Resistance of Brazilian wheat cultivars to blast under controlled condition / Resistência de cultivares brasileiras de trigo à brusone sob condições controladas

The first report of wheat blast in the world was in Brazil, in 1986. Since then, a great effort has been made towards the development of wheat cultivars resistant to this disease, which is caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). The objective of this research was to (i) evaluate the resistance of wheat genotypes to blast and (ii) verify the correlation between disease severity on wheat spikes and sporulation rate of PoT on spike rachises. Plants of 40 cultivars grown in pots, at the flowering stage (stage 65 on the Zadoks scale), were inoculated with a suspension of conidia of a PoT isolate representative of the main variant of the fungus reported in Brazil. Severity of blast on the spikes at 5 and 7 days after inoculation (dai) and the rate of sporulation of the fungus on the rachis (conidia per g of rachis) were evaluated. Eighty percent of the cultivars that were classified in the group with the lowest sporulation rate were also classified in the group with the highest resistance at 7 dai. However, the correlation coefficients of the analysis established between the cultivar severity at 5 and 7 dai averages and the PoT sporulation rate averages were not significant (r=0.2464 and r=0.2047, respectively). Results obtained represent the updated characterization to blast of wheat cultivars in Brazil and constitute an important exploratory framework for the evaluation of the reaction of wheat genotypes based on the sporulation rate of PoT on their tissues.

O primeiro relato da brusone do trigo no mundo foi no Brasil, em 1986. Desde então, tem-se realizado um esforço muito grande com vistas ao desenvolvimento de cultivares de trigo resistentes a esta doença, a qual é causada pelo fungo Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). O objetivo deste trabalho foi de (i) avaliar a resistência de genótipos de trigo à brusone e (ii) verificar a correlação entre severidade da doença em espigas e taxa de esporulação de PoT em ráquis de espigas. Plantas de 40 cultivares brasileiras de trigo crescidas em vasos, no estádio de florescimento (estádio 65 da escala de Zadoks), foram submetidas à inoculação com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de PoT representativo da principal variante do fungo encontrada no Brasil. A severidade de brusone nas espigas aos cinco e sete dias após a inoculação (dai) e a taxa de esporulação do fungo nas ráquis (conídios por g de ráquis) foram avaliadas. Oitenta por cento das cultivares que foram classificadas no grupo com menor taxa de esporulação também foram classificadas no grupo de maior resistência aos sete dai. Entretanto, os coeficientes de correlação da análise estabelecida entre as médias de severidade das cultivares aos cinco e sete dai e as médias da taxa de esporulação de PoT não foram significativos (r=0,2464 e r=0,2047, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos representam a caracterização atualizada da reação à brusone de cultivares de trigo do Brasil e constituem-se em importante marco exploratório da avaliação da reação de genótipos de trigo baseado na taxa de esporulação de PoT em seus tecidos.

Sequential Post-Heading Applications for Controlling Wheat Blast: A 9-Year Summary of Fungicide Performance in Brazil.

Wheat blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage, is a major constraint to wheat production, mainly in the tropics of Brazil, where severe epidemics have been more frequent. We analyzed disease and wheat yield data from 42 uniform field trials conducted over 9 years (2012 to 2020) to assess whether the percent control and yield response were influenced by fungicide type, region (tropical or subtropical), and year. Six treatments were selected, all evaluated in at least 19 trials. Two fungicides were applied as solo active ingredients (MANCozeb, and TEBUconazole), and four were premixes (AZOXystrobin plus TEBU, TriFLoXystrobin plus PROThioconazole, TFLX plus TEBU, and PYRAclostrobin plus EPOXiconazole). Percent control, calculated from back-transforming estimates by a meta-analysis network model fitted to the log of the means, ranged from 43 to 58%, with all but PYRA plus EPOX showing efficacy >52% on average, not differing among them. The variation in both efficacy and yield response was explained by region, and all but TEBU performed better in the subtropics than in the tropics. Yield response from using three sequential sprays was approximately two times greater in the subtropics (319 to 532 kg/ha) than in the tropics (149 to 241.3 kg/ha). No significant decline in fungicide efficacy or yield response was observed in 9 years of study for any of the fungicides. These results reinforce the need to improve control by adopting an integrated management approach in the tropics given poorer performance and lower profitability, especially for the premixes, than in the subtropics.

Screening and Mapping for Head Blast Resistance in a Panel of CIMMYT and South Asian Bread Wheat Germplasm.

Wheat blast (WB) is a destructive disease in South America and its first outbreak in Bangladesh in 2016 posed a great risk to food security of South Asian countries. A genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a diverse panel of 184 wheat genotypes from South Asia and CIMMYT. Phenotyping was conducted in eight field experiments in Bolivia and Bangladesh and a greenhouse experiment in the United States. Genotypic data included 11,401 SNP markers of the Illumina Infinium 15K BeadChip and four additional STS markers on the 2NS/2AS translocation region. Accessions with stable WB resistance across experiments were identified, which were all 2NS carriers. Nevertheless, a dozen moderately resistant 2AS lines were identified, exhibiting big variation among experiments. Significant marker-trait associations (MTA) were detected on chromosomes 1BS, 2AS, 6BS, and 7BL; but only MTAs on 2AS at the 2NS/2AS translocation region were consistently significant across experiments. The resistant accessions identified in this study could be used in production in South Asian countries as a preemptive strategy to prevent WB outbreak.

Suppression of wheat blast resistance by an effector of Pyricularia oryzae is counteracted by a host specificity resistance gene in wheat.

Wheat blast caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae poses a serious threat to wheat production in South America and Asia and is now becoming a pandemic disease. Here, we show that Rmg8, a promising wheat gene for resistance breeding, is suppressed by PWT4, an effector gene of P. oryzae, and in turn that the suppression is counteracted by Rwt4, a wheat gene recognizing PWT4. When PWT4 was introduced into a wheat blast isolate carrying AVR-Rmg8 (an avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg8), PWT4 suppressed wheat resistance conferred by Rmg8. PWT4 did not alter the expression of AVR-Rmg8, but higher expression of PWT4 led to more efficient suppression. This suppression was observed in rwt4 carriers, but not in Rwt4 carriers, indicating that it is counteracted by Rwt4. PWT4 was assumed to have been horizontally transferred from a weed-associated cryptic species, P. pennisetigena, to an Avena isolate of P. oryzae in Brazil. This implies a potential risk of the acquisition of PWT4 by the wheat blast fungus and the 'breakdown' of Rmg8. We suggest that Rmg8 should be introduced together with Rwt4 into a wheat cultivar when it is used for resistance breeding.

Effectiveness of the Wheat Blast Resistance Gene Rmg8 in Bangladesh Suggested by Distribution of an AVR-Rmg8 Allele in the Pyricularia oryzae Population.

Wheat blast caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae was first reported in 1985 in Brazil and recently spread to Bangladesh. We tested whether Rmg8 and RmgGR119, recently identified resistance genes, were effective against Bangladeshi isolates of the pathogen. Common wheat accessions carrying Rmg8 alone (IL191) or both Rmg8 and RmgGR119 (GR119) were inoculated with Brazilian isolates (Br48, Br5, and Br116.5) and Bangladeshi isolates (T-108 and T-109). Br48, T-108, and T-109 carried the eI type of AVR-Rmg8 (the avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg8) while Br5 and Br116.5 carried its variants, eII and eII' types, respectively. Detached primary leaves of IL191 and GR119 were resistant to all isolates at 25°C. At a higher temperature (28°C), their resistance was still effective against the eI carriers but was reduced to a low level against the eII/eII' carriers. A survey of databases and sequence analyses revealed that all Bangladeshi isolates carried the eI type which induced a higher level of resistance than the eII/eII' types. The resistance of IL191 (Rmg8/-) to the eI carriers was maintained even at the heading stage and at the higher temperature. In addition, GR119 (Rmg8/RmgGR119) displayed higher levels of resistance than IL191 at this stage. These results suggest that Rmg8 combined with RmgGR119 will be useful in breeding for resistance against wheat blast in Bangladesh.

A Genomic Approach to Develop a New qPCR Test Enabling Detection of the Pyricularia oryzae Lineage Causing Wheat Blast.

Rapid detection is key to managing emerging diseases because it allows their spread around the world to be monitored and limited. The first major wheat blast epidemics were reported in 1985 in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Following this outbreak, the disease quickly spread to neighboring regions and countries and, in 2016, the first report of wheat blast disease outside South America was released. This Asian outbreak was due to the trade of infected South American seed, demonstrating the importance of detection tests in order to avoid importing contaminated biological material into regions free from the pathogen. Genomic analysis has revealed that one particular lineage within the fungal species Pyricularia oryzae is associated with this disease: the Triticum lineage. A comparison of 81 Pyricularia genomes highlighted polymorphisms specific to the Triticum lineage, and this study developed a real-time PCR test targeting one of these polymorphisms. The test's performance was then evaluated in order to measure its analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity, and robustness. The C17 quantitative PCR test detected isolates belonging to the Triticum lineage with high sensitivity, down to 13 plasmid copies or 1 pg of genomic DNA per reaction tube. The blast-based approach developed here to study P. oryzae can be transposed to other emerging diseases.

Phytochemical Study of the Ecuadorian Species Lepechinia mutica (Benth.) Epling and High Antifungal Activity of Carnosol against Pyricularia oryzae.

The plant Lepechinia mutica (Benth.) Epling (family Lamiaceae) is endemic to Ecuador. In the present study, we report some major non-volatile secondary metabolites from the leaves and the chemistry of the essential oil distilled from the flowers. The main identified compounds were carnosol, viridiflorol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, chrysothol, and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxy flavone. Their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction and NMR and MS techniques. The essential oil showed a chemical composition similar to that distilled from the leaves, but with some qualitative and quantitative differences regarding several minor compounds. The main constituents (>4%) were: δ-3-carene (24.23%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (13.02%), thujopsan-2-α-ol (11.90%), β-pinene (7.96%), valerianol (5.19%), and co-eluting limonene and β-phellandrene (4.47%). The volatile fraction was also submitted to enantioselective analysis on a β-cyclodextrin column, obtaining the separation and identification of the enantiomers for α-thujene, β-pinene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, limonene and β-phellandrene. Furthermore, the anti-fungal activity of non-volatile secondary metabolites was tested in vitro, with carnosol resulting in being very active against the “blast disease” caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae.

Relationship between blast severity on seedlings and panicles of Brazilian oat cultivars / Relação entre a severidade de brusone em plântulas e panículas de cultivares brasileiras de aveia

Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, threats black (Avena strigosa) and white (A. sativa) oats in Brazil. Little is known about the reaction of Brazilian oat cultivars to blast and if there is a relationship between the response of cultivars to the disease at seedling and adult plant stages. The goals of this research were to verify (a) the reaction of black and white Brazilian oat cultivars to infection of P. oryzae and (b) if the response to blast on seedling leaves and panicles was correlated. Seedlings and adult plants of 13 oat cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension of one P. oryzae isolate obtained from a black oat cultivar. The cultivars were classified according to blast severity on the leaf seedlings and panicles estimated by visual estimation. Two experiments were conducted for each one of the two evaluated stages. Cultivars with lower value to blast severity on seedling leaves were ‘UPFA Gaudéria (25.82%) and ‘UPF 18 (24.88%) and, on panicles, ‘BRS Centauro (31.63%). Coefficients of Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall obtained from correlation analyses between blast severity on seedling leaves and panicles were -0.21232, -0.35714, and -0.30769, respectively (non-significant at 0.05). Lack of correlation between the responses of these oat cultivars to blast on seedling leaves and panicles be considered in the management of the disease in the field and the generation of new oat cultivars.(AU)

A brusone, causada por Pyricularia oryzae, ameaça as culturas da aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e branca (A. sativa) no Brasil. Sabe-se pouco sobre a reação das cultivares brasileiras de aveia à brusone e se existe relação entre a resposta destas cultivares à doença nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) verificar a reação de cultivares brasileiras de aveia à infecção de P. oryzae e; (b) se existe relação entre a resposta à brusone dessas cultivares nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Plântulas e plantas adultas de 13 cultivares de aveia foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de P. oryzae obtido de uma planta de uma cultivar de aveia preta. As cultivares foram classificadas de acordo com a estimativa visual da severidade da doença nas folhas das plântulas e nas panículas das plantas adultas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para cada um dos estádios avaliados. As cultivares com menor severidade de brusone nas plântulas foram a ‘Gaudéria UPFA (25,82%) e a ‘UPF 18 (24,88%) e, nas panículas, foi a ‘BRS Centauro (31,63%). Os coeficientes de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall obtidos da análise de correlação entre os dois estádios avaliados foram -0,21232, -0,35714 e -0,30769, respectivamente (todos sem significância estatística à 0,05). A falta de correlação entre as respostas das cultivares de aveia à brusone, em plântulas e panículas, constitui-se em informação a ser considerada no manejo da doença, no campo e na geração de novas cultivares de aveia.(AU)

Relationship between blast severity on seedlings and panicles of Brazilian oat cultivars / Relação entre a severidade de brusone em plântulas e panículas de cultivares brasileiras de aveia

Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, threats black (Avena strigosa) and white (A. sativa) oats in Brazil. Little is known about the reaction of Brazilian oat cultivars to blast and if there is a relationship between the response of cultivars to the disease at seedling and adult plant stages. The goals of this research were to verify (a) the reaction of black and white Brazilian oat cultivars to infection of P. oryzae and (b) if the response to blast on seedling leaves and panicles was correlated. Seedlings and adult plants of 13 oat cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension of one P. oryzae isolate obtained from a black oat cultivar. The cultivars were classified according to blast severity on the leaf seedlings and panicles estimated by visual estimation. Two experiments were conducted for each one of the two evaluated stages. Cultivars with lower value to blast severity on seedling leaves were ‘UPFA Gaudéria’ (25.82%) and ‘UPF 18’ (24.88%) and, on panicles, ‘BRS Centauro’ (31.63%). Coefficients of Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall obtained from correlation analyses between blast severity on seedling leaves and panicles were -0.21232, -0.35714, and -0.30769, respectively (non-significant at 0.05). Lack of correlation between the responses of these oat cultivars to blast on seedling leaves and panicles be considered in the management of the disease in the field and the generation of new oat cultivars.

A brusone, causada por Pyricularia oryzae, ameaça as culturas da aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e branca (A. sativa) no Brasil. Sabe-se pouco sobre a reação das cultivares brasileiras de aveia à brusone e se existe relação entre a resposta destas cultivares à doença nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) verificar a reação de cultivares brasileiras de aveia à infecção de P. oryzae e; (b) se existe relação entre a resposta à brusone dessas cultivares nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Plântulas e plantas adultas de 13 cultivares de aveia foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de P. oryzae obtido de uma planta de uma cultivar de aveia preta. As cultivares foram classificadas de acordo com a estimativa visual da severidade da doença nas folhas das plântulas e nas panículas das plantas adultas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para cada um dos estádios avaliados. As cultivares com menor severidade de brusone nas plântulas foram a ‘Gaudéria UPFA’ (25,82%) e a ‘UPF 18’ (24,88%) e, nas panículas, foi a ‘BRS Centauro’ (31,63%). Os coeficientes de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall obtidos da análise de correlação entre os dois estádios avaliados foram -0,21232, -0,35714 e -0,30769, respectivamente (todos sem significância estatística à 0,05). A falta de correlação entre as respostas das cultivares de aveia à brusone, em plântulas e panículas, constitui-se em informação a ser considerada no manejo da doença, no campo e na geração de novas cultivares de aveia.

Relationship between blast severity on seedlings and panicles of Brazilian oat cultivars / Relação entre a severidade de brusone em plântulas e panículas de cultivares brasileiras de aveia

ABSTRACT: Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, threats black (Avena strigosa) and white (A. sativa) oats in Brazil. Little is known about the reaction of Brazilian oat cultivars to blast and if there is a relationship between the response of cultivars to the disease at seedling and adult plant stages. The goals of this research were to verify (a) the reaction of black and white Brazilian oat cultivars to infection of P. oryzae and (b) if the response to blast on seedling leaves and panicles was correlated. Seedlings and adult plants of 13 oat cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension of one P. oryzae isolate obtained from a black oat cultivar. The cultivars were classified according to blast severity on the leaf seedlings and panicles estimated by visual estimation. Two experiments were conducted for each one of the two evaluated stages. Cultivars with lower value to blast severity on seedling leaves were 'UPFA Gaudéria' (25.82%) and 'UPF 18' (24.88%) and, on panicles, 'BRS Centauro' (31.63%). Coefficients of Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall obtained from correlation analyses between blast severity on seedling leaves and panicles were -0.21232, -0.35714, and -0.30769, respectively (non-significant at 0.05). Lack of correlation between the responses of these oat cultivars to blast on seedling leaves and panicles be considered in the management of the disease in the field and the generation of new oat cultivars.

RESUMO: A brusone, causada por Pyricularia oryzae, ameaça as culturas da aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e branca (A. sativa) no Brasil. Sabe-se pouco sobre a reação das cultivares brasileiras de aveia à brusone e se existe relação entre a resposta destas cultivares à doença nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) verificar a reação de cultivares brasileiras de aveia à infecção de P. oryzae e; (b) se existe relação entre a resposta à brusone dessas cultivares nos estádios de plântula e de planta adulta. Plântulas e plantas adultas de 13 cultivares de aveia foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de conídios de um isolado de P. oryzae obtido de uma planta de uma cultivar de aveia preta. As cultivares foram classificadas de acordo com a estimativa visual da severidade da doença nas folhas das plântulas e nas panículas das plantas adultas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para cada um dos estádios avaliados. As cultivares com menor severidade de brusone nas plântulas foram a 'Gaudéria UPFA' (25,82%) e a 'UPF 18' (24,88%) e, nas panículas, foi a 'BRS Centauro' (31,63%). Os coeficientes de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall obtidos da análise de correlação entre os dois estádios avaliados foram -0,21232, -0,35714 e -0,30769, respectivamente (todos sem significância estatística à 0,05). A falta de correlação entre as respostas das cultivares de aveia à brusone, em plântulas e panículas, constitui-se em informação a ser considerada no manejo da doença, no campo e na geração de novas cultivares de aveia.

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease / Modelos de pontos críticos para relacionar o rendimento de grãos com a intensidade em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares em arroz irrigado

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-533.55S), booting (R=7.044-71.78I; R=6.881-1.296S and R=9.993-71.74I; R=8.846-763.83S), flowering (R=7.447-82.29I; R=8.731-1.398S and R=8.347-54.36I; R=7.338-681.52S) and milky grain (R=10.143-80.5I; R=7.522-1.402S and R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). The generated functions allow getting the damage coefficient for use in the calculation of EDT in multiple pathossystem leaf spots in irrigated rice.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação da panícula (9.432-188,5I; R=7.038-1.466S e 10.176-87I; R=8.258-533,55S), emborrachamento (R=7.044-71,78I; 6.881-1.296S e R=9.993-71,74I; R=8.846-763,83S), floração (R=7.447-82,29I; R=8.731-1.398S e R=8.347-54,36I; R=7.338-681,52S) e grão leitoso (R=10.143-80,5I; R=7.522-1.402S e R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). As funções geradas permitem obter o coeficiente de dano para uso no cálculo do LDE em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares, em arroz irrigado.

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-533.55S), booting (R=7.044-71.78I; R=6.881-1.296S and R=9.993-71.74I; R=8.846-763.83S), flowering (R=7.447-82.29I; R=8.731-1.398S and R=8.347-54.36I; R=7.338-681.52S) and milky grain (R=10.143-80.5I; R=7.522-1.402S and R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). The generated functions allow getting the damage coefficient for use in the calculation of EDT in multiple pathossystem leaf spots in irrigated rice.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação da panícula (9.432-188,5I; R=7.038-1.466S e 10.176-87I; R=8.258-533,55S), emborrachamento (R=7.044-71,78I; 6.881-1.296S e R=9.993-71,74I; R=8.846-763,83S), floração (R=7.447-82,29I; R=8.731-1.398S e R=8.347-54,36I; R=7.338-681,52S) e grão leitoso (R=10.143-80,5I; R=7.522-1.402S e R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). As funções geradas permitem obter o coeficiente de dano para uso no cálculo do LDE em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares, em arroz irrigado.

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-533.55S), booting (R=7.044-71.78I; R=6.881-1.296S and R=9.993-71.74I; R=8.846-763.83S), flowering (R=7.447-82.29I; R=8.731-1.398S and R=8.347-54.36I; R=7.338-681.52S) and milky grain (R=10.143-80.5I; R=7.522-1.402S and R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). The generated functions allow getting the damage coefficient for use in the calculation of EDT in multiple pathossystem leaf spots in irrigated rice.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação da panícula (9.432-188,5I; R=7.038-1.466S e 10.176-87I; R=8.258-533,55S), emborrachamento (R=7.044-71,78I; 6.881-1.296S e R=9.993-71,74I; R=8.846-763,83S), floração (R=7.447-82,29I; R=8.731-1.398S e R=8.347-54,36I; R=7.338-681,52S) e grão leitoso (R=10.143-80,5I; R=7.522-1.402S e R=8.661-60.063I; R=9.754-1.465S). As funções geradas permitem obter o coeficiente de dano para uso no cálculo do LDE em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares, em arroz irrigado.

Critical-point models to relate yield and disease intensity of the multiple pathosystem in rice leaf spots disease / Modelos de pontos críticos para relacionar o rendimento de grãos com a intensidade em patossistema múltiplo de manchas foliares em arroz irrigado

The occurrence of leaf spots in irrigated rice can reduce the yield and compromise the quality of the grain. However it is unknown the economic damage threshold (EDT) that these spots cause the yield of crop. The objective of this study was to obtain damage functions for models of critical, to relate damage by simultaneous occurrence of blast, brown spot and scald spot with grain yield harvests in 2011/12 and 2012/2013, in Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Gradient of diseases intensity was generated by number of applications and fungicides rates. Design was a randomized block with four replications and six treatments consisting of mixing fungicide applications of triazole (difenoconazole) and strobilurin (azoxystrobin). In 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing season were made two and three tests respectively with the same experiment. Before each application it was determined the incidence and severity of fungal diseases. The critical point models were obtained by linear regression between grain yield and incidence (I) and severity (S). In 2011/12 the functions were not significant at the beginning of tillering and 2012/2013 harvest resulted in R=13.404-92.98I and R=10.685-3.804S. Respectively in each harvest resulted in tillering (R=9.141-103.6I; R=7.605-1.538 and R=8.864-73.91I; R=7.202-77S), panicle initiation (R=9.432-188.5I; R=7.,038-1.466S and R=10.176-87.33I; R=8.258-53(AU)

A ocorrência de manchas foliares na cultura do arroz irrigado pode reduzir o rendimento e comprometer a qualidade do grão. No entanto, é desconhecido o limiar de dano econômico (LDE) que essas manchas causam no rendimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter funções de dano, por modelos de ponto crítico, ao relacionar o dano pela ocorrência simultânea da brusone, mancha parda e escaldadura com o rendimento de grãos nas safras de 2011/12 e 2012/2013, em Rio do Oeste, Santa Catarina (SC). O gradiente da intensidade das doenças foi gerado por número de aplicações e doses de fungicidas. O delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, constituídos de aplicações de mistura de fungicidas triazol (difenoconazole) e estrobilurina (azoxistrobina). Na safra de 2011/12 e 2012/13, foram feitos dois e três ensaios, respectivamente, com o mesmo experimento. Antes de cada aplicação, foi determinada a incidência e a severidade das doenças foliares. Os modelos de ponto crítico foram obtidos por regressão linear entre rendimento de grãos e incidência (I) e severidade (S). Em 2011/12, as funções não foram significativas no início do perfilhamento e, na safra de 2012/2013, resultou em R=13.404-92,98I e R=10.685-3.804S. Respectivamente, em cada safra, resultaram no perfilhamento (R=9.141-103,6I; R=7.605-1.538 e R=8.864-73,91I; R=7.202-77S), iniciação d(AU)

Histochemical aspects of wheat resistance to leaf blast mediated by silicon

Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, has become a significant disease threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate at the histochemical level if silicon (Si) could enhance the production of flavonoids in the leaves of wheat plants in response to P. oryzae infection. Plants from the Aliança cultivar, which are susceptible to blast, were grown in hydroponic cultures containing 0 (-Si) or 2 mM of Si (+Si) and inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension of P. oryzae (1 × 105 conidia mL1) on all adaxial leaf surfaces of plants at 60 days after emergence (growth stage 65). The fourth and fifth leaves of each plant were used to evaluate blast severity at 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h after inoculation (hai). At 96 hai, leaves were collected from plants to determine the foliar Si concentration. For cytological observations, leaf samples were randomly collected from the fourth and fifth leaves of each plant at 72 hai. The foliar Si concentration was higher in +Si plants (36 g kg1) in comparison to -Si plants (2.6 g kg1). This increased Si concentration was correlated with reduced fungal growth inside the epidermal cells and the development of blast symptoms on leaves. Strong fluorescence, which is an indication of the presence of flavonoids, was detected in the leaf cells of +Si plants using Neus and Wilson's reagents. A novel item of evidence is that, at the histochemical level, Si is involved in the potentiation of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids that increases wheat resistance to blast.

Histochemical aspects of wheat resistance to leaf blast mediated by silicon

Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, has become a significant disease threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate at the histochemical level if silicon (Si) could enhance the production of flavonoids in the leaves of wheat plants in response to P. oryzae infection. Plants from the Aliança cultivar, which are susceptible to blast, were grown in hydroponic cultures containing 0 (-Si) or 2 mM of Si (+Si) and inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension of P. oryzae (1 × 105 conidia mL1) on all adaxial leaf surfaces of plants at 60 days after emergence (growth stage 65). The fourth and fifth leaves of each plant were used to evaluate blast severity at 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h after inoculation (hai). At 96 hai, leaves were collected from plants to determine the foliar Si concentration. For cytological observations, leaf samples were randomly collected from the fourth and fifth leaves of each plant at 72 hai. The foliar Si concentration was higher in +Si plants (36 g kg1) in comparison to -Si plants (2.6 g kg1). This increased Si concentration was correlated with reduced fungal growth inside the epidermal cells and the development of blast symptoms on leaves. Strong fluorescence, which is an indication of the presence of flavonoids, was detected in the leaf cells of +Si plants using Neus and Wilson's reagents. A novel item of evidence is that, at the histochemical level, Si is involved in the potentiation of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids that increases wheat resistance to blast.(AU)

Fungicides evaluation to control of panicle blast in irrigated rice / Avaliação de fungicidas para o controle da brusone de panícula na cultura do arroz irrigado

Chemical control of panicle blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is ineffective in many cases, due to the use of non-recommended products or applied improperly. In order to evaluate fungicides efficiency in the control of panicle blast, two experiments were performed in Itajaí and Garuva counties of Santa Catarina state, during 2008/09 planting season. The fungicides were evaluated as single application, at R3 stage (early heading) and two applications at R2 (late boot) and R4 stage (full heading), in an outflow of 200 L ha-1. It was found that when the incidence of panicle blast (PB) was 37.5%, there was a higher level of disease control in treatments with two applications of fungicides, compared to treatments receiving only one application. On the other hand, when the incidence of PB was 20.6%, no significant differences between treatments with one or two applications of fungicides were verified. Two applications of propiconazol + trifloxystrobin, tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin, the tank mixture tricyclazol + tebuconazol and the tricyclazol followed by tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin, proved to be over 90% effective to control panicle blast. It"s not observed significant gains in productivity resulting from the use of fungicides.

O controle químico da brusone de panícula, causada pelo fungo Pyricularia oryzae, é em muitos casos ineficaz, em virtude da utilização de produtos não recomendados, aplicados de forma inadequada. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de fungicidas no controle da brusone de panícula, foram conduzidos dois experimentos na safra 2008/09 nos municípios de Itajaí e Garuva, SC. Os fungicidas foram avaliados em aplicação única, realizada no estádio R3 (início do florescimento) e em duas aplicações, realizadas nos estádios R2 (emborrachamento) e R4 (pleno florescimento), utilizando-se um volume de calda de 200 L ha-1. Verificou-se que, quando a incidência da brusone de panículas (BP) foi de 37,5%, houve um maior nível de controle da doença nos tratamentos que receberam duas aplicações de fungicidas, comparado aos tratamentos que receberam somente uma aplicação. Por outro lado, quando a incidência da BP foi de 20,6%, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos que receberam uma ou duas aplicações de fungicidas. Os fungicidas propiconazol + trifloxistrobina, tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina e a mistura em tanque triciclazol + tebuconazol em duas aplicações, e a sucessão triciclazol / tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina, proporcionaram acima de 90% de controle da brusone de panícula. Não se observou ganhos significativos de produtividade em decorrência da utilização de fungicidas.

Fungicides evaluation to control of panicle blast in irrigated rice / Avaliação de fungicidas para o controle da brusone de panícula na cultura do arroz irrigado

Chemical control of panicle blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is ineffective in many cases, due to the use of non-recommended products or applied improperly. In order to evaluate fungicides efficiency in the control of panicle blast, two experiments were performed in Itajaí and Garuva counties of Santa Catarina state, during 2008/09 planting season. The fungicides were evaluated as single application, at R3 stage (early heading) and two applications at R2 (late boot) and R4 stage (full heading), in an outflow of 200 L ha-1. It was found that when the incidence of panicle blast (PB) was 37.5%, there was a higher level of disease control in treatments with two applications of fungicides, compared to treatments receiving only one application. On the other hand, when the incidence of PB was 20.6%, no significant differences between treatments with one or two applications of fungicides were verified. Two applications of propiconazol + trifloxystrobin, tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin, the tank mixture tricyclazol + tebuconazol and the tricyclazol followed by tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin, proved to be over 90% effective to control panicle blast. It"s not observed significant gains in productivity resulting from the use of fungicides.

O controle químico da brusone de panícula, causada pelo fungo Pyricularia oryzae, é em muitos casos ineficaz, em virtude da utilização de produtos não recomendados, aplicados de forma inadequada. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de fungicidas no controle da brusone de panícula, foram conduzidos dois experimentos na safra 2008/09 nos municípios de Itajaí e Garuva, SC. Os fungicidas foram avaliados em aplicação única, realizada no estádio R3 (início do florescimento) e em duas aplicações, realizadas nos estádios R2 (emborrachamento) e R4 (pleno florescimento), utilizando-se um volume de calda de 200 L ha-1. Verificou-se que, quando a incidência da brusone de panículas (BP) foi de 37,5%, houve um maior nível de controle da doença nos tratamentos que receberam duas aplicações de fungicidas, comparado aos tratamentos que receberam somente uma aplicação. Por outro lado, quando a incidência da BP foi de 20,6%, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos que receberam uma ou duas aplicações de fungicidas. Os fungicidas propiconazol + trifloxistrobina, tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina e a mistura em tanque triciclazol + tebuconazol em duas aplicações, e a sucessão triciclazol / tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina, proporcionaram acima de 90% de controle da brusone de panícula. Não se observou ganhos significativos de produtividade em decorrência da utilização de fungicidas.