"When there is no money, that is when I vomit blood": the domino effect and the unfettered lethal exploitation of Black labor on Dominican sugar plantations.

BACKGROUND: In this article, I utilize the concept of the Plantationocene as an analytical framework to generate a holistic and historical understanding of the present-day struggles of a mostly Haitian migrant workforce on sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic. METHODS: Inspired by Paul Farmer's methodology, I combine political economy, history, and ethnography approaches to interpret the experiences of sugarcane cutters across historical and contemporary iterations of colonial, post-colonial, and neo-colonial practices over the course of five centuries. RESULTS: My findings elucidate the enduring power of capitalism, implicating corporate and state elites, as the structural scaffolding for acts of racialized violence that condition the life-and-death circumstances of Black laborers on Caribbean plantations to this day. Although today's sugarcane cutters may suffer differently than their enslaved or wage labor ancestors on the plantation, I argue that an unfettered racialized pattern of lethal exploitation is sustained through the structural violence of neoliberalism that links present conditions with the colonial past. CONCLUSIONS: Ultimately, this paper contributes understandings of the plantationocene's enduring effects in the global south by demonstrating how imperialist arrangements of capitalism are not a distant memory from the colonial past but instead are present yet hidden and obscured while relocated and reanimated overseas to countries like the Dominican Republic, where American capitalists still exploit Black bodies for profit and power.

A preliminary study on health impacts of Mexican mercury mining workers in a context of precarious employment.

Mercury mining is one of the main sources of mercury (Hg) release into the environment, causing serious impacts on human health and the environment. Workers in these mines are employed informally and precariously and therefore lack labor rights such as social security. The objective of the study is to make visible the exposure to environmental contaminants and the health of workers in mercury mines. An environmental assessment was conducted to determine workers' exposure to contaminants; urine samples were obtained to measure exposure to mercury and arsenic, and blood samples were obtained for lead and cadmium. Clinical parameters were also evaluated. Concentrations of Hg, As and Pb were determined in soil, 279.4 mg/kg (24.4-788.5), 14.7 mg/kg (9.5-20.3) and 1.4 mg/kg (1-2.8), respectively. The exposure results for mercury were 551 µg/g creatinine, for arsenic 50 µg/L and for lead 4.7 µg/dL. Cd-B was not found. In addition, 17.6 % of the workers had diabetes and 17.6 % had renal disorders. Principal Component Regression was performed obtaining an r2 of 0.86 for glomerular filtration rate and 0.54 for albumin creatinine ratio using clinical, occupational, and metal exposure variables. Exposure to Hg in this type of mine is not exclusive, so there is a cumulative risk of chronic exposure to different environmental pollutants directly impacting the health of workers. It is necessary to implement health strategies and different work opportunities for these workers.

Characteristics of Work and Employment Related to Leisure-Time Physical Activity: Results of the National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is a crucial behavior to reduce the global burden of disease. The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between LTPA, employment status, and physical workload (PWL). This study analyzed data from 38 449 individuals interviewed in the National Health Survey (NHS), representative of the Brazilian population. This paper examines LTPA in the last 30 days and whether participants achieved the recommended physical activity (≥150 min week-1) according to employment status and PWL utilizing Poisson regression models. One third and » of the participants reported LTPA in the last 30 days and achieved the recommended LTPA, respectively. Intense PWL was reported by 28.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.8-29.6%] of participants; 32.2% among men (95% CI: 31.0-33.5%); 24.3% among women (95% CI: 23.1-25.5%). Precarious employment was associated with a lower prevalence of physical activity among men [adjusted prevalence ratio (PRa) = 0.92; P = 0.016], but not among women (PRa = 1.11; P = 0.039). Employment policies and protection of the work environment are relevant aspects to stimulate physical activity, and may vary by gender.

Precarização e acidentes de trabalho: os riscos da terceirização no setor elétrico / Precarious work and occupational accidents: risks associated with outsourcing in the electric power sector

Resumo Introdução: o trabalho terceirizado no setor elétrico tem peculiaridades que demandam consideração no que concerne à segurança dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: analisar os impactos da terceirização na precarização do trabalho e na segurança dos trabalhadores do setor de distribuição de energia elétrica. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado em três etapas: pesquisa documental, entrevistas em profundidade e análise de um caso de acidente fatal. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo para exploração do material levantado, tratamento e interpretação dos dados. Resultados: identificou-se que fatores como jornada de trabalho extensa, baixos salários, más condições de trabalho, equipes reduzidas e falta de supervisão são importantes para caracterizar a precariedade que coloca em risco a integridade física e mental dos trabalhadores terceirizados. Também foi observado que, apesar da periculosidade desse tipo de atividade, não se pratica o direito reservado a todo assalariado de se recusar a fazer um trabalho que coloque a sua vida em risco. Conclusão: os resultados sugerem que a terceirização no setor elétrico representa aumento do risco de ocorrência de acidentes graves e aprofunda desigualdades em razão das diferenças entre o tratamento oferecido aos terceirizados e o reservado aos empregados da empresa primária.

Abstract Introduction: outsourced work in the electric power sector has peculiarities that demand consideration regarding worker's safety. Objective: to analyze the outsourcing impacts on labor precariousness and workers' safety in the electricity distribution industry. Methods: qualitative, descriptive study, carried out in three stages: documentary research, in-depth interviews and analysis of a fatal accident case. We used content analysis to explore the material collected, data treatment and interpretation. Results: we identified that long working hours, lower wages, poor working conditions, reduced teams and lack of supervision are important to characterize the precariousness that puts the physical and mental integrity of outsourced workers at risk. We also identified that, despite being a hazardous activity, the outsourced workers do not exercise the right guaranteed to all employees to refuse to do an activity that puts their life at risk. Conclusion: the results show that outsourcing in the electric power sector represents an increased risk of serious occupational accidents and deepens inequalities due to the differences between the treatment given to outsourced workers and the reserved for those directly employed by the company.

O presente e o futuro do trabalho precarizado dos trabalhadores por aplicativo / The present and future of precarious work for app-based workers / Presente y futuro del trabajo precarizado en trabajadores de aplicaciones

Resumo: Na luta pela sobrevivência milhões de pessoas se submetem ao trabalho desregulamentado e informal. Servindo-se disso, as empresas por aplicativos atraem cada vez mais trabalhadores sob a falácia do empreendedorismo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o perfil biossocial destes trabalhadores, o processo de trabalho, as formas de controle das empresas e analisar os aspectos principais e emergentes entre as partes envolvidas. Trata-se de um estudo de escopo cujo processo de coleta do material foi norteado pelo questionamento: "O que se tem produzido na literatura científica sobre o perfil e os riscos no trabalho de aplicativos?", entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. A análise dos conteúdos deu origem a três eixos temáticos: O crescimento dos aplicativos no Brasil e a relação com o trabalhador; o perfil dos trabalhadores de aplicativos e sua exposição laboral, além de suas reivindicações de condições de trabalho diante da pandemia da COVID-19. A dinâmica profissional dos trabalhadores por aplicativo é marcada pela sujeição, dominação e desgaste. A falta de reconhecimento do vínculo empregatício não os faz sujeitos desprovidos de direitos, dignidade e qualidade de vida no ambiente de trabalho. A organização espontânea e sem intermediação sindical desta categoria de trabalhadores, em torno de uma pauta comum de reivindicações a ser discutida com os demais representantes da sociedade, denota o elevado grau de exploração e precarização, e poderá ser o caminho para que as empresas de aplicativos adotem premissas do trabalho digno e decente.

Abstract: In the struggle for survival, millions of people submit to deregulated and informal work. Taking advantage of this, app-based companies have attracted growing numbers of workers under the fallacy of entrepreneurship. The current study aimed to describe the biosocial profile of these workers, the work process, and forms of company control, besides analyzing the principal and emerging aspects in the respective participants. This is a scoping study in which data collection was oriented by the question, "What has been produced in the scientific literature on the profile and risks of app-based work?" from 2014 to 2020. Content analysis revealed thematic dimensions: the growth of apps in Brazil and worker relations; the profile of app-based workers; and their work exposure and demands for working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The professional dynamic of app-based workers is marked by subordination, domination, and exhaustion. The fact that their employment relationship is not acknowledged does not deprive them of rights, dignity, and quality of life in the workplace. Spontaneous organization without trade union intermediation in this category of workers, backing a common agenda of demands to be discussed with other representatives of society, denotes the high degree of exploitation and precariousness and could suggest the path for app companies to adopt the principles of dignified, decent work.

Resumen: En su lucha por sobrevivir millones de personas están sometidas al trabajo irregular e informal. Sirviéndose de esto, las empresas mediante aplicaciones atraen cada vez más trabajadores bajo la falacia del emprendimiento. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el perfil biosocial de estos trabajadores, su proceso laboral, formas de control de las empresas, así como analizar los aspectos principales y emergentes entre las partes implicadas. Se trata de un estudio de alcance, cuyo proceso de recogida de material se guio por la pregunta: "¿qué se ha producido en la literatura científica sobre el perfil y riesgos en el trabajo de aplicacciones?" entre los años 2014 y 2020. El análisis de los contenidos dio origen a tres ejes temáticos: crecimiento de las aplicaciones en Brasil y su relación con el trabajador; perfil de los trabajadores de aplicaciones y su exposición laboral, y sus reivindicaciones de condiciones de trabajo ante la pandemia de COVID-19. La dinámica profesional de los trabajadores por aplicaciones está marcada por la subordinación, dominación y desgaste. La falta de reconocimiento del vínculo laboral no se debe traducir en convertirlos en sujetos desprovistos de derechos, dignidad y calidad de vida en el ambiente de trabajo. La organización espontánea y sin intermediación sindical de esta categoría de trabajadores gira en torno a una pauta común de reivindicaciones, que debe ser discutida con los demás representantes de la sociedad. Esto denota su elevado grado de explotación y precarización, además podrá ser el camino para que las empresas de aplicaciones adopten premisas de trabajo digno y decente.

Exclusión laboral en los jóvenes de España y México, 2005 a 2017 / Labor exclusion in youth people from Spain and Mexico, 2005 to 2017

Resumen La flexibilidad laboral y la disminución de la participación del Estado han tenido efectos negativos en el bienestar de la población, y más en los jóvenes, porque mantienen empleos inestables e inseguros, con bajos salarios y sin prestaciones sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las variables que determinan el proceso de exclusión laboral de los jóvenes en España y México en el periodo de 2005 a 2017, para comparar su situación. Se construyó un índice, que se denomina índice de exclusión laboral, de ambos países. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis factorial por componentes principales con series de tiempo. De acuerdo a los resultados, se observó que los jóvenes están en riesgo de exclusión laboral en ambos países. En España mantienen trabajos a tiempo parcial involuntarios, mientras que en México presentan condiciones de informalidad laboral aún más severas. En ambos países, para no excluir del mercado laboral a los jóvenes, se les ha incluido en trabajos donde no cuentan con protección social ni certidumbre en el empleo.

Abstract Labor flexibility and the reduction of State participation have had negative effects on the well-being of the population, and more on youth people, because they maintain unstable and insecure jobs, with low salaries and no social benefits. The objective of this work was to analyze the variables that determine the process of labor exclusion of youth people in the countries of Spain and Mexico between 2005 and 2017, in order to compare the situation in both countries. For this purpose, the Labor Exclusion Index was developed. The methodology used was the Principal Component Factor Analysis with time series. According to the results, it was observed that youth people are at risk of labor exclusion in both countries. In Spain, youth people maintain involuntary part-time jobs, while in Mexico, they have even more severe informal labor conditions. In both countries, youth people have been included in jobs where they do not have social security or job certainty in order to avoid excluding them from the labor market.

Measuring Precarious Employment: Type of Contract Can Lead to Serious Misclassification Error.

This study aims to assess the accuracy of temporary employment as indicator or proxy measure of precarious employment. Using sensitivity and specificity analysis, we compared type of contract (temporary versus permanent) with the Chilean version of the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale. Temporary employment exhibited very low sensitivity (<30%) (specificity >90%), resulting in roughly 38% of false negative results. Different EPRES-Ch cut-off scores produced similar results. The main implication of these findings is that the public health relevance of precarious employment is being underestimated both in terms of prevalence and of its association with health, making it critical that valid multidimensional measures of precarious employment be implemented.

Precarious employment and health: A qualitative study in Venezuelan immigrant population in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Employment and working conditions are considered as an element that impacts on health inequalities, especially among vulnerable groups such as the immigrant population. This study aims to describe the characteristics of precarious employment in the Venezuelan immigrant population in Medellín (Colombia) according to its theoretical model and its relationship with the perception of their physical, mental, and psychosocial health. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted with a focused ethnography perspective. 31 people with Venezuelan origin and work experience were interviewed in the city of Medellin and its metropolitan area and 12 key informants from different formal and informal social organizations that work with the immigrant population. A narrative content analysis was carried manually and by using the Atlas.Ti 8.0 software. The principles of analytical induction were applied to carry out a thematic analysis of the main categories defined in the precarious employment framework. RESULTS: The following characteristics of precarious employment were found: instability in employment conditions, work in the informal or submerged economy, limited empowerment, absence of social benefits, high vulnerability, low income, and a limited capacity for exercising labor rights. This situation affects mental health conditions, access to health services, and the presence of risks due to the work they perform. CONCLUSIONS: The Venezuelan working population in Medellín is found in a precarious employment situation. Inclusive social strategies and policies that take into account the reality of this population are required.

Prevalence of low back pain in migrant construction workers in Mar del Plata, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare employment conditions, psychosocial working conditions, and prevalence of low back pain among migrant and local construction workers in Argentina. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study among workers from three contracting and eight subcontracting companies as well as 26 construction sites in the region of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 134 out of 150 local (89% response) and 141 out of 150 migrant construction workers (94% response) answered a validated questionnaire. Psychosocial working conditions were evaluated based on an imbalance between efforts and rewards (ERI). RESULTS: Compared to local workers, migrants were younger, more likely to work without a contract (57% vs 8%), to report ERI (81% vs 18%) and to suffer from low back pain during the 7-days before study (80% vs 42%) (all P < .0001). After mutual adjustment, being a migrant (prevalence ratio 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.0) and working without a contract (1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.1) were statistically significant risk factors for low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the precarious situation of migrant workers in the Argentinian construction industry and the potential health consequences. Provision of formal employment relations might help to better protect migrant workers' safety and health. Prospective studies are needed to assess the causes and effects of the findings we describe.

[Factors involved in job insecurity and their relationship with the health of salaried workers and contract workers in BoliviaRelação entre condições precárias de trabalho e a saúde dos trabalhadores assalariados e contratados na Bolívia]. / Factores de precariedad laboral y su relación con la salud de trabajadores en Bolivia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between factors involved in job insecurity and: health service use, tobacco use, and alcohol use among salaried workers and contract workers in Bolivia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of workers composed of 1203 women and 1780 men between the ages of 14 and 65 years using data from Bolivia's 2015 Household Survey. The dependent variables were health service use, tobacco use, and alcohol use; the independent variables were wages, type of contract, work hours, and exercise of workers' rights. Prevalence rates were calculated and the association between factors involved in job insecurity and the dependent variables was assessed using multivariate binomial regression models with adjustment for sociodemographic variables. The analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS: The adjusted models showed a significant association between working under a temporary contract and lower use of health services among men (odds ratio [OR]: 0.70; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.56-0.87) and women (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.82). Poor exercise of workers' rights was also associated with lower use of health services (OR: 0.61; IC 95%: 0.45-0.83) among men. Long work hours showed an association with greater use of alcohol among women (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.34-2.29). Low wages were associated with lower tobacco use among men (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57-0.99) and women (OR; 0.57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.99). However, being a manual worker was associated with tobacco use (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.09-1.70) among men. CONCLUSIONS: Having a temporary contract and belonging to income quintile I (the poorest) are both associated with lower use of health services and lower probability of smoking in individuals of either sex. Long work hours are associated with greater alcohol use among women. Poor exercise of workers' rights is associated with lower use of health services among men.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre fatores relativos a condições precárias de trabalho e a utilização de serviços de saúde, tabagismo e uso de álcool em trabalhadores assalariados e contratados na Bolívia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em uma amostra de trabalhadores, 1.203 do sexo feminino e 1.780 do sexo masculino, com idade de 14 a 65 anos, a partir de dados obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2015 na Bolívia. As variáveis dependentes foram utilização dos serviços de saúde, tabagismo e uso de álcool. As variáveis independentes foram salário, tipo do contrato de trabalho, horas da jornada de trabalho e exercício dos direitos trabalhistas. Foram calculadas prevalências e a associação dos fatores relativos às condições de trabalho com as variáveis dependentes com o uso de modelos de regressão binomial multivariada ajustados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. RESULTADOS: Os modelos ajustados demonstraram uma associação significativa entre ter um contrato de trabalho temporário e menor utilização dos serviços de saúde entre os trabalhadores do sexo masculino (razão de chances [OR] 0,70; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 0,56­0,87) e do sexo feminino (OR 0,62; IC95% 0,46­0,82). O pouco exercício dos direitos também foi associado a menor utilização dos serviços de saúde (OR 0,61; IC95% 0,45­0,83) no sexo masculino. Longas jornadas de trabalho foram associadas a um maior uso de álcool no sexo feminino (OR 1,75; IC95% 1,34­2,29). O salário baixo foi associado a uma proporção menor de tabagismo tanto no sexo masculino (OR 0,75; IC95% 0,57­0,99) como no sexo feminino (OR 0,57; IC95% 0,33­0,99). Porém, ser trabalhador braçal foi associado ao tabagismo (OR 1,36; IC95% 1,09­1,70) no sexo masculino. CONCLUSÕES: Ter contrato de trabalho temporário e pertencer ao quintil I (inferior) de renda estão associados a menor utilização dos serviços de saúde e menor probabilidade de ser tabagista em trabalhadores de ambos os sexos. Longas jornadas de trabalho estão associadas a um maior uso de álcool no sexo feminino. O pouco exercício dos direitos trabalhistas foi associado a menor utilização dos serviços de saúde no sexo masculino.

Factores de precariedad laboral y su relación con la salud de trabajadores en Bolivia / Factors involved in job insecurity and their relationship with the health of salaried workers and contract workers in Bolivia / Relação entre condições precárias de trabalho e a saúde dos trabalhadores assalariados e contratados na Bolívia

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar la asociación de los factores de precariedad laboral con el uso de servicios de salud, consumo de tabaco y de alcohol entre trabajadores asalariados y con contrato en Bolivia. Métodos Estudio transversal con una muestra de trabajadores de entre 14 y 65 años, 1 203 mujeres y de 1 780 hombres, con datos de la Encuesta de Hogares 2015 de Bolivia. Las variables dependientes fueron el uso de servicios de salud, el consumo de tabaco y el consumo de alcohol. Las variables independientes fueron el salario, el tipo de contrato, las horas de trabajo y el ejercicio de derechos laborales. Se calcularon prevalencias y la asociación de los factores de precariedad laboral con las variables dependientes mediante modelos de regresiones binomiales multivariadas ajustadas por variables sociodemográficas. Los análisis fueron estratificados por sexo. Resultados Los modelos ajustados mostraron asociaciones significativas entre tener un contrato temporal y un menor uso de servicios de salud (USS) en hombres (razón de probabilidades [OR por sus siglas en inglés]: 0,70; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 0,56-0,87) y mujeres (OR: 0,62; IC95%: 0,46-0,82). El bajo ejercicio de derechos estuvo también asociado a un menor USS (OR: 0,61; IC95%: 0,45-0,83) en hombres. Las horas de trabajo prolongadas se asociaron al mayor consumo de alcohol en mujeres (OR: 1,75; IC95%: 1,34-2,29). El salario bajo estuvo asociado al menor consumo de tabaco tanto en hombres (OR: 0,75; IC95%: 0,57-0,99) como en mujeres (OR; 0,57; IC95%: 0,33-0,99). Sin embargo, ser trabajador manual se asoció al consumo de tabaco (OR: 1,36; IC95%: 1,09-1,70) entre los hombres. Conclusiones Tener un contrato temporal y pertenecer al quintil I (inferior) de ingresos se asocia a la menor utilización de servicios de salud y menor probabilidad de fumar en personas de uno y otro sexo. El horario prolongado de trabajo se asocia a mayor consumo de alcohol entre las mujeres. El bajo ejercicio de derechos estuvo asociado a un menor USS en hombres.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the association between factors involved in job insecurity and: health service use, tobacco use, and alcohol use among salaried workers and contract workers in Bolivia. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of workers composed of 1203 women and 1780 men between the ages of 14 and 65 years using data from Bolivia's 2015 Household Survey. The dependent variables were health service use, tobacco use, and alcohol use; the independent variables were wages, type of contract, work hours, and exercise of workers' rights. Prevalence rates were calculated and the association between factors involved in job insecurity and the dependent variables was assessed using multivariate binomial regression models with adjustment for sociodemographic variables. The analyses were stratified by sex. Results The adjusted models showed a significant association between working under a temporary contract and lower use of health services among men (odds ratio [OR]: 0.70; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.56-0.87) and women (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.82). Poor exercise of workers' rights was also associated with lower use of health services (OR: 0.61; IC 95%: 0.45-0.83) among men. Long work hours showed an association with greater use of alcohol among women (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.34-2.29). Low wages were associated with lower tobacco use among men (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57-0.99) and women (OR; 0.57; 95% CI: 0.33-0.99). However, being a manual worker was associated with tobacco use (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.09-1.70) among men. Conclusions Having a temporary contract and belonging to income quintile I (the poorest) are both associated with lower use of health services and lower probability of smoking in individuals of either sex. Long work hours are associated with greater alcohol use among women. Poor exercise of workers' rights is associated with lower use of health services among men.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a associação entre fatores relativos a condições precárias de trabalho e a utilização de serviços de saúde, tabagismo e uso de álcool em trabalhadores assalariados e contratados na Bolívia. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado em uma amostra de trabalhadores, 1.203 do sexo feminino e 1.780 do sexo masculino, com idade de 14 a 65 anos, a partir de dados obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2015 na Bolívia. As variáveis dependentes foram utilização dos serviços de saúde, tabagismo e uso de álcool. As variáveis independentes foram salário, tipo do contrato de trabalho, horas da jornada de trabalho e exercício dos direitos trabalhistas. Foram calculadas prevalências e a associação dos fatores relativos às condições de trabalho com as variáveis dependentes com o uso de modelos de regressão binomial multivariada ajustados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. Resultados Os modelos ajustados demonstraram uma associação significativa entre ter um contrato de trabalho temporário e menor utilização dos serviços de saúde entre os trabalhadores do sexo masculino (razão de chances [OR] 0,70; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 0,56-0,87) e do sexo feminino (OR 0,62; IC95% 0,46-0,82). O pouco exercício dos direitos também foi associado a menor utilização dos serviços de saúde (OR 0,61; IC95% 0,45-0,83) no sexo masculino. Longas jornadas de trabalho foram associadas a um maior uso de álcool no sexo feminino (OR 1,75; IC95% 1,34-2,29). O salário baixo foi associado a uma proporção menor de tabagismo tanto no sexo masculino (OR 0,75; IC95% 0,57-0,99) como no sexo feminino (OR 0,57; IC95% 0,33-0,99). Porém, ser trabalhador braçal foi associado ao tabagismo (OR 1,36; IC95% 1,09-1,70) no sexo masculino. Conclusões Ter contrato de trabalho temporário e pertencer ao quintil I (inferior) de renda estão associados a menor utilização dos serviços de saúde e menor probabilidade de ser tabagista em trabalhadores de ambos os sexos. Longas jornadas de trabalho estão associadas a um maior uso de álcool no sexo feminino. O pouco exercício dos direitos trabalhistas foi associado a menor utilização dos serviços de saúde no sexo masculino.

Working Conditions, Workplace Violence, and Psychological Distress in Andean Miners: A Cross-sectional Study Across Three Countries.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial working conditions are well-known determinants of poor mental health. However, studies in mining populations where employment and working conditions are frequently precarious have, to our knowledge, only focused on occupational accidents and diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess psychosocial working conditions and psychological distress in Andean underground miners. METHODS: The study population consisted of 153 Bolivian miners working in a silver mining cooperative, 137 Chilean informal gold miners, and 200 formal Peruvian silver miners employed in a remote setting. High work demands, minimal work control, minimal social support at work, and workplace exposure to violence and bullying were assessed using the Spanish short form of the European Working Condition Survey. A general health questionnaire score >4 was used as cutoff for psychological distress. Associations between psychosocial work environment and psychological distress were tested using logistic regression models controlling for potential confounding and effect modification by country. FINDINGS: Prevalence of psychological distress was 82% in the Bolivian cooperative miners, 29% in the Peruvian formal miners, and 22% in the Chilean informal miners (pχ(2) < 0.001). 55% of the miners had suffered violence during the 12-months before the survey. Workplace demands were high (median 12.5 on a scale from 7-14), as was social support (median 5.5 on a scale from 3-6). After adjustment for country and other relevant exposure variables and considering interactions between country and job strain, miners in active (odds ratio [OR], 6.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-22.7) and high strain jobs (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 1.7-29.9) were at increased odds of distress compared with those in low strain jobs. Violence at work also contributed to increased odds of distress (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress is associated with the psychosocial work environment in Andean underground miners. Interventions in mining populations should take the psychosocial work environment into account.

A (in)visibilidade do acidente de trabalho fatal entre as causas externas: estudo qualitativo / The (in)visibility of the fatal work-related injury as an external cause of accidents: a qualitative study

Objetivo descrever o trabalho das vítimas dos acidentes fatais e as circunstâncias desses óbitos relacionados com o trabalho ocorridos em 2004, em Salvador, Bahia. Métodos coleta de dados realizada através de questões semiabertas obtidas em entrevista domiciliar com os familiares das vítimas, por meio da autópsia verbal (AV). A análise de conteúdo foi empregada na análise das narrativas. A reconstituição dos 91 acidentes de trabalho (AT) é apresentada em duas seções temáticas: a caracterização do trabalho do acidentado e a circunstância da morte. Resultados evidenciou-se a presença marcante do trabalho precário mesmo entre aqueles com vínculo formal, mas essas condições são especialmente flagrantes entre aqueles não regulamentados. A extensão da jornada de trabalho não decorreu de livre escolha, mas de estratégia para auferir a renda mínima necessária. O espaço da rua emergiu como local de AT típico não apenas de AT de trajeto. A morte no trânsito e sua relação com o trabalho, fenômeno ainda pouco explorado, foi evidenciada, além da identificação de homicídio como circunstância de morte decorrente do trabalho precário. Conclusões a prevenção da morte e da violência no trabalho requer uma ação integrada das políticas setoriais. A autópsia verbal mostrou-se técnica promissora na produção de informações sobre as causas dos AT, podendo contribuir para a superação da subnotificação. .

Objective to describe the fatal accident victims’ work and the circumstances of work-related deaths in Salvador, Bahia state, Brazil, in 2004. Methods data collection by means of semi-open questionnaires applied to the victims’ families in household interviews, through verbal autopsy (VA). Content analysis was applied to the narratives. The reconstruction of the 91 work accidents (WA) is presented in two thematic sections: the victims’ work and their death circumstances. Results the strong presence of precarious working conditions, even among those in formal jobs, was evident, but it was especially obvious among non-registered workers. In order to earn the necessary minimum income, they worked longer hours. The streets emerged as a typical WA spot, in contrast to being classified as a commuting accident. Traffic deaths and its relation to work, a phenomenon that has not been sufficiently studied, are evidenced along with murder as circumstances of death caused by precarious working conditions. Conclusions preventing death and violence at the workplace demands integrated actions. Verbal autopsy has proved to be a promising technique to produce information on the WA causes, and it can help decrease underreporting. .

O negro no contexto das novas estratégias do capital: desemprego, precarização e informalidade / Black people in the context of the new strategies of the capital: unemployment, precariousness and informality

O presente artigo parte do entendimento de que apesar da crise e das transformações operadas no mundo do trabalho atingirem de modo geral a "classe‑que‑vive‑do‑trabalho", as novas estratégias de produção e subordinação do trabalho ao capital não afetam igualmente brancos e negros. Nesse sentido, o seu objetivo é debater a condição de desigualdade do negro no contexto das novas estratégias de produção e subordinação do trabalho ao capital. Trata‑se de identificar, por meio dos indicadores das desigualdades raciais, a desigualdade do trabalhador negro no mercado de trabalho brasileiro.

This paper Takes the view that despite the crisis and the transformations wrought in the work world in general reach the "class‑who‑livres‑of‑work", the new production strategies and subordination of labor to capital is not equally affect and blacks. In this sense, the goal is to discuss the condition of inequality in the black in the context of new production strategies an subordination of labor to capital. It is identified by the indicators of racial inequality, the inequality of black work.

Vivências de trabalhadores em contexto de precarização: um estudo de caso em serviço de emergência de hospital universitário / Experiences of workers in the context of precariousness: a case study in the Emergency of University Hospital

Este artigo apresenta o cotidiano de trabalhadores do Setor de Emergências do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, em Niterói, RJ, destacando suas vivências subjetivas num contexto precarizado. A análise das experiências laborativas foi construída pelo dispositivo da Comunidade Ampliada de Pesquisa, incluindo profissionais de enfermagem e serviço social como sujeitos da produção de conhecimento. A pesquisa focalizou as relações coletivas estabelecidas na equipe e a relação dos trabalhadores com seu trabalho. Observou-se grande dificuldade na construção de ambiente favorável às vivências de prazer e realização profissional decorrentes da política vigente de desmonte do setor, das contratações temporárias de grande parte dos funcionários e do ambiente precarizado, limitando a organização coletiva e o desenvolvimento do ofício. Embora tenham sido detectadas estratégias de construção coletiva do ofício e enfrentamento das condições desfavoráveis do trabalho, inclusive para lidar com o sofrimento, essas dificuldades encaminhavam o sofrimento psíquico no trabalho para uma dimensão patogênica.(AU)

This paper presents the daily life of workers at the emergency room of University Hospital Antonio Pedro, Niterói/RJ, highlighting their subjective experiences in a precarious context. The analysis of experiences working device was built by the Community Extended Search including nurses and social service as subjects of knowledge production. The research focused on the relationships established in the collective team and the relationship of workers with their work. We observed a major difficulty in building an environment conducive to experiences of pleasure and professional achievement in the light of existing policy to dismantle the industry, the temporary hires much of the staff and the environment of precarious work, limiting the collective organization and development of the craft. Although strategies of job collective construction and of coping with unfavorable conditions at work have been identified, including dealing with suffering, such difficulties were heading psychological distress at work for a pathogenic size.(AU)

Vivências de trabalhadores em contexto de precarização: um estudo de caso em serviço de emergência de hospital universitário / Experiences of workers in the context of precariousness: a case study in the Emergency of University Hospital

Este artigo apresenta o cotidiano de trabalhadores do Setor de Emergências do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, em Niterói, RJ, destacando suas vivências subjetivas num contexto precarizado. A análise das experiências laborativas foi construída pelo dispositivo da Comunidade Ampliada de Pesquisa, incluindo profissionais de enfermagem e serviço social como sujeitos da produção de conhecimento. A pesquisa focalizou as relações coletivas estabelecidas na equipe e a relação dos trabalhadores com seu trabalho. Observou-se grande dificuldade na construção de ambiente favorável às vivências de prazer e realização profissional decorrentes da política vigente de desmonte do setor, das contratações temporárias de grande parte dos funcionários e do ambiente precarizado, limitando a organização coletiva e o desenvolvimento do ofício. Embora tenham sido detectadas estratégias de construção coletiva do ofício e enfrentamento das condições desfavoráveis do trabalho, inclusive para lidar com o sofrimento, essas dificuldades encaminhavam o sofrimento psíquico no trabalho para uma dimensão patogênica. (AU)

This paper presents the daily life of workers at the emergency room of University Hospital Antonio Pedro, Niterói/RJ, highlighting their subjective experiences in a precarious context. The analysis of experiences working device was built by the Community Extended Search including nurses and social service as subjects of knowledge production. The research focused on the relationships established in the collective team and the relationship of workers with their work. We observed a major difficulty in building an environment conducive to experiences of pleasure and professional achievement in the light of existing policy to dismantle the industry, the temporary hires much of the staff and the environment of precarious work, limiting the collective organization and development of the craft. Although strategies of job collective construction and of coping with unfavorable conditions at work have been identified, including dealing with suffering, such difficulties were heading psychological distress at work for a pathogenic size. (AU)

Precariedade do trabalho e da vida de catadores de recicláveis em Fortaleza, CE / Precariousness work and life conditions of recyclable materials street pickers of Fortaleza, CE

O artigo discute condições de vida e trabalho de jovens, adultos na meia-idade e idosos que trabalham como catadores de recicláveis nas ruas de Fortaleza, CE. Foram oito entrevistados com idades entre 20 a 85 anos, homens e mulheres. As entrevistas indicam que: todos têm baixa escolaridade; tiveram infância e adolescência marcadas por carências material e afetiva e inserção precoce em trabalhos precários; o trabalho atual dá continuidade a vivências anteriores de precariedade de vida e surge da dificuldade de inserção no mercado formal; os jovens revelam desalento, fracasso e falta de perspectivas; os trabalhadores de meia-idade e os idosos construíram uma rede de proteção através de associações de catadores; todos sentem preconceito no olhar dos outros, que veem um catador como lixeiro, mendigo, urubu, ou um possível ladrão. Enfim, consideram que a cata de recicláveis é fundamental para a própria sobrevivência e a da família e é, sobretudo, um trabalho direito.

The article discusses life and work conditions of young, middle-aged and elderly street pickers, focusing on experiences of childhood, adolescence and actual job. Eight workers, between 20 and 85 years of age, men and women, were interviewed. The data indicates that: all had a childhood and adolescence marked by lack of resources and emotional support, early insertion in precarious work and low education; the current work maintains the previous experiences of precarious living and working conditions and lack of prospects of inclusion in the formal work market; young workers express feelings of hopelessness and failure; middle-aged and older workers managed to build a safety net through associations of recyclable collectors; all participants reported they have to deal with bigotry revealed in the eyes of others for whom a collector is garbage, beggar, vulture, a possible thief. Finally, all believe the work is critical to their and their families' survival and is a right job.

Precariedade do trabalho e da vida de catadores de recicláveis em Fortaleza, CE / Precariousness work and life conditions of recyclable materials street pickers of Fortaleza, CE

O artigo discute condições de vida e trabalho de jovens, adultos na meia-idade e idosos que trabalham como catadores de recicláveis nas ruas de Fortaleza, CE. Foram oito entrevistados com idades entre 20 a 85 anos, homens e mulheres. As entrevistas indicam que: todos têm baixa escolaridade; tiveram infância e adolescência marcadas por carências material e afetiva e inserção precoce em trabalhos precários; o trabalho atual dá continuidade a vivências anteriores de precariedade de vida e surge da dificuldade de inserção no mercado formal; os jovens revelam desalento, fracasso e falta de perspectivas; os trabalhadores de meia-idade e os idosos construíram uma rede de proteção através de associações de catadores; todos sentem preconceito no olhar dos outros, que veem um catador como lixeiro, mendigo, urubu, ou um possível ladrão. Enfim, consideram que a cata de recicláveis é fundamental para a própria sobrevivência e a da família e é, sobretudo, um trabalho direito

The article discusses life and work conditions of young, middle-aged and elderly street pickers, focusing on experiences of childhood, adolescence and actual job. Eight workers, between 20 and 85 years of age, men and women, were interviewed. The data indicates that: all had a childhood and adolescence marked by lack of resources and emotional support, early insertion in precarious work and low education; the current work maintains the previous experiences of precarious living and working conditions and lack of prospects of inclusion in the formal work market; young workers express feelings of hopelessness and failure; middle-aged and older workers managed to build a safety net through associations of recyclable collectors; all participants reported they have to deal with bigotry revealed in the eyes of others for whom a collector is garbage, beggar, vulture, a possible thief. Finally, all believe the work is critical to their and their families' survival and is a right job

A terceirização e os trabalhadores: revisitando algumas questões / Outsourcing and workers: revisiting some questions

O objetivo deste artigo é introduzir a questão da terceirização e suas consequências para os trabalhadores. Apesar de não se constituir em novidade no capitalismo, uma vez que formas de subcontratação sempre estiveram presentes na produção industrial e mesmo de serviços, a externalização de atividades atingiu um grau sem precedentes no contexto do capitalismo flexível. Forma de redução de custos e aumento da competitividade empresarial, no geral, tem significado para os trabalhadores precarização do trabalho e das relações de emprego. Entretanto, esse processo é diversificado e complexo. Para discutir essa diversidade e seus efeitos para os trabalhadores, revisitamos de forma breve algumas questões como a reespacialização da produção e a imaterialidade de serviços e situações pontuais tais como a utilização de cooperativas de trabalho, novas e velhas ocupações como a construção civil e o telemarketing e as formas de diferenciação/estigmatização dos trabalhadores em grandes empresas conforme o tipo de contrato(AU)

The aim of this paper is to introduce the issue of outsourcing and its consequences for workers. Although it not be a newness into capitalism, once a sort of subcontracting have always been present even in industrial production and services, the outsourcing of activities has reached an unprecedented degree in the context of flexible capitalism. It has been a kind of reduced costs and increased business competitiveness, but, in general, it has meant for workers a way to raise precariousness of work and employment relations. However, this process to be diverse and complex. To discuss this process and its effects on workers, I do briefly revisit some issues such as despatialization of production, immateriality of services and specific situations such as the use of workers' cooperatives, old and new occupations such as construction sector and telemarketing, as well as forms differentiation/stigmatization of workers in large companies accordant with the kind of contract(AU)

A terceirização e os trabalhadores: revisitando algumas questões / Outsourcing and workers: revisiting some questions

O objetivo deste artigo é introduzir a questão da terceirização e suas consequências para os trabalhadores. Apesar de não se constituir em novidade no capitalismo, uma vez que formas de subcontratação sempre estiveram presentes na produção industrial e mesmo de serviços, a externalização de atividades atingiu um grau sem precedentes no contexto do capitalismo flexível. Forma de redução de custos e aumento da competitividade empresarial, no geral, tem significado para os trabalhadores precarização do trabalho e das relações de emprego. Entretanto, esse processo é diversificado e complexo. Para discutir essa diversidade e seus efeitos para os trabalhadores, revisitamos de forma breve algumas questões como a reespacialização da produção e a imaterialidade de serviços e situações pontuais tais como a utilização de cooperativas de trabalho, novas e velhas ocupações como a construção civil e o telemarketing e as formas de diferenciação/estigmatização dos trabalhadores em grandes empresas conforme o tipo de contrato.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the issue of outsourcing and its consequences for workers. Although it not be a newness into capitalism, once a sort of subcontracting have always been present even in industrial production and services, the outsourcing of activities has reached an unprecedented degree in the context of flexible capitalism. It has been a kind of reduced costs and increased business competitiveness, but, in general, it has meant for workers a way to raise precariousness of work and employment relations. However, this process to be diverse and complex. To discuss this process and its effects on workers, I do briefly revisit some issues such as despatialization of production, immateriality of services and specific situations such as the use of workers' cooperatives, old and new occupations such as construction sector and telemarketing, as well as forms differentiation/stigmatization of workers in large companies accordant with the kind of contract.