Utility of next-generation sequencing for the etiological diagnosis of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection.

Background: Scrub typhus, an acute febrile disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is transmitted to humans through infected chigger mites. We present a case of scrub typhus in a previously healthy man from Shandong Province diagnosed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and PCR and review recent literature on NGS for scrub typhus diagnosis. Methods: NGS was utilized for testing whole blood collected on admission. Confirmatory testing was done by detecting IgM and IgG antibodies to Orientia in acute and convalescent sera by ELISA. Orientia 47-kDa protein gene TaqMan and standard PCR of the 56-kDa protein gene and Sanger sequencing were performed on eschar scab DNA. Results: The NGS diagnosis was confirmed by 47-kDa protein gene TaqMan and sequencing of a fragment of the O. tsutsugamushi 56-kDa protein gene from the eschar scab. Analysis of this sequence and the NGS data indicated O. tsutsugamushi strain Cheeloo2020 is a novel genotype. Mapping of the NGS data against the O. tsutsugamushi Gilliam strain genome sequence identified 304 reads with high similarity. Conclusions: NGS is not only useful for multiplex diagnosis of scrub typhus, but also provides insight into the genetic diversity of O. tsutsugamushi. The common failure to submit sequences to databases makes it difficult to determine the minimal quantity and quality of NGS data being used for the positive identification of Orientia DNA in clinical specimens.

[NDVI Changes and Influencing Factors of Different Soil and Water Conservation Zones in Shandong Province].

Exploring the characteristics of vegetation change and its influencing factors is essential to construct an ecological environment. Based on the NDVI dataset from 2000 to 2020, this study analyzed the spatial temporal attributes of NDVI changes in Shandong Province using the Sen trend analysis and the gravity center migration model. Furthermore, the spatial heterogeneity of NDVI and its influencing factors within the whole study area and different soil and water conservation zones were investigated using a Geo-detector model, considering population, hydrological, topographic, soil types, and vegetation types. The results were as follows： ① The NDVI in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020 showed a fluctuating upward trend with significant seasonal characteristics that varied from different zones. The annual NDVI change showed a trend of single-peak in the Ⅲ-4-2t, Ⅲ-4-1xt, and Ⅲ-5-2w but showed a trend of double-peak in the Ⅲ-5-3fn. ② Regarding the spatial distribution, the NDVI was higher in the west-north and west-south areas and lower in the north and coastal areas. During the 21 years, the primary type of NDVI change was "medium-high coverage → high coverage," especially in the northeastern part of the soil conservation area of the Ⅲ-4-2t, the western part of the Ⅲ-4-1xt, and the ecological maintenance area of the Ⅲ-5-2w. Overall, 61.47% of the area had a positive trend of NDVI change with the gravity center of high coverage mitigating to the northeast, and the ecological environment was improved. ③ Soil types and population density were the dominant factors affecting NDVI in Shandong Province, with q values of 0.174 and 0.130, respectively. The chief factor in the Ⅲ-5-3fn, Ⅲ-4-2t, and Ⅲ-4-1xt was population density, with q values higher than 0.22, and the dominant factors in the Ⅲ-5-2w were soil types and vegetation types, with q values of 0.326 and 0.227, respectively. The interaction of the two factors enhanced the influence of the single factor, and the relationship between the influencing factors showed two-factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement. The q-value of population density ∩ relative humidity was the highest, with a value of 0.257 in the Ⅲ-5-3fn. The q-value of population density ∩ soil types was the highest in the Ⅲ-4-2t and Ⅲ-4-1xt, reaching 0.297 and 0.378, respectively. The q-value of soil types ∩ vegetation types was the highest, with a value of 0.444 in the Ⅲ-5-2w. The results are expected to provide valuable references for improving the ecological environment of Shandong Province and lay a scientific foundation to make different conservation strategies for the individual soil and water conservation zones.

Soil organic carbon estimation using remote sensing data-driven machine learning.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle, playing a significant role in ecosystem health and carbon balance. In this study, we focused on assessing the surface SOC content in Shandong Province based on land use types, and explored its spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors. Machine learning methods including random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and support vector machine (SVM) were employed to estimate the surface SOC content in Shandong Province using diverse data sources like sample data, remote sensing data, socio-economic data, soil texture data, topographic data, and meteorological data. The results revealed that the SOC content in Shandong Province was 8.78 g/kg, exhibiting significant variation across different regions. Comparing the model error and correlation coefficient, the XGBoost model showed the highest prediction accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.7548, root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.6792, and relative percentage difference (RPD) of 1.1311. Elevation and Clay exhibited the highest explanatory power in clarifying the surface SOC content in Shandong Province, contributing 21.74% and 13.47%, respectively. The spatial distribution analysis revealed that SOC content was higher in forest-covered mountainous regions compared to cropland-covered plains and coastal areas. In conclusion, these findings offer valuable scientific insights for land use planning and SOC conservation.

Spatial and temporal differentiation and its driving factors of air quality in the economic circle of Shandong Province during 2013-2020.

As the negative repercussions of environmental devastation, such as air quality decline and air pollution, become more apparent, environmental consciousness is growing across the world, forcing nations to take steps to mitigate the damage. China pledged to achieve air quality improvement goal to combat global environment issue, yet the spatial-temporal differentiation and its driving factors of environment-meteorology-economic index for air quality are not fully analysed. To promote regional collaborative control of air pollution and achieve sustainable urban development, spatial and temporal different and its driving factors of air quality in Shandong Province during 2013-2020. Results revealed that concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), and carbon monoxide (CO-95per) exhibited decreasing trend (SO2 concentrations decreasing 84 % and CO-95per concentrations decreasing 90 %). Air quality was improved from inland areas to coastal areas. Pollutant indicators of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO-95per demonstrated significant positive correlation (P < 0.05). Air temperature and precipitation are significantly negatively correlated with concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and CO-95per but significantly positively correlated with ozone (O3-8 h). SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, CO-95per, and proportion of days with heavy pollution are strongly positively correlated with proportion of secondary industry but strongly negatively correlated with proportion of tertiary industry and volume of household waste. Except for O3-8 h, pollutant index of Provincial Capital Economic Circle (PCEC) and Southern Shandong Economic Circle (SSEC) has significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) with regional gross domestic product and investment in environmental protection; however, investment in environmental protection of Eastern Shandong Economic Circle (ESEC) has no significant correlation with air pollution index. There was significant negative correlation between vegetable sowing area and SSEC pollutant index. The relationship between pollution emission and investment in environmental protection has shifted from high pollution-low investment to low pollution-low investment in PCEC, ESEC and SSEC, and the inflection point was in 2020 for PCEC, 2019 for ESEC, and 2020 for SSEC. Those results provide empirical evidence and theoretical support for the improvement of regional air quality, aiming to achieve high-quality development. According to these findings, it has been found that meteorological elements, pollutant emission, socio-economic factors and agricultural data affect air quality. Those results could provide meaningful and significant supporting for synergistic regulation of diverse pollutants.

Identification and molecular characterization of Wanghe virus: A novel member of the Solinviviridae family from mosquitoes, China.

Arboviruses have always been a significant public health concern. Metagenomic surveillance has expanded the number of novel, often unclassified arboviruses, especially mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses. This report presents the first description of a novel single-stranded RNA virus, Wanghe virus, identified from mosquitoes that were collected in Shandong Province in 2022. In this study, a total of 4,795 mosquitoes were collected and then divided into 105 pools according to location and species. QRT-PCR and nested PCR were performed to confirm the presence of Wanghe virus, and its genomic features and phylogenetic relationships were further analyzed. Our results revealed that Wanghe virus was detected in 9 out of the 105 mosquito pools, resulting in a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 0.19 % (9/4,795). One complete genome sequence and three viral partial sequences were obtained from the Wanghe virus-positive pools. Pairwise distance analysis indicated that these amplified sequences shared high nucleotide identity. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Wanghe virus is most closely related to Guiyang Solinvi-like virus 3, which belongs to Solinviviridae. Further analyses indicated that Wanghe virus is a new, unclassified member of Solinviviridae.

Assessment of the combined vulnerability to droughts and heatwaves in Shandong Province in summer from 2000 to 2018.

Droughts and heat waves exhibit synergistic effects and are among the world's most costly disasters. To explore the spatiotemporal differences and formation mechanisms of the combined vulnerability to droughts and heat waves in Shandong Province over the past 20 years, a vulnerability scoping diagram (VSD) model with three dimensions-exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability-was constructed to assess and compare the combined vulnerability to high-temperature and drought events, considering economic and social conditions. The results showed that (1) over the past 20 years, heat waves and droughts have increased in Shandong Province. The number of high-temperature events significantly increased in the west and decreased along the eastern coast, and drought change was characterized by an increase in the south and a decrease in the north. (2) The combined exposure to summer droughts and heat waves in Shandong Province showed a significant increasing trend (P < 0.05) at a rate of approximately 0.072/10a; the combined sensitivity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at a rate of approximately 0.137/10a, and the combined adaptability continued to increase at a rate of approximately 0.481/10a. (3) The combined vulnerability to summer droughts and heat waves in the western inland area of Shandong Province was high and gradually decreased toward the southeastern coast. The overall decrease trend was nonsignificant with a decrease of approximately 0.126/10a, and the decline rate decreased from northwest to southeast, in which Laiwu, Yantai, Jinan, and Zibo cities exhibited a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Although the compound vulnerability of Shandong Province has decreased insignificantly, the frequency of combined drought and heat wave events has increased, and the combined vulnerability will increase in the future.

[Spatial-temporal Variation and Spatial Differentiation Geographic Detection of PM2.5 Concentration in the Shandong Province Based on Spatial Scale Effect].

PM2.5 remote sensing data was applied in this study, and Theil-Sen Median trend analysis and the Mann-Kendall significance test were utilized to analyze the temporal and spatial variation in PM2.5 in the Shandong Province from 2000 to 2021. The influencing power of the influencing factors on the spatial differentiation of PM2.5 concentration in the Shandong Province was detected at the provincial-city-county levels based on Geo-detector data. The results showed that:① on the temporal scale, the mean ρ(PM2.5)in the Shandong Province ranged from 38.15 to 88.63 µg·m-3 from 2000 to 2021, which was slightly higher than the secondary limit of inhalable particulate matter (35 µg·m-3) in the Ambient Air Quality Standards. On the interannual scale, 2013 was the peak year for the variation in ρ(PM2.5) with a value of 83.36 µg·m-3, according to which the trend of PM2.5 concentrations in the Shandong Province was divided into two phases:a continuous increase and a rapid decrease. On the seasonal scale, PM2.5 concentration presented the distribution characteristics of "low in summer and high in winter and moderate in spring and autumn" and the U-shaped change rule of first decreasing and then increasing. ② On the spatial scale, the PM2.5 concentration in the Shandong Province presented a spatial distribution pattern of "high in the west and low in the east." The areas with high PM2.5 concentration were distributed in the western area of the Shandong Province, whereas the areas with low PM2.5 concentration were distributed in the eastern peninsula region. The spatial variation in the changing trend of PM2.5 concentration showed significant spatial heterogeneity, and the extremely significant decrease was mainly distributed in the eastern peninsula region. ③ The results of factor detection showed that climate factor was an important factor affecting the spatial differentiation of PM2.5 concentration in the Shandong Province. Mean temperature had the highest influence on the spatial differentiation of PM2.5 concentration in the Shandong Province, with a q value of 0.512. Provincial-city-county multi-scale detection results showed that the influencing factors affecting the spatial differentiation of PM2.5 concentration and their influencing power differed at different spatial scales. At the provincial scale, mean temperature, sunshine duration, and slope were the main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of PM2.5 concentration. At the city level, precipitation, elevation, and relative humidity were the main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of PM2.5. At the county level, precipitation, mean temperature, and sunshine duration were the main factors affecting the spatial variation in PM2.5 concentration.

The analysis on groundwater storage variations from GRACE/GRACE-FO in recent 20 years driven by influencing factors and prediction in Shandong Province, China.

Monitoring and predicting the regional groundwater storage (GWS) fluctuation is an essential support for effectively managing water resources. Therefore, taking Shandong Province as an example, the data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) is used to invert GWS fluctuation from January 2003 to December 2022 together with Watergap Global Hydrological Model (WGHM), in-situ groundwater volume and level data. The spatio-temporal characteristics are decomposed using Independent Components Analysis (ICA), and the impact factors, such as precipitation and human activities, which are also analyzed. To predict the short-time changes of GWS, the Support Vector Machines (SVM) is adopted together with three commonly used methods Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), Auto-Regressive Moving Average Model (ARMA), as the comparison. The results show that: (1) The loss intensity of western GWS is significantly greater than those in coastal areas. From 2003 to 2006, GWS increased sharply; during 2007 to 2014, there exists a loss rate - 5.80 ± 2.28 mm/a of GWS; the linear trend of GWS change is - 5.39 ± 3.65 mm/a from 2015 to 2022, may be mainly due to the effect of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The correlation coefficient between GRACE and WGHM is 0.67, which is consistent with in-situ groundwater volume and level. (2) The GWS has higher positive correlation with monthly Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) considering time delay after moving average, which has the similar energy spectrum depending on Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) method. In addition, the influencing facotrs on annual GWS fluctuation are analyzed, the correlation coefficient between GWS and in-situ data including the consumption of groundwater mining, farmland irrigation is 0.80, 0.71, respectively. (3) For the GWS prediction, SVM method is adopted to analyze, three training samples with 180, 204 and 228 months are established with the goodness-of-fit all higher than 0.97. The correlation coefficients are 0.56, 0.75, 0.68; RMSE is 5.26, 4.42, 5.65 mm; NSE is 0.28, 0.43, 0.36, respectively. The performance of SVM model is better than the other methods for the short-term prediction.

The positivity rates and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using nucleotide MALDI-TOF MS assay among suspected tuberculosis patients in Shandong, China: a multi-center prospective study.

Objective: To investigate the positivity rates and drug resistance characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among suspected tuberculosis (TB) patients in Shandong Province, the second-largest population province in China. Methods: A prospective, multi-center study was conducted from April 2022 to June 2023. Pathogen and drug resistance were identified using nucleotide matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nucleotide MALDI-TOF MS). Results: Of 940 suspected TB patients included in this study, 552 cases were found to be infected with MTB giving an overall positivity rate of 58.72%. Total of 346 cases were resistant to arbitrary anti-TB drug (62.68%), with Zibo (76.47%), Liaocheng and Weihai (both 69.23%) ranking top three and TB treatment history might be a related factor. Monoresistance was the most common pattern (33.53%), with isoniazid the highest at 12.43%, followed by rifampicin at 9.54%. Further analysis of gene mutations conferring resistance revealed diverse types with high heteroresistance rate found in multiple anti-TB drugs. Conclusion: A relatively high rate of MTB positivity and drug resistance was found in Shandong Province during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating the need for strengthening rapid identification of species and drug resistance among suspected TB patients to guide better medication and minimize the occurrence of drug resistance.

Trends and prediction in the incidence rate of hepatitis C in Shandong Province in China from 2004 to 2030.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C threatens human health and brings a heavy economic burden. Shandong Province is the second most populous province in China and has uneven regional economic development. Therefore, we analyzed the incidence rate trend and regional differences of hepatitis C in Shandong Province from 2004 to 2021. METHODS: The monthly and annual incidence rates of hepatitis C in Shandong Province from 2022 to 2030 were predicted by fitting Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and ARIMA-LSTM combined model. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2021, annual new cases of hepatitis C in Shandong Province increased from 635 to 5834, with a total of 61,707 cases. The incidence rate increased from 0.69/100 thousand in 2004 to 6.40/100 thousand in 2019, with a slight decrease in 2020 and 2021. The average annual incidence rate was 3.47/100 thousand. In terms of regional distribution, the hepatitis C incidence rate in Shandong Province was generally high in the west and low in the east. It is estimated that the hepatitis C incidence rate in Shandong Province will be 9.21 per 100 thousand in 2030. CONCLUSION: The hepatitis C incidence rate in Shandong Province showed an increasing trend from 2004 to 2019 and a decreasing trend in 2020 and 2021. Significant regional variations in incidence rate existed. An upward trend in incidence rate is predicted from 2022 to 2030. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of hepatitis C to achieve the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis by 2030.

The Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Regional Development in Shandong Province of China from 2012 to 2021 Based on Nighttime Light Remote Sensing.

As a major coastal economic province in the east of China, it is of great significance to clarify the temporal and spatial patterns of regional development in Shandong Province in recent years to support regional high-quality development. Nightlight remote sensing data can reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of social and economic activities on a fine pixel scale. We based the nighttime light patterns at three spatial scales in three geographical regions on monthly nighttime light remote sensing data and social statistics. Different cities and different counties in Shandong Province in the last 10 years were studied by using the methods of trend analysis, stability analysis and correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) The nighttime light pattern was generally consistent with the spatial pattern of construction land. The nighttime light intensity of most urban, built-up areas showed an increasing trend, while the old urban areas of Qingdao and Yantai showed a weakening trend. (2) At the geographical unit scale, the total nighttime light in south-central Shandong was significantly higher than that in eastern and northwest Shandong, while the nighttime light growth rate in northwest Shandong was significantly highest. At the urban scale, Liaocheng had the highest nighttime light growth rate. At the county scale, the nighttime light growth rate of counties with a better economy was lower, while that of counties with a backward economy was higher. (3) The nighttime light growth was significantly correlated with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population growth, indicating that regional economic development and population growth were the main causes of nighttime light change.

[Resource components and utilization values of different parts of Panax quinquefolium in Shandong province].

To explore the resource components and availability of different parts of Panax quinquefolium in Shandong province, the paper employed the non-targeted metabolomics technology based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolites and their metabolic pathways in the root, fibril, stem, and leaf of P. quinquefolium. The content of seven ginsenosides and polysaccharides in different parts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry(UV-Vis). The results showed that the metabolites were mainly sugars, glycosides, organic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, terpenoids, etc. The total abundance of metabolites followed the trend of leaf > root > fibril > stem. Most of the differential metabolites were concentrated in phenylpropane biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, citric acid cycle, and amino acid biosynthesis. The leaf contained high levels of sugars, glycosides, amino acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids; the root was rich in terpenoids, volatile oils, vitamins, and lignin; the fibril contained rich organic acids; and the stem had high content of nucleotides and their derivatives. The content of ginsenosides Re and Rb_1 was significantly higher in the root; the content of ginsenosides Rg_1, Rg_2, Rd, F_(11), and polysaccharide was significantly higher in the leaf; and the content of ginsenoside Rb_2 was significantly higher in the stem. We analyzed the resource components and availability of different parts of P. quinquefolium, aiming to provide basic information for the comprehensive development and utilization of P. quinquefolium resources in Shandong province.

Identification and Molecular Characteristics of a Novel Single-Stranded RNA Virus Isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China.

Hubei mosquito virus 2 (HMV2) is a novel mosquito virus that was first identified in 2016 in Hubei Province, China. Until now, HMV2 has been shown to be endemic in some areas of China and Japan, but its biological characteristics, epidemiology, and pathogenicity are not yet known. This report describes the detection of HMV2 in mosquitoes that were collected in Shandong Province in 2019 and presents the first isolation and molecular characterization of the virus. In this study, a total of 2,813 mosquitoes were collected and then divided into 57 pools, according to location and species. qRT-PCR and nested PCR were performed to confirm the presence of HMV2, and its genomic features, phylogenetic relationships, growth characteristics, and potential pathogenicity were further analyzed. The results showed that HMV2 was detected in 28 of the 57 mosquito pools and that the minimum infection rate (MIR) for HMV2 was 1.00% (28/2,813). A HMV2 strain and 14 viral partial sequences were obtained from the HMV2-positive pools, including one complete genome sequence. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that HMV2 from Shandong Province shared over 90% identity with other reported isolates and was closely related to the Culex inatomii luteo-like virus. IMPORTANCE Our study provided important epidemiological evidence for the epidemic of HMV2 in Shandong Province. Here, we report the first isolation and molecular characteristics of this virus and enrich our knowledge of the distribution of HMV2 in China.

The prevalence of soil transmitted helminths and its influential factors in Shandong Province, China: an analysis of surveillance data from 2016 to 2020.

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were previously endemic in Shandong Province, China. This study aimed to analyze the STHs prevalence trend and the natural, social, and human cognitive and behavioural factors influencing the discrepancies between high and low infection levels from 2016 to 2020 in Shandong Province in eastern China. METHODS: STHs surveillance data of Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020 were obtained from China Information Management System for Prevention and Control of Parasitic Diseases. STHs infections were detected by modified Kato-Katz method. Comprehensive information on the natural and social factors, STHs-related knowledge and behaviours were collected through questionnaire surveys. Retrospective spatial scan analysis was performed using SaTScan v10.1 to evaluate any identified spatial clusters of STHs infection for statistical significance and Bayes discriminant analysis was used to discriminate the high or low infection groups of the villages. RESULTS: In total, 72,160 participants were involved in our survey from 2016 to 2020. The overall STHs prevalence rate was 1.13%, with the eastern region of Shandong Province having the highest rate (2.02%). The predominant species was T. trichiura, with the prevalence rate of 0.99% and the ≥ 70-year age group possessed the highest rate of 2.21%. The STHs prevalence rate showed an annual linear downward trend from 2016 to 2020 ([Formula: see text] = 127.600, P < 0.001). Respondents aged ≥ 60 years had the lowest awareness level of STHs-related prevention knowledge (all P < 0.05), and were the most likely to adopt the practice of fertilizing with fresh stool (χ2 = 28.354, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the southern region demonstrated the highest temperature and rainfall level and the lowest GNP and annual net income per capita (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a remarkable declining in STHs prevalence in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020. However, the prevalence rates of STHs especially T. trichiura in the southern and eastern regions were still high, and the elderly were more susceptible to be infected with STHs owning to their low awareness level of STHS-related prevention knowledge and high adoption rate of dangerous production and living behaviours. Integrated approaches of health education, environment improvement and behaviour change should be strengthened to obtain a further reduction of STHs prevalence in China.

Molecular detection and species identification of Plasmodium spp. infection among imported cases in Eastern China, 2012-2018.

Due to the increasing number of returnees from malaria endemic areas, imported malaria has become a public health challenge in China. To better understand the characteristics of imported Plasmodium species and adjust appropriate strategies for malaria prevention and control in Eastern China, we conducted molecular detection and species identification on 1282 imported malaria cases in Shandong Province between 2012 and 2018. The findings showed that P. falciparum was predominant, particularly in cases imported from Africa. P. vivax was the dominant species imported from Asian countries. Additionally, imported P. ovale and P. malariae emerged in the province. Further surveillance and control of imported malaria among returnees from Africa and Southeast Asia is needed to be strengthened in Eastern China.

Analysis of university students' participation in emergency education and its influencing factors in Shandong province.

Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the current situation of university students' participation in emergency education and its influencing factors in Shandong province, to improve the enthusiasm of university students' involvement in emergency training and exercise activities, and to provide a reference for universities to carry out education on public health emergencies. Methods: From April to May 2020, 6,630 university students were selected from six universities in Shandong province by stratified random sampling. Descriptive analysis, χ2 test, and logistic regression for statistical analysis were also used. Results: Overall, 35.5 and 55.8% of university students believed that it is necessary to participate in emergency education activities, and 65.8% of university students participated in emergency training and exercise activities. Through multivariate analysis, the results showed that university students who are men, sophomores, medical students, from within the province, the only child, have good health, take emergency education courses, think it is necessary to participate in emergency education, think the school attaches great importance to emergency education, believe that the professional teacher level to meet needs, know about public health emergencies, have received emergency education such as prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, and have a higher participation rate of emergency education and training activities. Conclusion: The willingness of university students to participate in emergency education in Shandong province is high, but the willingness in emergency training and exercise activities is low. Gender, grade, profession, and students' nationalities, whether it is only children, health, the school courses in emergency education situations, the value of emergency education, emergency education to participate, the degree of teachers' professional level to meet the requirements, a public health emergency condition as well as the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases such as emergency education are the main influencing factors for university students' participation in emergency training and exercise activities in Shandong province.

Evaluation of the evolutionary genetics and population structure of Culex pipiens pallens in Shandong province, China based on knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and the mtDNA-COI gene.

BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes are important vectors for a range of diseases, contributing to high rates of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Culex pipiens pallens is dominant species of Culex mosquito in northern China and a major vector for both West Nile virus and Bancroftian filariasis. Insecticide application were largely applied to control the mosquito-mediated spread of these diseases, contributing to increasing rates of resistance in the mosquito population. The voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene is the target site of pyrethroids, and mutations in this gene cause knockdown resistance (kdr). While these kdr mutations are known to be critical to pyrethroid resistance, their evolutionary origins remain poorly understood. Clarifying the origins of these mutations is potential to guide further vector control and disease prevention efforts. Accordingly, the present study was designed to study the evolutionary genetics of kdr mutations and their association with the population structure of Cx. p. pallens in Shandong province, China. METHODS: Adult Culex females were collected from Shandong province and subjected to morphological identification under a dissection microscope. Genomic DNA were extracted from the collected mosquitoes, the Vgsc gene were amplified via PCR and sequenced to assess kdr allele frequencies, intron polymorphisms, and kdr codon evolution. In addition, population genetic diversity and related population characteristics were assessed by amplifying and sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene. RESULTS: Totally, 263 Cx. p. pallens specimens were used for DNA barcoding and sequencing analyses to assess kdr allele frequencies in nine Culex populations. The kdr codon L1014 in the Vgsc gene identified two non-synonymous mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the analyzed population. These mutations were present in the eastern hilly area and west plain region of Shandong Province. However, only L1014F mutation was detected in the southern mountainous area and Dongying city of Shandong Province, where the mutation frequency was low. Compared to other cities, population in Qingdao revealed significant genetic differentiation. Spatial kdr mutation patterns are likely attributable to some combination of prolonged insecticide-mediated selection coupled with the genetic isolation of these mosquito populations. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that multiple kdr alleles associated with insecticide resistance are present within the Cx. p. pallens populations of Shandong Province, China. The geographical distributions of kdr mutations in this province are likely that the result of prolonged and extensive insecticide application in agricultural contexts together with frequent mosquito population migrations. In contrast, the low-frequency kdr mutation detected in central Shandong Province populations may originate from the limited selection pressure in this area and the relative genetic isolation. Overall, the study compares the genetic patterns revealed by a functional gene with a neutral marker and demonstrates the combined impact of demographic and selection factors on population structure.

Health diagnosis of coastal zone ecosystem: China's case.

With its unique geographical location, the coastal zone has concentrated great advantages in resources, population and economy. However, with the deepening of marine resources development activities, a series of problems have emerged in the coastal zone, such as the gradual shortage of resources, the decline of environmental quality and the increase of ecological risks. The coastal zone ecosystem has shown a certain degradation trend. Maintaining the health of the coastal zone ecosystem has become the primary task of the sustainable development of the marine economy. Monitoring the coastal ecosystem carrying capacity, diagnosing the health status of the coastal ecosystem, effectively planning and managing the development and utilization of natural resources in the coastal zone, and controlling human activities related to the sea within the ecological carrying capacity and health limits of the coastal zone are of great significance to the sustainable development of society and economy in the coastal zone. In this study, the ecosystem health model, state space model and ecological health early warning principle were comprehensively applied to construct the coastal ecosystem health diagnosis framework of "Carrying type →Early warning degree →Health level;" The evaluation index system of coastal ecosystem carrying capacity was established; Taking Shandong Province as the empirical research object, the health status of the coastal ecosystem in Shandong Province was diagnosed by using the relevant data from 2007 to 2019. The empirical results show that: (1) From 2007 to 2013, the carrying capacity of the coastal ecosystem in Shandong Province was relatively good, in the state of "loadable" or "critical overload," while from 2014 to 2019, the carrying capacity was poor, in the state of "overload;" (2) From 2007 to 2013, the early warning degree of coastal ecosystem health in Shandong Province was in the state of "no alarm," "light alarm," and "medium alarm," and the health level was in the state of "very healthy," "healthy," and "sub-health;" from 2014 to 2019, the health warning level of the coastal ecosystem in Shandong Province was in the state of "serious alarm" and "extremely serious alarm," and the health level was in the state of "unhealthy" and "Morbid," and the health status was worrying; (3) The key influencing factors affecting the carrying capacity of the coastal ecosystem mainly included the output of marine mining, marine GDP, per capita marine production, total amount of main pollutants directly discharged into the sea, domestic tourist arrivals in coastal cities, area of marine nature reserves, proportion of class IV and inferior class IV seawater, average density of beach garbage in the monitoring area, number of medical and health institutions; Finally, some policy suggestions were put forward to improve the health of coastal ecosystem in Shandong Province. In the "discussion" part of this study, the consistency between the research results of this paper and the actual situation of the marine ecosystem in Shandong Province and the existing research results of the same kind is compared, and the applicability and limitations of the research methods in this paper are put forward, indicating that the research methods in this paper are more applicable to the comparative analysis under the same ideal value determination criteria.

Rickettsia sp. and Anaplasma spp. in Haemaphysalis longicornis from Shandong province of China, with evidence of a novel species "Candidatus Anaplasma Shandongensis".

Haemaphysalis longicornis is one of the most dominant and widespread tick species in China. This species mainly infests wild animals and occasionally attacks humans, and has been associated with the transmission of a variety of zoonotic pathogens including spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.. Although there are increasing reports of various pathogens associated with H. longicornis, some neglected pathogens in certain areas still need to be studied. In this study, a total of 171 H. longicornis ticks were collected from goats in three locations of Shandong Province, Eastern China (Zibo, Linyi, and Qingdao cities), and subsequently screened for the presence of Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia bacteria. A total of four bacterial species were identified and characterized. "Candidatus Rickettsia jingxinensis" was detected in one tick specimen from Zibo city. Of 98 ticks from Linyi city, 63.27% (62/98) were tested positive for Anaplasma capra and 5.10% (5/98) were positive for Anaplasma bovis. Interestingly, a novel Anaplasma species was detected and characterized in one tick specimen from Zibo and one other from Linyi, respectively. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S, gltA, groEL, and msp4 genes indicated that it was divergent from all known Anaplasma species but mostly related to A. phagocytophilum and "Cadidatus Anaplasma boleense". Based on where it was first detected, we named it "Candidatus Anaplasma shandongensis".

Analysis of ADR reports caused by cefotaxime sodium in Shandong province and effects of skin test on serious ADR / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical manifestations and characteristics of adverse drug reactions （ADR） caused by cefotaxime sodium in Shandong province， and to explore the effects of skin test before medication of cefotaxime sodium on serious ADR， so as to provide reference for safe drug use in clinic. METHODS The relevant data of cefotaxime sodium-induced ADR reported by Shandong Province ADR Monitoring Center during December 2019 to December 2021 were collected from National ADR Monitoring System. The ADR classification， age， gender， ADR occurrence time， route of administration， history of allergy， primary diseases， ADR systems/organs involved， clinical manifestations， outcome， skin test or not before medication were statistically analyzed. RESULTS A total of 1 057 ADR reports caused by cefotaxime sodium were included. Among them， there were 867 patients （82.02%） with general ADR and 190 patients （17.98%） with serious ADR. The majority were ＜11 years old （40.30%）. The main route of administration was intravenous drip （96.69%）. A total of 1 033 patients （97.73%） developed ADR 30 min to 24 h after medication. A total of 814 patients （77.01%） had no history of allergy. The primary diseases were respiratory system infection （56.58%）. Main systems/organs involved in ADR were skin and its appendants， digestive system and respiratory system， and its clinical manifestations were rash， pruritus， nausea， vomiting， chest tightness， etc. After withdrawal or symptomatic treatment， 1 050 patients （99.34%） were cured or improved. Before the use of cefotaxime sodium， 850 patients underwent skin test （151 patients occurred serious ADR）； there was no statistical significance in the incidence of serious renzhen202102@163.com ADR， compared with the incidence of serious ADR in 207 patients without skin test （39 patients occurred serious ADR）（P＝0.718）. CONCLUSIONS ADR caused by cefotaxime sodium is mainly seen in patients ＜11 years old， mostly occurring 30 min to 24 h after intravenous drip； skin test before medication of cefotaxime sodium cannot reduce the risk of serious ADR. Before using cefotaxime sodium in clinical practice， patients should be asked about their allergy and medication history in detail. During use， it is important to focus on the patient’s condition within 24 h after medication to prevent serious ADR and ensure the safety of clinical medication.