficiencia respiratoria, lo que indujo a intubarlo e ingresarlo a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Durante su estancia se solicitaron enzimas tiroideas, las cuales mostraron elevación de hormona estimulante de tiroides, por lo que se manejó con hormonas tiroideas y esteroides según la literatura actual, con evolución neurológica favorable y protocolo de Weaning exitoso, egresando a las dos semanas posteriores a su ingreso.

Abstract: The myxedema is the most severe complication of hypothyroidism that can be manifested in various organs and systems. The most common cause is associated with nutritional deficiencies, immune, infection or drugs, diagnostic keys are neurological deficit and a thyroid profile with elevated thyroid stimulating hormone, sometimes endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure is necessary. The treatment involves correcting the hormonal deficit and give supportive care when the patient is intubated. We report a patient with a psychiatric history treated with anti-psychotic drugs, which debuts with an intestinal occlusion was managed conservatively, while staying anti-psychotic treatment is restarted and presents data of respiratory insufficiency leading to intubate thus entering at Intensive Care Unit. Thyroid enzymes were processed had high titles of Stimulating Hormone Thyroid gave manage thyroid and steroid hormones according to the current literature, evolving favorably neurologically and accomplished Protocol of Weaning succesful, go out two weeks of their income.

Resumo: O coma mixedematoso é a complicação mais grave do hipotireoidismo que pode manifestar-se em vários orgão e sistemas. A etiologia mais frequente está associada com deficiências nutricionais, imunológica, infecções ou drogas, o diagnóstico é fortemente determinado pelo déficit neurológico e um perfil de tireóide com elevação do Hormônio Estimulante da Tireóide, em algumas ocasiões é necessário intubação orotraqueal por insuficiência respiratória. O tratamento consiste na correção do défice hormonal e outorgar medidas de apoio quando o paciente está entubado. Relatamos o caso de um paciente com um histórico psiquiátrico tratado com anti-psicóticos por um longo tempo, que debuta com um quadro de obstrução intestinal tratado de manera conservadora, durante sua estadia no hospital se reinicia tratamento anti-psicótico, apresenta dados de insuficiência respiratória que nos leva a entubá-lo, ingresando na unidade de terapia intensiva. Durante sua internação se solicitaram enzimas de tireoidianas que apresentaram elevação do Hormônio Estimulante da Tireóide, pelo que se começa tratamento com hormônios tireoidianos e esteróides de acordo com a literatura atual, evoluindo neurologicamente de manera favorável e protocolo de Weaning bem sucedido, dando-se de alta 2 semanas depois de seu ingresso.

Pretibial mucinosis in an euthyroid patient

Abstract A case of exuberant pretibial mucinosis in a patient with normal thyroid function is reported. A review of literature on possible etiologies other than thyroid disease for the accumulation of mucin in the pretibial area is presented. In the patient described, it is possible that vascular insufficiency is involved. However, this is not the only factor responsible for the accumulation of mucin, since there are still unidentified causes and many patients with vascular diseases do not develop similar injuries.

Pre-tibial myxedema: treatment with intralesional corticosteroid

The pretibial myxedema is a manifestation of Graves' disease characterized by accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the reticular dermis. The dermopathy is self-limiting but in some cases may cause cosmetic and functional damage. Conventional treatment is use of topical steroids under occlusive dressing, however the intralesional application has shown good results. We present a case of pretibial myxedema treated with single injection of intralesional corticosteroid.

Hipotiroidismo congénito y sus manifestaciones bucales / Congenital hypothyrodism and its oral manifestations

El hipotiroidismo es el más común de los trastornos de la tiroides, puede ser congénito si la glándula tiroides no se desarrolla correctamente (hipotiroidismo congénito). La predominancia femenina es una característica. Entre las características odontológicas del hipotiroidismo se observan labios gruesos, lengua de gran tamaño, que debido a su posición suele producir mordida abierta anterior y dientes anteriores en abanico, destaca que la dentición temporal y permanente presentan un retardo eruptivo característico y, aunque los dientes son de tamaño normal, suelen estar apiñados por el tamaño pequeño de los maxilares. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes de sexo femenino que acuden a la clínica de Especialidad en Odontopediatría de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México con diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo congénito.

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism can be congenital in cases when the thyroid gland does not develop normally. Female predominance is a characteristic of congenital hypothyroidism. Dental characteristics of hypothyroidism are thick lips, a large-sized tongue which, due to its position, can elicit anterior open bite as well as fanned-out anterior teeth. In these cases, delayed eruption of primary and permanent dentitions can be observed, and teeth, even though normal-sized, are crowded due to the small-sized jaws. This study presents clinical cases of female patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism who sought treatment at the Dental Pediatrics Unit of the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico.

Coma mixedematoso en hombre de 74 años: reporte de caso con revisión narrativa / Myxedema coma in a 74 year old man: case report and narrative review

Las células foliculares de la glándula tiroides producen las hormonas tiroxina y triyodotironina, reguladas por la hormona tirotrópica de la hipófisis anterior o tiroestimulante. El coma mixedematoso es definido como un hipotiroidismo profundo que se caracteriza por alteraciones de la conciencia que van desde letargia, estupor y coma al cual se asocia hipotermia, hipoglucemia, convulsiones, hipotensión arterial y manifestaciones de un hipotiroidismo descompensado. La causa o factor desencadenante puede prevenirse si existe diagnóstico previo de hipotiroidismo primario con tratamiento sustitutivo de hormonas tiroideas bien establecido o bien, si en ausencia de diagnóstico éste se sospecha y se trata adecuadamente. Constituye una urgencia médica de mortalidad elevada, donde los factores medioambientales como el frío, infecciones severas e intoxicaciones medicamentosas son importantes factores desencadenantes. Se presenta el caso de un adulto mayor de 74 años, de sexo masculino, sin antecedentes de enfermedad tiroidea que ingresó en Sala de Medicina Interna del Hospital Enrique Cabrera, Habana, Cuba, en el mes de diciembre de 2011, con signología clínica y de laboratorio propias de la hipofunción tiroidea, siendo confirmado coma mixedematoso y con evolución desfavorable.

The follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones, as regulated by the thyrotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary, also called thyroid stimulating hormone. Myxedema coma is defined as profound hypothyroidism characterized by impairment of consciousness ranging from lethargy to stupor and coma, associated with hypothermia, hypoglycemia, seizures, hypotension, and manifestations of uncompensated hypothyroidism. The condition can be prevented if diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism is established and thyroid hormone replacement therapy is instituted. It is considered a medical emergency with high mortality rates, where environmental factors such as cold, severe infections and drug poisoning are important triggering factors. We report the case of a 74 year old male adult with no history of thyroid disease who was admitted to the Internal Medicine Ward of the “Enrique Cabrera” Hospital, Havana, Cuba, in December 2011, with clinical and laboratory signs of thyroid hypofunction. Myxedema coma was confirmed and patient course was untoward.

Coma mixedematoso / Myxedema coma

El coma mixedematoso es la forma más severa y profunda del hipotiroidismo. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mujeres y ancianos. Entre los factores precipitantes se encuentran: la sepsis, la exposición al frío, los eventos agudos graves, el uso de anestésicos, sedantes o narcóticos, así como la descontinuación del tratamiento sustitutivo con hormonas tiroideas, entre otros. El diagnóstico clínico se realiza por la presencia de síntomas y signos característicos de un hipotiroidismo severo, con hipotermia y alteraciones de la conciencia. Apoyan este diagnóstico los hallazgos de laboratorio: hiponatremia, hipoxemia, hipercapnia, alteraciones hemoquímicas y el aumento de la tirotropina por la disminución de las hormonas tiroideas en el caso de la enfermedad primaria. El tratamiento se debe realizar en una unidad de cuidados intensivos, con monitorización, medidas de soporte respiratorio y cardiovascular, calentamiento corporal interno, hidratación, corrección de la hipotensión y de los trastornos electrolíticos. Se administrarán, además, glucocorticoides, antibióticos de amplio espectro y hormonas tiroideas. La evolución depende de la demora en el inicio del tratamiento, la edad, las comorbilidades, la hipotermia persistente y las complicaciones asociadas(AU)

Myxedema coma is the most severe and deepest form of hypothyroidism. It occurs more often in the women and the elderly. Among the unleashing factors found are sepsis, exposure to cold, acute severe events, use of anesthetic drugs, sedatives or narcotics as well as the interruption of the replacement treatment with thyroid hormones, among others. The clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of symptoms and signs that are characteristic of severe hypothyroidism, with hypothermia and altered consciousness. This diagnosis is also supported by the lab findings: hyponatremia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, hemochemical alterations and the rise of thyrotropin due to the decrease of thyroid hormones in the case of the primary disease. The patient should be treated in an intensive care unit, by using monitoring, respiratory and cardiovascular support, internal body heating, hydration, correction of hypotension and control of electrolytic disorders. Additionally, glycocorticoids, broad-spectrum antibiotics and thyroid hormones should be administered. The progression of the disease depends on the delay in starting the treatment, the age, the comorbidities, the persistent hypothermia and the associated complications(AU)