Effect of coatings containing 1-methylcyclopropane or mandarin peel extract on the freshness and metabolic profiles of cold stored strawberry.

The application of coatings is a strategy for maintaining the freshness of highly perishable fruits. This research aimed to evaluate the quality indices of strawberries (Amaou) coated with new coatings based on the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and cellulose nanofibres (CNF) with incorporated mandarin peel extract (ME) or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) during storage at 20days at 5 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH). Dissolving the coating solution containing ME in 1-MCP maintained its colour for up to 50 days. Coatings enhanced with ME and/or 1-MCP maintained fresh strawberries more effectively than the control, reducing weight loss and maintaining firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), citric acid, colour, and total phenolic content. The CCM2-2 coating solution showed superior effects on the weight loss and relative percentages of strawberry metabolites compared to the other coatings, as confirmed by the different components.

Evaluating the effect of sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose on pulmonary delivery of levofloxacin spray-dried microparticles.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cystic fibrosis commonly suffer from lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recently, the Levofloxacin (LVF) nebulizing solution (Quinsair®) has been prescribed for the antimicrobial management. The sustained-release (SR) dry powder formulation of LVF is a convenient alternative to Quinsair®. It has the potential to enhance patient convenience and decrease the likelihood of drug resistance over time. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we set forth to formulate and evaluate the potential application of sodium alginate (SA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) for sustained pulmonary delivery of LVF. METHODS: The spray-dried (SD) LVF microparticles were formulated using SCMC and SA along with L-leucine (Leu). The microparticles were analyzed in terms of particle size, morphology, x-ray diffraction (XRD), in-vitro drug release, and aerodynamic properties. Selected formulations were further proceeded to short-term stability test. RESULTS: The polymer-containing samples displayed process yield of 33.31%-39.67%, mean entrapment efficiency of 89% and volume size within the range of 2-5 µm. All the hydrogel microparticles were amorphous and exhibited rounded morphology with surface indentations. Formulations with a drug-to-excipient ratio of 50:50 and higher, showed a 24-h SR. The aerodynamic parameters were fine particle fraction and emitted dose percentage ranging between 46.21%-60.6% and 66.67%-87.75%, respectively. The short-term stability test revealed that the formulation with a 50:50 drug-to-excipient ratio, containing SA, demonstrated better physical stability. CONCLUSION: The selected formulation containing SA has the potential to extend the release duration. However, further enhancements are required to optimize its performance.

Advanced-design cross-linked binder enables high-performance silicon-based anodes through in-situ crosslinking based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and poly-lysine.

Practical employment of silicon (Si) electrodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is limited due to the severe volume changes suffered during charging-discharging process, causing serious capacity fading. Here, a composite polymer (CP-10) containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) and poly-lysine (PL) is proposed for the binder of Si-based anodes, and a multifunctional strategy of "in-situ crosslinking" is achieved to alleviate the severe capacity degradation effectively. A cross-linked three-dimensional (3D) network is established through the strong hydrogen bonding interaction and reversible electrostatic interactions within CP-10, offering favorable mechanical tolerance for the extreme volume expansion of Si. Moreover, hydrogen bonding interaction along with ion-dipole interaction formed between CP-10 and Si surface enhance the bonding capability of Si-based anodes, promoting the maintenance of anodes' integrity. Consequently, over 800 cycles are achieved for the Si@CP-10 at 0.5C while maintaining a fixed discharge specific capacity of 1000 mAh g-1. Moreover, the Si/C@CP-10 can stably operate over 500 cycles with a capacity retention of 77.12 % at 1C. The prolonged cycling lifetime of Si/C and Si anodes suggests great potential for this strategy in promoting the implementation of high-capacity LIBs.

Mechanically robust carboxymethyl cellulose/graphene oxide composite cross-linked by polyetherimide for fruits packaging and preservation system.

Modulating the interactions between biopolymer matrix and nanofillers highly determined the mechanical performances of composite packaging materials. Herein, we innovatively proposed a sort of eco-friendly and mechanically robust carboxymethyl cellulose/graphene oxide/tannic acid/polyetherimide (CMC/GO/TA/PEI, CGTP) composite by employing PEI as cross-linker and TA as proton donor. The amidation reaction between -NH2 and -COOH chemically connected the CMC/GO, CMC/CMC and GO/GO and the physical interaction (e.g. hydrogen bonds and molecular entanglements) was beneficial to form dense structures. The chemical/physical bonds among polymers and nanofillers contributed to dissipate the external energy. The toughness was effectively reinforced from 1.68 MJ/m3 for CGTP0 to 4.63 MJ/m3 for CGTP1.0. Furthermore, the CGTP1.0 composite film also delivered improved gas (moisture and oxygen) barriers, UV protection and antimicrobial features. Originating from these merits, the shelf life of fresh fruits (e.g. strawberries, blueberries and cherry tomatoes) was prolonged at least 5 days under ambient conditions when the packaging box was covered by the fabricated CGTP1.0 film. Our findings not only provided a facial strategy to reinforce the interactions between biopolymer matrix and nanofillers, but also boosted the development of eco-friendly packaging materials with robust structures in the area of food packaging.

Zirconium­cerium modified polyvinyl alcohol/NaCMC biocomposite film: Synthesis of films through high-speed shear assisted technique and removal fluoride from water.

A new zirconium and cerium-modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) film (PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce) was synthesized thru a high-speed shear-assisted method and its adsorption for the removal of fluoride was studied, in which the NaCMC provided -COONa for ion exchange between Na and Zr-Ce, thus the loading amount of Zr-Ce on films was accordingly increased. The morphology and structure of PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Besides, the mechanical properties, water contact angle, and swelling ratio of film were also evaluated. The addition of high-speed shear improved the dispersion of the emulsion system, and PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce film with good adsorption performance and film stability was prepared. While, it was found that the adsorption capacity could reach 67.25 mg/g and equilibrium time could reach 20 min. The adsorption mechanism of PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce revealed that ion exchange between hydroxide and fluoride, electrostatic interactions and complexation were the dominating influencing factors. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that PVA/CMC-Zr-Ce film- synthesized with high-speed shear assistance technique is a promising adsorbent for fluoride removal from water.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels containing montmorillonite-NaClO2 for postharvest preservation of Chinese bayberries.

Owing to their lack of outer skin, Chinese bayberries are highly susceptible to mechanical damage during picking, which accelerates bacterial invasion and rotting, shortening their shelf life. In this study, montmorillonite (MMT) was used to absorb an aqueous sodium chlorite solution embedded in a carboxymethyl cellulose sodium hydrogel after freeze drying, and the hydrogel was crosslinked by Al3+ ions. Al3+ hydrolyzed to produce H+, creating an acidic environment within the hydrogel and reacting with NaClO2 to slowly release ClO2. We prepared a ClO2 slow-release hydrogel gasket with 0.5 wt% MMT-NaClO2 and investigated its storage effect on postharvest Chinese bayberries. Its inhibition rates against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were 98.84% and 98.96%, respectively. The results showed that the gasket preserved the appearance and nutritional properties of the berries. The antibacterial hydrogel reduced hardness loss by 26.57% and ascorbic acid loss by 46.36%. This new storage method could also be applicable to other fruits and vegetables.

Salt reduction in myofibrillar protein gel via inhomogeneous distribution of sodium-containing encapsulated fish oil coacervate: Mucopenetration ability of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

The potential application of fish oil microcapsules as salt reduction strategies in low-salt myofibrillar protein (MP) gel was investigated by employing soy protein isolates/carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (SPI-CMC) coacervates enriched with 25 mM sodium chloride and exploring their rheological characteristics, taste perception, and microstructure. The results revealed that the SPI-CMC coacervate phase exhibited the highest sodium content under 25 mM sodium level, albeit with uneven distribution. Notably, the hydrophilic and adhesive properties of CMC to sodium facilitated the in vitro release of sodium during oral digestion, as evidenced by the excellent wettability and mucopenetration ability of CMC. Remarkably, the fish oil microcapsules incorporating SPI-CMC as the wall material, prepared at pH 3.5 with a core-to-wall ratio of 1:1, demonstrated the highest encapsulation efficiency, which was supported by the strong hydrogen bonding. Interestingly, the presence of SPI-CMC coacervates and fish oil microcapsules enhanced the interaction between MPs and strengthened the low-salt MP gel network. Coupled with electronic tongue analysis, the incorporation of fish oil microcapsules slightly exacerbated the non-uniformity of sodium distribution. This ultimately contributed to an enhanced perception of saltiness, richness, and aftertaste in low-salt protein gels. Overall, the incorporation of fish oil microcapsules emerged as an effective salt reduction strategy in low-salt MP gel.

Efficacy of oral insulin nanoparticles for the management of hyperglycemia in a rat model of diabetes induced with streptozotocin.

Insulin is the cornerstone of treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, because of its protein structure, insulin has to be administered via injection, and many attempts have been made to create oral formulations, especially using nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of this study was to compare the hypoglycemic effect of insulin-loaded NPs to that of subcutaneous insulin in an in vivo rat model of diabetes. We used biodegradable D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate-emulsified, chitosan-capped poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs loaded with soluble human insulin in a dose of 20 IU/kg body weight, and examined the physical characteristics of NPs in vivo and in vitro. Serum glucose levels were reduced after 6 h, but the difference was not significant compared to subcutaneous insulin; at 12 h and 24 h, insulin levels were significantly higher in rats treated with NPs than in rats treated with subcutaneous insulin. There was no significant difference in serum insulin levels at 12 h and 24 h compared to non-diabetic rats. Our findings suggest that chitosan-based NPs are able to maintain good glycemic control for up to 24 h and can be considered a potential carrier for oral insulin delivery.

Use of Interfacial Interactions and Complexation of Carbon Dots to Construct Ultra-Robust and Efficient Photothermal Film From Micro-Carbonized Polysaccharides.

Solar energy conversion technologies, particularly solar-driven photothermal conversion, are both clean and manageable. Although much progress has been made in designing solar-driven photothermal materials, significant challenges remain, not least the photobleaching of organic dyes. To tackle these issues, micro-carbonized polysaccharide chains, with carbon dots (CDs) suspended from the chains, are conceived, just like grapes or tomatoes hanging from a vine. Carbonization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produces just such a structure (termed CMC-g-CDs), which is used to produce an ultra-stable, robust, and efficient solar-thermal film by interfacial interactions within the CMC-g-CDs. The introduction of the CDs into the matrix of the photothermal material effectively avoided the problem of photobleaching. Manipulating the interfacial interactions (such as electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding) between the CDs and the polymer chains markedly enhances the mechanical properties of the photothermal film. The CMC-g-CDs are complexed with Fe3+ to eliminate leakage of the photothermal reagent from the matrix and to solve the problem of poor water resistance. The resulting film (CMC-g-CDs-Fe) has excellent prospects for practical application as a photothermal film.

Insight into CMC-PVA-fHNTs Nanocomposite Hydrogel as an Advance Carrier for Cefadroxil Monohydrate: Fabrication and Characterization/Angiogenic Potential Analysis.

Controlled drug delivery is a key strategy aimed at reducing both the frequency of therapeutic dosages and potential systemic side effects, particularly in the case of high drug concentrations. The nanocomposite hydrogel systems presented in this study were synthesized by combining carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-functionalized halloysite nanotubes (fHNTs). This hydrogel system is a potential candidate for the controlled release of cefadroxil monohydrate. These hydrogels are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and rheological measurements. Additionally, swelling properties, porosity, hydrophilicity, drug release, and in vitro and in vivo analyses were also evaluated. The observed trends in swelling and drug release demonstrated that the outcomes are dependent on the presence of fHNTs in the hydrogel matrix. Notably, fHNTs-loaded hydrogels displayed sustained drug release patterns. This innovative approach eliminates the need for traditional encapsulation and presents promising and translatable strategies for achieving more effective drug release.

Bioinspired wet adhesive carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel with rapid shape adaptability and antioxidant activity for diabetic wound repair.

Currently, adhesive hydrogels have shown promising effect in chronic diabetic wound repair. However, there are issues and challenges in treating diabetic wounds due to inadequate wet adhesion, unable to fill irregular and deep wounds, and oxidative stress. Herein, a mussel-inspired naturally hydrogel dressing with rapid shape adaptability, wet adhesion and antioxidant abilities for irregular, deep and frequently movement diabetic wounds repair was constructed by comprising catechol modified carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-DA) and tannic acid. Benefiting from the reversible hydrogen bonding, the resulting hydrogels exhibited injectability, remarkable self-healing ability, rapid shape adaptability and strong tissue adhesion (45.9 kPa), thereby contributing to self-adaptive irregular-shaped wounds or moving joint parts. Especially, the adhesion strength of the hydrogel on wet tissue still remained at 14.9 kPa. Besides, the hydrogels could be easily detached from the skin by ice-cooling that avoided secondary damage caused by dressing change. Remarkably, the hydrogels possessed excellent antioxidant, satisfactory biocompatibility, efficient hemostasis and antibacterial properties. The in vivo evaluation further demonstrated that the hydrogel possessed considerable wound-healing promotion effect by regulating diabetic microenvironment, attributed to that the hydrogel could significantly reduce inflammatory response, alleviate oxidative stress and regulate neovascularization. Overall, this biosafe adhesive hydrogel had great potentials for diabetic wound management.

Functional pH-Sensitive Film Containing Purple Sweet Potato Anthocyanins for Pork Freshness Monitoring and Cherry Preservation.

An antioxidative and pH-sensitive multifunctional film, incorporating anthocyanin-rich purple sweet potato extract (PPE) was fabricated from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). The film was composed of 6:4 PVA:SA/CMC-Na (mass ratio, SA:CMC-Na at 1:1) with added PPE, and changed color with changes in pH, and also had useful UV-blocking, antioxidant, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties, which enable its use as a food coating film. In addition, the incorporation of 300 mg PPE increased the biodegradability of the film in soil from 52.47 ± 1.12% to 64.29 ± 1.75% at 17 days. The pH sensitivity of the film enabled its successful use for the evaluation of pork freshness. Cherries coated with the film had an extended shelf life from 3-4 to 7-9 days, during storage at 25 °C. Consequently, the multifunctional film can be applied to packaging for real-time pH/freshness monitoring and for effectively preserving the freshness of meat and fruit.

Study on synergistic mechanism of molybdenum disulfide/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose composite nanofiber mats for photothermal/photodynamic antibacterial treatment.

Innovative antibacterial therapies using nanomaterials, such as photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic (PDT) treatments, have been developed for treating wound infections. However, creating secure wound dressings with these therapies faces challenges. The primary focus of this study is to prepare an antibacterial nanofiber dressing that effectively incorporates stable loads of functional nanoparticles and demonstrates an efficient synergistic effect between PTT and PDT. Herein, a composite nanofiber mat was fabricated, integrating spherical molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles. MoS2 was deposited onto polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber mats using vacuum filtration, which was further stabilized by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) adhesion and glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking. The composite nanofibers demonstrated synergistic antibacterial effects under NIR light irradiation, and the underlying mechanism was explored. They induce bacterial membrane permeability, protein leakage, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, ultimately leading to >95 % antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is higher than that of single thermotherapy (almost no antibacterial activity) or ROS therapy (about 80 %). In addition, the composite nanofiber mats exhibited promotion effects on infected wound healing in vivo. This study demonstrates the great prospects of composite nanofiber dressings in clinical treatment of bacterial-infected wounds.

Preparation, characterization and drug release properties of pH sensitive Zingiber officinale polysaccharide hydrogel beads.

The aim of this study was to prepare a drug carrier that could deliver oral insulin to the intestine. A hydrogel beads composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Zingiber offtcinale polysaccharide (ZOP) and chitosan (CS) were prepared by ionic gel method as insulin carrier. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric (TGA) showed that the hydrogel was formed by metal ion coordination between ZOP and CMC and Fe3+, and CS was coated on the surface of the hydrogel ball in the form of non covalent bond. The results showed that the swelling process of hydrogel spheres has significant pH sensitivity. In addition, the hydrogel beads successfully coated insulin, and the drug loading rate (DL) of (ZOP/CMC-Fe3+)@CS could reach 69.43 ± 7.32 mg/g, and the entrapment efficiency (EE) could reach 66.94 ± 7.43 %. In vitro release experiments, the release rate of (CMC/ZOP-Fe3+)@CS in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2 h was <20 %, and the cumulative release rate of insulin after 9 h in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) reached over 90 %. The results showed that the hydrogel beads prepared in this work could be used as a potential carrier for delivering oral insulin.

Promising adsorbent for dye detoxification: Exploring the potential of chitosan sodium carboxymethylcellulose silk fibroin aerogel.

The main goal of this study is to create a CS-CMC-SF aerogel consisting of chitosan sodium carboxymethylcellulose and silk fibroin. The aerogel is designed to remove types of dyes from water while also being environmentally friendly. This innovative adsorbent has been optimized for extracting both cationic and anionic dyes from solutions. It incorporates chitosan sodium carboxymethylcellulose and silk filament fibers to enhance its strength. Experimental data illustrates that the CS-CMC-SF aerogel possesses remarkable adsorption capabilities - 5461.77 mg/g for Congo Red (CR), 2392.83 mg/g for Malachite Green (MG), and 1262.20 mg/g for Crystal Violet (CV). A kinetic study aligns with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model suggesting predominant chemisorption phenomena occur during adsorption process. Isotherm analysis further identifies multilayered adsorption occurring on irregularly shaped surfaces of the aerogel while thermodynamic assessments validate exothermic and spontaneous characteristics inherent in its absorption mechanism. Several analytical methods such as SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS were employed to examine physicochemical attributes tied to this unique material design conceptually; identifying mechanisms including pore filling, π-π interactions, ion exchange activity, electrostatic connections along with hydrogen bonding inducing overall superior performance output. Furthermore substantial soil biodegradability alongside compostable features associated with our proposed CS-CMC-SF aerogels established it's potential suitability within applications demanding sustainable options thereby validating its underlying ecological credibility.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and MXene reinforced multifunctional conductive hydrogels for multimodal sensors and flexible supercapacitors.

With the growing demand for eco-friendly materials in wearable smart electronic devices, renewable, biocompatible, and low-cost hydrogels based on natural polymers have attracted much attention. Cellulose, as one of the renewable and degradable natural polymers, shows great potential in wearable smart electronic devices. Multifunctional conductive cellulose-based hydrogels are designed for flexible electronic devices by adding sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and MXene into polyacrylic acid networks. The multifunctional hydrogels possess excellent mechanical property (stress: 310 kPa; strain: 1127 %), toughness (206.67 KJ m-3), conductivity (1.09 ± 0.12 S m-1) and adhesion (82.19 ± 3.65 kPa). The multifunctional conductive hydrogels serve as strain sensors (Gauge Factor (GF) = 5.79, 0-700 % strain; GF = 14.0, 700-900 % strain; GF = 40.36, 900-1000 % strain; response time: 300 ms; recovery time: 200 ms) and temperature sensors (Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) = 2.5755 °C-1 at 35 °C- 60 °C). The sensor detects human activities with clear and steady signals. A distributed array of flexible sensors is created to measure the magnitude and distribution of pressure and a hydrogel-based flexible touch keyboard is also fabricated to recognize writing trajectories, pressures and speeds. Furthermore, a flexible hydrogel-based supercapacitor powers the LED and exhibits good cyclic stability over 15,000 charge-discharge cycles.

Sodium carboxymethyl celluloses as a cryoprotectant for survival improvement of lactic acid bacterial strains subjected to freeze-drying.

This study investigated the possibility of sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (Na-CMC) in protecting the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against freeze-drying stress. 1 % concentration of Na-CMC with a 0.7 substitution degree and viscosity of 1500 to 3100 (MPa.s) was found to protect Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CICC 6098 best, giving a high survival rate of 23.19 ± 0.88 %, high key enzymatic activities, and 28-day storage stability. Additionally, Na-CMC as cryoprotectant provided good protection for other 7 lactic acid bacterial strains subjected to freeze-drying. The highest survival rate was 48.79 ± 0.20 U/mg for ß-GAL, 2.75 ± 0.15 U/mg for Na+-K+-ATPase, and 2.73 ± 0.41 U/mg for Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase as 48.48 ± 0.46 % for freeze-dried Pediococcus pentosaceus CICC 22228. It was Interesting to note that the presence of Na-CMC reduced the freezable water content of the lyophilized powders containing the tested strains through its hydroxyl group, and supplied micro-holes and fibers for protecting the integrated structure of LAB cell membrane and wall against the freezing damage. It is clear that addition of Na-CMC should be promising as a new cryoprotective agent available for processing the lyophilized stater cultures of LAB strains.

Preparation and characterization of active films based on oregano essential oil microcapsules/soybean protein isolate/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

This study aimed to prepare oregano essential oil microcapsules (EOMs) by the active coalescence method using gelatin and sodium alginate as wall materials and oregano essential oil (OEO) as the core material. EOMs were added to the soybean protein isolate (SPI)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) matrix to prepare SPI-CMC-EOM active films, and the physical and chemical features of the active films and EOMs were characterized. The results showed that the microencapsulated OEO could protect its active ingredients. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that EOMs were highly compatible with the film matrix. The solubility of active films decreased upon adding EOMs, and their ultraviolet resistance and thermal stability also improved. When the added amount of EOMs was 5 %, the active films had the best mechanical properties and the lowest water vapor permeability. The active films prepared under this condition had excellent comprehensive performance. Also, adding EOMs considerably enhanced the antioxidant of the active films and endowed them with antibacterial properties. The application of the SPI-CMC-EOM films to A. bisporus effectively delayed senescence and maintained the freshness of the postharvest A. bisporus. This study provided a theoretical foundation for the incorporation of EOMs into active films based on biological materials.

The adsorbent preparation of lanthanum functionalized sponge based on CMC coating for effective phosphorous removal.

Eutrophication is a severe worldwide concern caused by excessive phosphorus release. Thus, significant efforts have been made to develop phosphorus removal techniques, particularly by nanomaterial adsorption. However, because of the limitations associated with nanoparticles including easy agglomeration, and separation challenges, a novel nanocomposite adsorbent with great adsorption performance is urgently required. A sponge adsorbent (MS-CMC@La) was developed in this study to remove phosphorus using melamine sponge (MS), LaCl3, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The results of SEM/EDS, FTIR, and XPS demonstrated that La was well-dispersed on MS-CMC@La. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics met with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.981) and the pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.989), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of MS-CMC@La was found to be 15.28 mg/g; the material exhibited excellent selectivity toward phosphorus in the presence of coexisting anion except of F-; the adsorption behavior was greatly impacted by pH. Furthermore, the electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange and inner-sphere coordination regulate the phosphate adsorption mechanism, with inner-sphere coordination dominating. In summary, the nano-enriched materials developed in this study are capable of facilitating the application of functionalized sponges in the field of wastewater.

Rheological and physicochemical properties of heat-induced ovalbumin gels in presence of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

In this study, the effect of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) on the rheological and physicochemical properties of heat-induced ovalbumin (OVA) gels was evaluated. The OVA/CMC-Na composite gels were prepared by heat-induced (85 °C, pH 7.0) a mixture of CMC-Na (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1%) and OVA. The results revealed that the addition of CMC-Na dramatically reduced the springiness and hardness of the composite gels, while slightly enhancing the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, which facilitated the improvement of the softness of the gels. It can be observed by SEM that the added CMC-Na was stacked on the surface of the OVA, resulting in visible "linear bumps". All gel samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior. The apparent viscosity of the composite gels increased with the addition of CMC-Na, and the OVA gel with 1% CMC-Na showed the highest apparent viscosity and the lowest storage modulus (G'). Additionally, low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) measurements indicated that the increasing CMC-Na boosted the water mobility of the composite gel. This study offers a novel approach to the development of ovalbumin-based soft gel foods, especially for certain populations with swallowing difficulties.