Tuberculosis genital en el tercer trimestre del embarazo. Comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Tuberculosis genital en el tercer trimestre del embarazo. Comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas de muerte generada por un agente infeccioso a nivel mundial. Generalmente su afectación es pulmonar, pero bajo ciertas circunstancias puede diseminarse a través de vía linfática o sanguínea y afectar tejidos u órganos distantes. En el embarazo puede ocasionar múltiples complicaciones maternas y neonatales. A pesar de ser un problema importante de salud pública, en la actualidad no existe suficiente evidencia en las guías sobre la epidemiologia, flujograma diagnóstico y tratamiento de la tuberculosis genital en el embarazo. Se presenta un caso de tuberculosis genital en el tercer trimestre del embarazo con evolución tórpida, dificultad para el diagnóstico y retraso en la instauración del tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of death generated by an infectious agent worldwide. It usually affects the lungs, but under certain circumstances it can spread through the lymphatic or blood routes and affect distant tissues or organs. In pregnancy it can cause multiple maternal and neonatal complications. Despite being an important public health problem, there is currently insufficient evidence in the guidelines on the epidemiology, diagnostic flow chart and treatment of genital tuberculosis in pregnancy. A case of genital tuberculosis in the third trimester of pregnancy with a torpid evolution is presented, with difficulty in diagnosis and delay in the establishment of treatment.

Capacidad del diámetro biparietal para predecir los recién nacidos grandes para edad gestacional. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Ability of biparietal diameter to predict large for gestational age newborns. A retrospective cohort study

Fundamento: Predecir el recién nacido grande para la edad gestacional es una acción de salud que necesita de herramientas tecnológicas de probada eficiencia. Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad predictiva del diámetro biparietal en los recién nacidos grandes para la edad gestacional. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó 1959 gestantes cubanas con embarazo simple con captación y término del embarazo entre enero del 2009 y diciembre de 2017. En cada trimestre de gestación se compararon las condiciones tróficas adecuado para la edad gestacional (AEG) y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) mediante estadígrafos de tendencia central (media) y de dispersión (rango, desviación estándar) correspondientes al diámetro biparietal. Se calculó además el intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95 % para la diferencia de medias del diámetro biparietal. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de curvas ROC para determinar si el diámetro biparietal y el peso fetal predicen la condición trófica grande para la edad gestacional en el segundo y tercer trimestre de gestación. Los datos fueron recogidos del libro registro de genética del área de salud. Resultados: El diámetro biparietal en el segundo y tercer trimestre de gestación tuvo un área bajo curva de 0.60 (IC 95 %: 0.54-0.65) y 0.59 (IC 95 %: 0.54-0.64) respectivamente. Los puntos de corte establecidos (T2: 56.55 mm, T3: 81.55 mm) tienen una especificidad y exactitud superior al 78 %. Conclusiones: El diámetro biparietal y los modelos de regresión de Shepard y de Hadlock V mostraron capacidad para discriminar el nacimiento grande para la edad gestacional del adecuado para la edad gestacional, a partir del segundo trimestre de gestación siendo más eficaces en el tercero.

Background: Predicting large for gestational age newborns is a medical action that requires technological tools with proven efficiency. Objective: To determine the predictive ability of biparietal diameter in large newborns for gestational age. Methodology: Retrospective cohort study that included 1959 Cuban pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy, with recruitment and pregnancy term between January 2009 and December 2017. In each gestational trimester, trophic conditions appropriate for gestational age (GAW) were compared and large for gestational age (GA) using central tendency (mean) and dispersion (range, standard deviation) statistics corresponding to the biparietal diameter. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean biparietal diameter difference was also calculated. In addition, an analysis of ROC curves was performed to determine if biparietal diameter and fetal weight predict large trophic condition for gestational age in the second and third gestational trimester. Data were gathered from the health area genetics registry book. Results: Biparietal diameter in the second and third trimester of gestation had an area under curve of 0.60 (95% CI: 0.54-0.65) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.54-0.64) respectively. The established cut-off points (T2: 56.55 mm, T3: 81.55 mm) have a specificity and accuracy greater than 78%. Conclusions: Biparietal diameter and the Shepard and Hadlock V regression models showed ability to discriminate large for gestational age birth from adequate for gestational age birth from the second trimester of gestation onward, being more effective in the third trimester.

Bottom-up advocacy strategies to abortion access during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned towards reproductive justice in Brazil.

In Brazil, abortion is only allowed in cases of rape, serious risk to a woman's life or fetal anecephaly. Legal abortion services cover less than 4% of the Brazilian territory and only 1,800 procedures are performed, in average, per year. During the COVID-19 pandemic, almost half of the already few Brazilian abortion clinics shut down and women had to travel even longer distances, reaching abortion services at later gestational ages. In this paper, we describe three bottom-up advocacy strategies that emerged from difficulties deepened during the COVID-19 pandemic at a single abortion service in Brazil, amidst anti-gender policies from the federal government. Telemedicine abortion, outpatient surgical abortion and the provision of abortion after 20 weeks' gestation are important strategies that may reduce inequalities that impact the most vulnerable populations, such as black and indigenous women, children, adolescents and women experiencing domestic violence.

Increased pulsatility index of uterine artery Doppler between 26 and 28 weeks of gestation and adverse perinatal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with or without normalization of the mean pulsatility index (PI) uterine artery Doppler between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Retrospective cohort which pregnant women were divided into three groups: normal uterine artery Doppler between 20-24 and 26-28 weeks (controls), abnormal uterine artery Doppler between 20-24 and normal between 26-28 weeks (anUtA), and abnormal uterine artery Doppler between 20-24 and 26-28 weeks (aaUtA). To compare adverse perinatal results between the groups Chi-square test was used. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the ability of uterine artery Doppler to predict birthweight < 10th and composite perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Birthweight was significantly lower in the aaUtA compared to anUtA (2687 vs 3248 grams, p = 0.0479). A significant negative correlation was observed between the mean PI uterine artery Doppler during the 3rd trimester and birthweight (r = -0.13, R2 = 0.035, p = .0192). The prevalence of composite perinatal outcomes was significantly higher in aaUtA compared to anUtA (25.9 vs 0%, p = .013). Mean PI uterine artery Doppler during the 3rd trimester was significant predictor for birthweight < 10th (OR: 2.74, CI 95% = 1.03-7.3), but the protodiastolic notch and the association between mean PI uterine artery Doppler and protodiastolic notch were not. CONCLUSION: Maintenance of altered uterine artery Doppler during the 3rd trimester was associated with higher prevalence of composite perinatal outcomes and lower birthweight compared to its late normalization. Although modest, uterine artery Doppler in the 3rd trimester proved to be predictor of birthweight < 10th.

Abdomen agudo por torsión de masa anexial en tercer trimestre del embarazo, reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Adnexal mass torsion as a cause of acute abdomen in the third trimester of pregnancy. Case report and review of the literature

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: Las masas anexiales en el embarazo son hallazgos fortuitos durante la gestación. Suelen diagnosticarse con la ecografía del primer trimestre. Su incidencia y curso clínico varían dependiendo de las semanas de embarazo. La complicación más común es la torsión con abdomen agudo. La incidencia de torsión va de 0.2 a 15%, con aumento durante el embarazo con masas de mayor tamaño. Son poco frecuentes durante el tercer trimestre del embarazo. Los cistoadenomas mucinosos son parte de los tumores epiteliales benignos más frecuentes del ovario; se consideran precursores de carcinomas mucinosos. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 34 años, con antecedentes obstétricos de cuatro embarazos: dos partos y dos abortos, con 31 semanas de embarazo al ingreso al Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana de Colombia, justificado por un cuadro clínico de 18 horas de evolución consistente en: dolor abdominal intenso, tipo punzada, de predominio en la fosa iliaca y el flanco derechos. En la laparotomía se encontró un tumor ovárico con torsión, que se resecó. El estudio anatomopatológico reportó "tumor mucinoso de tipo endocervical con severos cambios por infarto". La evolución materno perinatal fue satisfactoria. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico de torsión de masa anexial como causa de abdomen agudo en el tercer trimestre del embarazo es complejo pues requiere historia clínica, imágenes y estudios paraclínicos. El pronóstico materno-perinatal es bueno cuándo el tratamiento médico-quirúrgico es oportuno. Se requiere determinar el tipo de masa con estudios anatomopatológicos para continuar el tratamiento integral. El tumor mucinoso de ovario, tipo endocervical en masas torcidas de ovario, es raro.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Adnexal masses of pregnancy are incidental findings during pregnancy. They are usually diagnosed with first trimester ultrasound. Their incidence and clinical course vary depending on the weeks of pregnancy. The most common complication is torsion with acute abdomen. The incidence of torsion ranges from 0.2 to 15%, with an increase during pregnancy with larger masses. They are rare during the third trimester of pregnancy. Mucinous cystoadenomas are among the most frequent benign epithelial tumors of the ovary; they are considered precursors of mucinous carcinomas. CLINICAL CASE: 34-year-old female patient, with obstetric history of four pregnancies: two deliveries and two miscarriages, 31 weeks pregnant on admission to the Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana of Colombia, justified by a clinical picture of 18 hours of evolution consisting of: intense abdominal pain, stabbing type, predominantly in the right iliac fossa and flank. At laparotomy the torsion was found and resected. The anatomopathological study reported "mucinous tumor of endocervical type with severe infarction changes". Maternal perinatal evolution was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of adnexal mass torsion as a cause of acute abdomen in the third trimester of pregnancy is complex as it requires clinical history, imaging and paraclinical studies. The maternal-perinatal prognosis is good when medical-surgical treatment is timely. It is necessary to determine the type of mass with anatomopathological studies to continue the integral treatment. Mucinous ovarian tumor, endocervical type in twisted ovarian masses, is rare.

Hemoglobina glucosilada en el diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional en mujeres mexicanas durante el tercer trimestre / Glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Mexican women during the third trimester

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo como predictores alternativos de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles a partir de 121 expedientes de pacientes embarazadas, divididos en dos grupos, pacientes con diabetes gestacional (casos) y gestantes con valores glucémicos normales (controles). Se analizaron los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes gestacional y se obtuvo un punto de corte para la hemoglobina glucosilada. Se encontró que la obesidad materna, la edad y el antecedente del padecimiento fueron asociados significativamente con la diabetes gestacional. Valores de hemoglobina glucosilada ≥5% incrementaron el riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 veces y, aunado a un factor de riesgo, la probabilidad se incrementó 7 veces. Se concluye que los valores de hemoglobina glucosilada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo podrían emplearse como prueba diagnóstica de la diabetes gestacional en pacientes del Noreste de México. Sin embargo, aunque las diferencias encontradas fueron estadísticamente significativas, los resultados se deben interpretar con cautela y requieren su confirmación con estudios que incluyan una muestra mayor.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analise glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy as an alternative predictor of gestational diabetes in North East Mexican cohort patients. This is a retrospective case-control study based on 121 records of pregnant patients, divided into two groups, patients with gestational diabetes (cases) and pregnant women with normal glycemic values (control). The risk factors associated with gestational diabetes were analised and a cut-off point for glycosylated hemogestaglobin was obtained. It was found that maternal obesity, age and a history of the condition were significantly associated with gestational diabetes. Values of glycosylated hemoglobin ≥5% increased the risk of suffering from gestational diabetes 4 times, and coupled with a risk factor, the risk increased 7 times. It is concluded that glycosylated hemoglobin values in the third trimester of pregnancy could be used as a diagnostic test for gestational diabetes in patients from the North East of Mexico. Although the differences found were statistically significant, our results must be interpreted with caution and require confirmation by studies with a larger sample.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação como preditores alternativos do diabetes gestacional em pacientes na região nordeste do México. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles utilizando 121 prontuários de gestantes divididas em dois grupos; pacientes com diabetes gestacional (casos) e gestantes com valores de glicemia normais (controles). Foram analisados os fatores de risco associados a diabetes gestacional obtendo-se um ponto de corte para a hemoglobina glicada. Descobriu-se que a obesidade materna, idade e antecedentes da doença foram associados significativamente ao diabetes gestacional. Valores da hemoglobina glicada ≥ 5% aumentaram o risco de padecer diabetes mellitus gestacional 4 vezes, e juntamente a um fator de risco, a probabilidade aumentou 7 vezes. Conclui-se que os valores da hemoglobina glicada no terceiro trimestre de gestação poderiam ser usados como teste diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional em pacientes da região nordeste do México. Embora as diferenças encontradas tenham sido estatisticamente significativas, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela e requerem confirmação através de estudos que incluam uma amostra maior.

Third trimester HbA1c and the association with large-for-gestational-age neonates in women with gestational diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between HbA1c levels measured in the third trimester and the risk for large for gestational age (LGA) in neonates of mothers affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Secondarily, we aimed to identify an ideal cut-off for increased risk of LGA amongst pregnant women with GDM. Materials and methods: Observational retrospective review of singleton pregnant women with GDM evaluated in a diabetes and pregnancy clinic of a tertiary and academic hospital. From January/2011 to December/2017, 1,085 pregnant women underwent evaluation due to GDM, of which 665 had an HbA1c test in the third trimester. A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate predictors of LGA. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification. Results: A total of 1,085 singleton pregnant women were evaluated during the study period, with a mean age of 32.9 ± 5.3 years. In the multivariate analysis, OGTT at 0 minutes (OR: 1.040; CI 95% 1.006-1.076, p = 0.022) and third trimester HbA1c (OR: 4.680; CI 95% 1.210-18.107, p = 0.025) were associated with LGA newborns. Using a ROC curve to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification, the optimal HbA1c cut-off point was 5.4% where the sensitivity was 77.4% and the specificity was 71.7% (AUC 0.782; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Few studies in the Mediterranean population have evaluated the role of HbA1c in predicting neonatal complications in women with GDM. A third trimester HbA1c > 5.4% was found to have good sensitivity and specificity for identifying the risk of LGA.

Third trimester HbA1c and the association with large-for-gestational-age neonates in women with gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HbA1c levels measured in the third trimester and the risk for large for gestational age (LGA) in neonates of mothers affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Secondarily, we aimed to identify an ideal cut-off for increased risk of LGA amongst pregnant women with GDM. METHODS: Observational retrospective review of singleton pregnant women with GDM evaluated in a diabetes and pregnancy clinic of a tertiary and academic hospital. From January/2011 to December/2017, 1,085 pregnant women underwent evaluation due to GDM, of which 665 had an HbA1c test in the third trimester. A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate predictors of LGA. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification. RESULTS: A total of 1,085 singleton pregnant women were evaluated during the study period, with a mean age of 32.9 ± 5.3 years. In the multivariate analysis, OGTT at 0 minutes (OR: 1.040; CI 95% 1.006-1.076, p = 0.022) and third trimester HbA1c (OR: 4.680; CI 95% 1.210-18.107, p = 0.025) were associated with LGA newborns. Using a ROC curve to evaluate the predictive ability of third trimester HbA1c for LGA identification, the optimal HbA1c cut-off point was 5.4% where the sensitivity was 77.4% and the specificity was 71.7% (AUC 0.782; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Few studies in the Mediterranean population have evaluated the role of HbA1c in predicting neonatal complications in women with GDM. A third trimester HbA1c > 5.4% was found to have good sensitivity and specificity for identifying the risk of LGA.

Antenatal course and perinatal outcome after ultrasound detection of triple nuchal cord: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the antenatal course and perinatal outcome of pregnancies in which a triple nuchal cord was detected prenatally by ultrasound. METHODS: Singleton pregnancies presenting for ultrasound evaluation after 24 weeks of gestation were routinely screened for the presence of nuchal cord loops using two-dimensional and color-Doppler ultrasound. Fetuses with more than two nuchal cord loops were identified from our fetal medicine database and their ultrasound reports and medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: During the study period from July 2014 to February 2019, 10 singleton fetuses with triple nuchal cord were identified, for a prevalence of 1 in 506 or 0.2%. No cases of more than three nuchal cord loops were detected. No predisposing factors were identified. Cases detected after 36 weeks (n = 4) delivered by cesarean section after 37 weeks and the diagnosis of triple nuchal cord was confirmed in all of them. Cases detected before 36 weeks (n = 6) underwent fetal surveillance. Among these cases, the umbilical cord unraveled itself from around the fetal neck in at least one loop in 83% of these cases. Overall, eight (80%) of the neonates were delivered by cesarean section for different reasons; in only two, the sole indication for cesarean delivery was the presence of the triple nuchal cord. All the infants had a good perinatal outcome, although one newborn infant was small for gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound detection of triple nuchal cord during late pregnancy was associated with good perinatal outcomes. However, this prenatal finding was also associated with a high rate of cesarean section. In preterm pregnancies, multiple loops will reduce spontaneously in the majority of cases, so expectant management is indicated. In term pregnancies, the decision regarding the optimal timing and mode of delivery should be discussed with the parents taking into account the individual clinical scenarios.

Desenlaces perinatales, en un centro de tercer nivel de México de pacientes con colestasis intrahepática del embarazo / Perinatal outcomes of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in a third level center in Mexico

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la atención, tratamiento, desenlaces perinatales y complicaciones asociadas con la colestasis intrahepática del embarazo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes embarazadas, con diagnóstico de colestasis intrahepática atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología entre los meses de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2020. Se evaluaron las características obstétricas, los datos demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos y de tratamiento, la finalización del embarazo y los desenlaces perinatales. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 67 casos de colestasis intrahepática que arrojaron una incidencia de 0.57%. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 29.0 ± 6.8 años, 30 de 67 eran primigestas, 12 tuvieron el antecedente de colestasis intrahepática en el embarazo previo y 7 de óbito. El inicio de la enfermedad fue en el tercer trimestre en 41 de 67 pacientes. En los estudios de bioquímica 32 de 67 tuvieron valores de ácidos biliares entre 10 y 39 μM/L; 12 de las 67: 40-99 μM/L y 23 más de 100 (μM/L). Se administró tratamiento con ácido ursodesoxicólico a 63 de 67 y ante la falta de respuesta se agregó rifampicina. El promedio de semanas de gestación fue 35.6 ± 2.0 semanas con peso promedio de 2397 ± 572 g. Se encontró líquido amniótico con meconio en 10 neonatos y restricción del crecimiento en 20 de 67; se registraron 2 óbitos. CONCLUSIONES: Este es el primer estudio efectuado en México que describe la incidencia de la enfermedad y se utiliza la determinación de los ácidos biliares para establecer el diagnóstico. Los desenlaces perinatales coinciden con lo reportado en la bibliografía.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the care, treatment, perinatal outcomes and complications associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective and observational case series study of pregnant patients with a diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis seen at the National Institute of Perinatology between January 2016 and December 2020. Obstetric characteristics, demographic, clinical, biochemical and treatment data, pregnancy termination and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty-seven cases of intrahepatic cholestasis were analyzed, yielding an incidence of 0.57%. The mean age of the patients was 29.0 ± 6.8 years, 30 of 67 were primigravidases, 12 had a history of intrahepatic cholestasis in the previous pregnancy and 7 had an abortion. The onset of the disease was in the third trimester in 41 of 67 patients. In biochemistry studies 32 of 67 had bile acid values between 10 and 39 μM/L; 12 of 67: 40-99 μM/L and 23 more than 100 (μM/L). Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid was administered to 63 of 67 and rifampicin to 4 patients. The mean number of weeks of gestation was 35.6 ± 2.0 weeks with a mean weight of 2397 ± 572 g. Amniotic fluid with meconium was found in 10 neonates and growth restriction in 20 of 67; there were 2 recorded abortions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study carried out in Mexico in which the incidence of the disease is described, and the determination of bile acids is used to establish the diagnosis. Perinatal outcomes coincide with those reported in the literature.

Routine third-trimester ultrasound in low-risk pregnancies and perinatal death: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether routine third-trimester ultrasounds in low-risk pregnancies decrease the rate of perinatal death compared with regular antenatal care with serial fundal height measurements. DATA SOURCES: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials to identify relevant studies published from inception to October 2019. The databases used were Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials using a combination of key words related to "third trimester ultrasound" and "low-risk." STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included all randomized control trials of singleton, nonanomalous low-risk pregnancies that were randomized to either one or more third-trimester ultrasounds (ultrasound group) or serial fundal height (fundal height group). Exclusion criteria were patients with multiple gestations, maternal medical complications, or fetal abnormalities requiring a third-trimester ultrasound. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The primary outcome was the rate of perinatal death. The secondary outcomes were rates of fetal growth restriction, suspected large for gestational age, polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, fetal anomalies, antenatal interventions, stillbirth, neonatal death, cesarean delivery, induction of labor, and other neonatal outcomes. This meta-analysis was performed with the use of the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to produce relative risk or mean difference with a corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 7 randomized control trials with 23,643 participants (12,343 in the ultrasound group vs 11,300 in the fundal height group) were included. The total rate of perinatal death was similar among the groups (41 of 11,322 [0.4%] vs 34 of 10,285 [0.3%]; relative risk, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.68-1.89). The rate of fetal growth restriction was higher in the ultrasound group (763 of 10,388 [7%] vs 337 of 9021 [4%]; relative risk, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.86-2.39) and the rate of suspected large for gestational age (1060 of 3513 [30%] vs 375 of 3558 [11%]; relative risk, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-3.2). Polyhydramnios was also significantly higher in the ultrasound group than the fundal height group (18 of 323 [6%] vs 4 of 322 [1%] relative risk, 3.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-11). The rates of the remainder of the secondary outcomes were similar among the groups. CONCLUSION: Routine third-trimester ultrasounds do not decrease the rate of perinatal death compared with serial fundal height in low-risk pregnancies. Ideally, an adequately powered trial is warranted to determine whether perinatal mortality in the fundal height group can be reduced by one-third with third-trimester ultrasound.

Phase Entropy Analysis of Electrohysterographic Data at the Third Trimester of Human Pregnancy and Active Parturition.

Phase Entropy (PhEn) was recently introduced for evaluating the nonlinear features of physiological time series. PhEn has been demonstrated to be a robust approach in comparison to other entropy-based methods to achieve this goal. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the nonlinear features of raw electrohysterogram (EHG) time series collected from women at the third trimester of pregnancy (TT) and later during term active parturition (P) by PhEn. We collected 10-min longitudinal transabdominal recordings of 24 low-risk pregnant women at TT (from 35 to 38 weeks of pregnancy) and P (>39 weeks of pregnancy). We computed the second-order difference plots (SODPs) for the TT and P stages, and we evaluated the PhEn by modifying the k value, a coarse-graining parameter. Our results pointed out that PhEn in TT is characterized by a higher likelihood of manifesting nonlinear dynamics compared to the P condition. However, both conditions maintain percentages of nonlinear series higher than 66%. We conclude that the nonlinear features appear to be retained for both stages of pregnancy despite the uterine and cervical reorganization process that occurs in the transition from the third trimester to parturition.

Echogenic material in the fetal gallbladder: prevalence, sonographic spectrum, and perinatal outcome in an unselected third-trimester population.

Objective: To determine the prevalence, sonographic spectrum, and clinical significance of echogenic material in the fetal gallbladder in our population.Methods: Sonographic visualization of the fetal gallbladder was attempted in 3894 consecutive third-trimester pregnancies (4026 fetuses). Gallbladder content was classified as clear (anechoic), containing echogenic material that was either diffuse (sludge), or presenting as a single focus or multiple foci (gallstone(s)). Information on the clinical course was obtained by reviewing the medical records or contacting the provider or the parents themselves.Results: During the three and a half-year study period from July 2014 to December 2017, 19 fetuses were identified as having echogenic material in the gallbladder (prevalence 1/211, 0.47%). Among them, echogenic biliary sludge was found in eight fetuses (42%); all eight were asymptomatic and a normal gallbladder was documented postnatally in four of them. Single (n = 3) or multiple (n = 8) echogenic foci were found in 58% of cases, which was associated with a good prognosis and subsequent resolution between 1 and 10 months of life in all cases.Conclusions: The prevalence of echogenic material in the fetal gallbladder in our population was similar to that previously reported in the literature. The prognosis appears to be favorable, with resolution and without subsequent postnatal hepatic or gastrointestinal complications in all cases.

Mean arterial blood pressure: potential predictive tool for preeclampsia in a cohort of healthy nulliparous pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Prediction of preeclampsia is a challenge to overcome. The vast majority of prospective studies in large general obstetric populations have failed in the purpose of obtain a useful and effective model of prediction, sometimes based on complex tools unavaible in areas where the incidence of preeclampsia is the highest. The goal of this study was to assess mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) levels at 19-21, 27-29 and 37-39 weeks of gestation and performance of screening by MAP for the prediction of preeclampsia in a Brazilian cohort of healthy nulliparous pregnant women. METHODS: This was a cohort approach to a secondary analysis of the Preterm SAMBA study. Mean arterial blood pressure was evaluated at three different time periods during pregnancy. Groups with early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia and normotension were compared. Increments in mean arterial blood pressure between 20 and 27 weeks and 20 and 37 weeks of gestation were also calculated for the three groups studied. The accuracy of mean arterial blood pressure in the prediction of preeclampsia was determined by ROC curves. RESULTS: Of the 1373 participants enrolled, complete data were available for 1165. The incidence of preeclampsia was 7.5%. Women with early-onset preeclampsia had higher mean arterial blood pressure levels at 20 weeks of gestation, compared to the normotensive group. Women with late-onset preeclampsia had higher mean arterial blood pressure levels at 37 weeks of gestation, than the normotensive groups and higher increases in this marker between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation. Based on ROC curves, the predictive performance of mean arterial blood pressure was higher at 37 weeks of gestation, with an area under the curve of 0.771. CONCLUSION: As an isolated marker for the prediction of preeclampsia, the performance of mean arterial blood pressure was low in a healthy nulliparous pregnant women group. Considering that early-onset preeclampsia cases had higher mean arterial blood pressure levels at 20 weeks of gestation, future studies with larger cohorts that combine multiple markers are needed for the development of a preeclampsia prediction model.

¿Qué hay en común entre el hígado graso agudo del embarazo y la preeclampsia? Subdiagnóstico clínico de alta mortalidad / What is in Common Between Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy and Preeclampsia? Highly Mortal Clinical Sub-Diagnosis / O que tem em comum o fígado gorduroso agudo da gestação e a pré-eclâmpsia? Subdiagnóstico clínico de alta mortalidade

Resumen: El hígado graso agudo del embarazo es una de las alteraciones hepáticas con mayor mortalidad (cerca del 18%) presentes en la gestación, aunque es una patología poco frecuente: 1 de cada 7000 a 16.000 embarazos presenta muchas complicaciones y requiere un manejo inmediato para evitar la muerte de la gestante o del feto; sin embargo esta patología se puede enmascarar con la preeclampsia, que es otra patología hepática de mayor frecuencia, lo cual retrasa el manejo y aumenta el número de complicaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica acerca del hígado graso agudo del embarazo e identificar los factores similares entre esta patología y la preeclampsia severa para lograr hacer un diagnóstico y manejo oportunos. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Embase, en junio de 2017; además, se seleccionaron artículos originales, reportes de casos y artículos de revisión, publicados en los últimos diez años.

Abstract: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is one of the liver disorders with the highest mortality rate (about 18%) during pregnancy, although it is rare: 1 in 7,000 to 16,000 pregnancies has many complications and requires immediate treatment to avoid the death of the pregnant woman or the fetus. However, this pathology can be masked by preeclampsia, which is another more frequent liver disease. This delays treatment and increases the number of complications. The aim of this article is to conduct a bibliographic search about AFLP and identify similar factors between this pathology and severe preeclampsia to make a diagnosis and provide treatment in a timely manner. For this, a systematic search was carried out in databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Embase) in June 2017. In addition, original articles, case reports, and review articles published in the last ten years were selected.

Resumo: O fígado gorduroso agudo da gestação é uma das alterações hepáticas com mais mortalidade (cerca de 18 %) presentes na gravidez, embora seja uma patologia pouco frequente: 1 de cada 7.000 a 16.000 gestações apresenta muitas complicações e requer uma ação imediata para evitar a morte da gestante ou do feto. Contudo, essa patologia pode ser camuflada com a pré-eclâmpsia, que é outra patologia hepática de maior frequência, o que atrasa seu tratamento e aumenta o número de complicações. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma busca bibliográfica sobre o fígado gorduroso agudo da gestação e identificar os fatores semelhantes entre ele e a pré-eclâmpsia grave para poder fazer um diagnóstico e tratamento oportunos. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Embase, em junho de 2017, das quais foram selecionados artigos originais, relatos de caso e artigos de revisão, publicados nos últimos dez anos.

Hemorragia de la Segunda Mitad del Embarazo en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador 2017 - 2018 / Antepartum hemorrhage in the Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador 2017 - 2018

Introducción: la hemorragia obstétrica es la segunda causa más frecuente de mortalidad materna en el Ecuador, a pesar de ello, es un tema que se ha estudiado poco a nivel provincial y nacional. Objetivo: determinar la ocurrencia e identificar los factores de riesgo, manifestaciones clínicas y comorbilidades más frecuentes de la hemorragia de la segunda mital del embarazo. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, donde se analizaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes obstétricas con hemorragia de la segunda mitad del embarazo atendidas en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba (HPGDR) entre junio 2017 y junio 2018. Resultados: de un total de 3 460 pacientes obstétricas atendidas, 0.49% (n = 17) cumplieron los criterios de hemorragia en la segunda mital del embarazo, las cuales tuvieron una edad media de 29 años (desviación estándar = 7), una edad gestacional media de 36 semanas (desviación estándar = 5) y en su mayoría fueron multíparas. El desprendimiento de placenta normoinserta fue la principal patología causante de la hemorragia y el dolor abdominal el principal síntoma manifestado, en la mayoría no se observó otras comorbilidades obstétricas. Conclusión: se observó una baja ocurrencia de hemorragia de la segunda mitad del embarazo en el HGDR entre junio 2017 y junio 2018, siendo la causa más frecuente el desprendimiento de placenta normoinserta y el principal mitivo de consulta dolor abdominal.

Introduction: obstetric hemorrhage is the second most frequent cause of maternal mortality in Ecuador. Nevertheless, the topic has been little studied at a local and national level. Objective: to determine the ocurrence and identify the most frequent risk factors, clinical manifestations and comorbilities in antepartum hemorrhage. Methods: it is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, in which clinical histories of obstetric patients with hemorrhage of the second half of pregnancy were analyzed in the Hospital Provincial General Docente Riobamba (HGPDR) between June 2017 and June 2018. Results: from 3 460 obstetric patients attended, 0.49% (n = 17) met antepartum hemorrhage criteria. Women were in average 29 years old (standard deviation = 7), had an average gestational age of 36 weeks (standard deviation = 5) and were multiparous. Detachment of normoinserta placenta was the main cause of bleeding, abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom reported and in the majority of cases no obstetric comorbilities were observed. Conclusions: it was observed a low ocurrence of hemorrhage of the second half of pregnancy in the HGDR between June 2017 and June 2018. The mots common cause of the patology was detachment of normoinserta placenta and the most frequent complain reported was abdominal pain.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of fetal abnormalities using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: We aimed to compare three-dimensional (3D) fetal malformation images obtained using ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the same day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: Total 33 fetuses were selected from cases evaluated for malformations. Morphological abnormalities were first scanned using 3DUS. MRI was used to confirm the previous preliminary 3DUS findings, and diagnoses were confirmed postnatally. 3DUS scans were performed transabdominally using an Rab (4-8 L) probe, Voluson 730 Pro/Expert and E8 (General Electric, Healthcare, Zipf, Austria). MRI was performed using a 1.5-T scanner (Magneton Avanto, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a body coil. The 3D reconstruction of the structure of interest was manually performed from a True FISP sequence using an interactive pen tablet (Syngo multimodality 2009B, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Results: Despite recent advancements in 3DUS, the quality of 3D images obtained from MRI was superior during the third trimester. 3DUS had certain limitations, such as being influenced by the fetal position, the volume of amniotic fluid, and maternal obesity. Fetal movements during image acquisition were one of the main challenges for MRI. Conclusion: The quality of the 3D images obtained using MRI was superior to that of images obtained using US during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Tratamiento anti-retroviral conteniendo raltegravir en mujeres gestantes con infección por VIH: revisión sistemática / Antiretroviral therapy containing raltegravir in HIV-infected pregnant women: systematic review

Introduction: The risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV increases in pregnant women diagnosed late in pregnancy. Some experts suggest that the use of raltegravir (RAL), as part of the antiretroviral treatment in these pregnant women, could reduce the risk of MTCT, since RAL can quickly decrease the viral load. Objective: To evaluate the available scientific information on the efficacy and safety of RAL, during the third trimester of pregnancy, in reducing MTCT of HIV. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature. The following databases were consulted: MEDLINE, Tripdatabase, Cochrane, Lilacs and Web of Science. We included systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies or case reports. The search was not filtered by language. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Selected studies were case reports or case series. We included, in total, 44 pregnancies (with 45 live births). A case of TMI of HIV was reported. Eight studies reported adverse events, of which four cases can be attributed to the use of RAL. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy and safety of RAL to decrease the risk of MTCT in HIV pregnant women who present in the last trimester of pregnancy.

Introducción: El riesgo de transmisión materno-infantil (TMI) del VIH incrementa en mujeres gestantes diagnosticadas tardíamente en el embarazo. Algunos expertos sugieren que el uso de raltegravir (RAL), como parte del esquema de tratamiento anti-retroviral en estas pacientes, puede reducir el riesgo de TMI al disminuir rápidamente la carga viral. Objetivo: Evaluar la información científica existente sobre la eficacia y seguridad de RAL durante el tercer trimestre de gestación en la reducción de la TMI del VIH. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: MED-LINE, Tripdatabase, Cochrane, Lilacs y Web of Science. En la búsqueda se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales o reportes de caso. La búsqueda no se filtró por idioma. Resultados: Catorce estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios seleccionados fueron reportes o series de caso. Se incluyeron 44 embarazos (con 45 nacidos vivos), se reportó un caso de TMI del VIH y ocho estudios reportaron eventos adversos, cuatro de ellos atribuibles al uso de RAL. Conclusión: No se encontró evidencia suficiente sobre la eficacia y seguridad RAL en mujeres gestantes con infección por VIH que se presentan en el último trimestre del embarazo, para disminuir el riesgo de TMI.

Asociación entre la ansiedad materna y el parto pretérmino en Lima, Perú / Association between maternal anxiety and preterm delivery in Lima, Peru

Introducción: el parto pretérmino se define como el parto antes de las 37 semanas. Se han establecido diversos factores desencadenantes, entre los cuales se encuentra la ansiedad. En Perú se han realizado pocos estudios en relación con el tema. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre la ansiedad materna durante el tercer trimestre de embarazo y el desarrollo de parto pretérmino. Métodos: estudio de tipo cohorte prospectiva realizado en un hospital público de Lima-Perú, que incluyó a 247 gestantes (enero de 2014 a enero de 2015). Se evaluó a gestantes entre las semanas 28 y 35 de embarazo, durante la visita prenatal. Los datos perinatales se obtuvieron del libro de partos y de la historia clínica materna. El instrumento utilizado para medir la ansiedad fue la encuesta State Trait Anxiety Inventori (STAI). El análisis de datos se realizó mediante STATA versión 11.1. Resultados: la mediana de edad de las participantes fue 27, 68,1 por ciento fueron convivientes y 58 por ciento tuvieron secundaria completa. Se encontró una incidencia de parto pretérmino de 11,6 por ciento. En el análisis multivariado ajustado, se encontró un riesgo relativo de 1,23 (IC 95 por ciento: 0,57-2,65) para ansiedad de estado y un riesgo relativo de 0,97 (IC 95 por ciento: 0,45-2,06) para ansiedad de rasgo. En el análisis bivariado se encontró una asociación significativa con preeclampsia. Conclusión: Se recomienda realizar más estudios longitudinales para establecer mejor la asociación ansiedad materna - parto pretérmino(AU)

Introduction: preterm delivery is defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestational age. Several triggering factors have been established, anxiety being one of them. Few studies on the subject have been conducted in Peru. Objective: determine the association between maternal anxiety during the third trimester of pregnancy and preterm delivery. Methods: a prospective cohort study was conducted at a public hospital in Lima, Peru, from January 2014 to January 2015. The study sample consisted of 247 pregnant women of 28-35 weeks of pregnancy. Evaluation was performed during prenatal visits. Perinatal data were obtained from the labor and delivery registry and the patients' medical records. The tool used to measure anxiety was the survey State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data were analyzed with STATA version 11,1. Results: mean age of participants was 27 years; 68,1 percent cohabitated with their partners, and 58 percent had completed high school. Preterm delivery had an incidence of 11,6 percent. Adjusted multivariate analysis revealed a relative risk of 1,23 (95 percent CI 0,57-2,65) for state anxiety and ,.97 (95 percent CI 0,45-2,06) for trait anxiety. Bivariate analysis found a significant association with preeclampsia. Conclusion: anxiety during the third trimester of pregnancy was found to be a risk factor for preterm delivery. It is recommended to perform other longitudinal studies to more clearly determine the association between maternal anxiety and preterm delivery(AU)