Exploring medical first responders' perceptions of mass casualty incident scenario training: a qualitative study on learning conditions and recommendations for improvement.

OBJECTIVE: Despite participating in scenario training, many medical first responders (MFRs) perceive themselves as inadequately prepared to respond to mass casualty incidents (MCIs). The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive examination of traditional MCI scenario training methods, focusing on their inherent strengths and limitations. An investigation into the perceptions of MFRs who had participated in MCI scenario training was carried out to identify potential areas for improvement and provide recommendations for refining MCI training protocols. DESIGN: Qualitative inductive approach using semistructured interviews that took place between October 2021 and February 2022. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis. SETTING: MCI scenario training involving four organisations (three emergency medical services and one search-and-rescue organisation) tasked with responding to MCIs, collectively representing four European Union countries. PARTICIPANTS: 27 MFRs (17 emergency medical services personnel and 10 search-and-rescue volunteers) were recruited to participate in the study. RESULTS: Two categories and seven associated subcategories (shown in parentheses) were identified as influencing the learning outcomes for MFRs: Training in a context mirroring real-world incidents (conducting incident scene risk assessment, realistic representation in casualties, incorporating scenario variety into the curriculum, interagency collaboration, role alignment when training incident site management) and use of a pedagogical framework (allowing for mistakes, the importance of post-training evaluation). CONCLUSIONS: This study reaffirms the value of traditional MCI scenario training and identifies areas for enhancement, advocating for realistic scenarios, interagency collaboration, improved incident site management skills and thorough post-training evaluation. It suggests a shift in MCI training conceptualisation and delivery. The potential of virtual reality technologies as a valuable addition to training methods is explored, with a note on the need for further research to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of these technologies. However, the selection of a training method should consider programme goals, target population and resources.

Trauma nursing competency in the emergency department: a concept analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Despite numerous published concept analyses of nursing competency, the specific understanding of trauma nursing competency in emergency departments remains limited, with no clear definition. This study aimed to clarify the definitions and attributes of trauma nursing competencies in emergency departments. DESIGN: Walker and Avant's method was used to clarify the concept of trauma nursing competency in emergency departments. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and RISS were searched from inception to 23 April 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Relevant studies that included combinations of the terms 'nurse', 'nursing', 'emergency', 'trauma', 'competency', 'capability' and 'skill' were selected. We restricted the literature search to English and Korean full-text publications, with no limit on the publication period; grey literature was excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: This study uses defining attributes, antecedents and consequences extracted through data analysis. To aid comprehension of the model, related and contrary cases of the concept were created, and empirical referents were defined. RESULTS: After excluding duplicates, irrelevant studies, incomplete texts and articles unrelated to the context and study population, 15 of the initial 927 studies were included. Five additional studies were added after a manual search of the references. The final concept analysis therefore included 20 studies. The attributes of trauma nursing competency for emergency nurses included 'rapid initial assessments considering injury mechanisms', 'priority determinations based on degrees of urgency and severity', 'clinical knowledge of trauma nursing', 'skills of trauma nursing', 'interprofessional teamwork' and 'emotional care'. CONCLUSIONS: The concept analysis revealed that it is possible to promote the enhancement and development of trauma nursing competency in emergency departments across various contexts, such as clinical practice, education, research and organisational settings. This could ultimately improve trauma nursing quality and treatment outcomes.

How does a nursing crisis management intervention impact relatives' experiences in two trauma centres? A time-series study.

Background: Being a relative to a trauma patient may be a dramatic experience. Often, trauma centre nurses do not feel they have the competences needed to meet relatives experiencing a crisis. Therefore, a need exists to enhance their crisis management competencies. Objective: To investigate relatives' experiences of a nursing crisis management intervention on information, inclusion and support, including the importance of these needs in two Danish trauma centres. Design: A prospective intervention study based on interrupted time series. The intervention, conducted in 2020-2021, consisted of a crisis management training programme. Settings: The Trauma Centre of the Aarhus University Hospital and Aalborg University Hospital in Denmark. Participants: Relatives (18+ years) of critically ill or injured patients (n = 293). Methods: Data were collected using a 32-item questionnaire. The primary outcome was relatives' overall experience of the quality of the information, inclusion and support measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-10). Secondary outcomes were changes in risk ratios and scores between the periods for each of the three main variables. The outcome was measured as weighted and non-weighted scores, taking into account the importance of each variable. Besides use of interrupted time series, predictive and weight-adjusted analyses were performed. Time series comprised a before-period (6 months), an implementation period (3 months) and an after-period (6 months). Due to ceiling effect, the predictive analysis was dichotomized using the median scores for information, inclusion and support. Results: Overall, no differences were observed between the participants' characteristics in each of the three periods. Comparing the implementation period with the after-period revealed a statistically significant positive difference between the relatives' assessment of crisis management [p = 0.009]. Additionally, the probability of scoring >8 from before to after the intervention increased statistically significantly [Risk ratio 1.21, 95 % confidence interval 1.16-1.27]. The secondary outcomes showed that the greatest change over time was inclusion of relatives [Risk ratio, 1.25 95 % confidence interval 1.15-1.35]. Information had the greatest effect on relatives' experience of nurses' provision of crisis management and was also the needs area that relatives considered most important. However, information was also the needs area that evolved least during the study. Conclusions: Based on the selected cut-off levels, the intervention appeared to have a positive effect on relatives' experiences - especially inclusion of relatives. In the weighted analyses, information was considered most important and also had the greatest effect on relatives' overall experience. Nurses' crisis management competencies should be prioritized in trauma centres.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of traumatic brain injury in patients admitted to surgical ward of Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: a prospective observational follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients Admitted to the Surgical Ward of Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia from January to July 2022. DESIGN AND SETTING: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted among 175 patients admitted with Traumatic Brain Injury at Jimma Medical Center from January to July 2022. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and a convenient sampling technique was used. For data entry, Epidata V.4.6.0.5 software was used and exported to Stata V.14.0.2 for analysis. The Cox regression model was fitted to evaluate the predictors of mortality and variables with a p value <0.05 at 95% CI were taken as statistically significant predictors. RESULTS: The incidence of in-hospital mortality was 22 (12.6%). The mean length of hospital stay was 6 days. In-hospital complications were recorded in 32.0% of patients. A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of <8 on admission (adjusted HR (AHR)=6.2, 95% CI 0.75 to 51), hyperthermia (AHR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.05) and lack of prehospital care (AHR: 3.2, 95% CI 2.2 to 8.07) were predictors of mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSION: In-hospital mortality was recorded in over one-tenth of patients with traumatic brain injury. The GCS score of <8 on admission, hyperthermia and lack of prehospital care positively affected the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury. Screening of patients for hyperthermia and antipsychotics should be strengthened to reduce death. However, a multicentred study is needed for further evidence. Giving priority to the patients with those predictors will decrease the number of deaths.

Defining Research Funding Priorities: Emergency Nurses Association Foundation.

INTRODUCTION: Establishing research priorities provides focus and direction for limited resources among organizations and increasing impact in a focused area. The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) Foundation sought to identify research priorities to guide funding decisions in its extramural grants program. METHODS: A modified Delphi research strategy was used to build consensus among ENA members and key leaders to determine research focus areas. Two Delphi rounds were conducted. In the first round, 81 emergency nurses participated in providing a list of potential research foci. In the second round, 221 emergency nurse leaders recommended which research topics should be prioritized. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) were calculated for each research topic. The topics were clustered together and rank ordered by frequency/percentage. RESULTS: Eight research priorities were identified: emergency department overcrowding, workplace violence, nurse well-being, appropriate use of the emergency department, new graduate training, mental health care, disaster training, and diversity, equity, and inclusion research. DISCUSSION: These identified research priorities offer direction for determining ENA Foundation funding priorities. In addition, the research priorities provide strategic direction to emergency nurse researchers to promote a rich depth of research that can make a meaningful impact to science and emergency nursing practice.

Recovering from physical trauma in late life, a struggle to recapture autonomy: A grounded theory study.

AIM: The study aimed to explore the experiences of care and recovery among older patients treated for physical trauma. DESIGN: A qualitative study with a constructivist grounded theory design. METHODS: Fifteen in-depth interviews with older adults recovering from physical trauma were conducted and analysed between 2019 and 2023, in accordance with grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The findings show that for older patients who suffered physical trauma, the core category was the strive to recapture autonomy. This was achieved by means of Adaptation, Reflection and Interactions, which constitute the three main categories. Recovery involves facing and navigating various new life challenges, such as increased dependency on others, managing difficult symptoms and adapting in various ways to everyday life. The recovery process was influenced by fear, hope and the attitude towards new challenges. CONCLUSION: Older adults being cared for after a traumatic event have a difficult path to recovery ahead of them. Dealing with increased unwanted dependency on others was a main concern for the participants. Undertreated symptoms can lead to undesired isolation, delayed recovery and further increase unwanted dependency. On the other hand, hope, which was defined as having a positive approach to life and longing for the future, was a strong accelerating factor in the recovery process. IMPACT: As a result of this study, we have established that older patients experience the initial period after trauma as difficult and that support in the initial phase can be helpful when returning home. As healthcare services are under increasing pressure because of an ageing population, this study contributes by addressing an understudied population and clarifying their concerns. REPORTING METHOD: Reporting adheres to the COREQ (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) Checklist. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public involvement.

Fast-track and person-centred care in geriatric traumatology in a German-speaking Swiss hospital - A practice development project.

INTRODUCTION: Elderly persons have an increased risk for negative health-related outcomes, including higher mortality rates. A centre for geriatric traumatology was established in a German-speaking Swiss hospital to provide more specialised, person-centred care and to lower negative health outcomes. Adaptations and changes in the patient pathway were made by implementing fast-track and person-centred care to better address individual needs. METHODS: The current patient pathway was analysed by an interprofessional and interdisciplinary geriatric traumatology expert team. The practice development methodology and the Person-Centred Practice Framework (PCP-Framework) were used throughout this engagement process. In consensus within the expert team, the sample was defined as elderly persons aged 65 years or older with suspected hip joint closed fractures. The focus was on three elements of "practice environment" from the PCP-Framework. These were: (1) supportive organisational systems; (2) the physical environment; (3) appropriate skill mix. RESULTS: Several adaptations and changes were made addressing the three elements of "practice environment". These were for example: (1) use of specific assessments, shared decision-making; (2) proper and effective use of aids; (3) integration of Advanced Practice Nurses. The adaptations in the patient pathway were integrated into the standard operating procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Through active engagement with the practice development methodology and the focus on person-centredness, the process of care for elderly persons was adapted. Thus, by addressing individual needs, fast-track and person-centred care in geriatric traumatology is provided. Further research is needed to evaluate and to verify implications in clinical practice.

Outcomes of Emergency Trauma Patients After the Implementation of Web Application Operating Systems.

PURPOSE: Trauma has significant impacts on the livelihoods and well-being of patients. Prompt emergency, medical, and nursing care is the key to reducing mortality rates. Digital platforms have become important for patient care. This research aimed to evaluate patient outcomes after implementing a novel web application operating system in trauma care. METHODS: A descriptive comparative study was conducted on trauma patients. The patients were divided into two groups: those who used the developed application (n = 70) and those who did not (n = 70). The patients' characteristics, the time of the trauma team's arrival at the emergency department (ED) and the length of stay in the ED, and patients' outcomes were collected from electronic medical records and the application database. A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate this data. Sixty registered nurses who used the application completed the survey on the feasibility of the application. RESULTS: The activated trauma intervals for the non-application-used group and the application-used group were 5.0 ± 1.1 and 3.1 ± 0.4 minutes, respectively (p = .010). The length of stay in the ED for the non-application-used group and the application-used group were 30.1 ± 5.1 and 18.3 ± 6.2 minutes, respectively. A high level of agreement confirms the feasibility of the application. CONCLUSIONS: This application improves patient outcomes in terms of length of stay. This mobile application can improve the cooperation and communication and efficacy of the trauma care team.

Establishing the research priorities for major trauma in the United Kingdom: A Delphi study of nurses and allied health professionals.

BACKGROUND: Research prioritisation exercises are used to determine which areas of research are important. In major trauma care, nurses and allied health professionals are central to the delivery of evidence-based care but their opinions on research priorities are under-represented in the literature. We aimed to identify the research priorities of major trauma nurses and allied health professionals in the UK. METHODS: A three-round electronic Delphi study was conducted in the UK between November 2019 and May 2021. Round one aimed to generate research questions with rounds two and three questions in order of priority. In stages two and three responses were analysed using descriptive statistics to compute frequencies and proportions for the ranking of each question. RESULTS: Survey rounds were completed by 180, 100 and 91 respondents respectively. The first round generated 285 statements that were condensed into 71 research questions. Analysis of rankings in subsequent rounds prioritised 54 research questions across themes of adult / children's acute care, psychological care and workforce, training and education. DISCUSSION: Nurses and AHPs are well-positioned to determine research priorities in major trauma care. Focusing on these priorities will guide future research and help to build an evidence-base in trauma care.

A-TEAM: An Interprofessional Approach to Mandated Reporting in the Hospital Setting.

Reporting suspected child maltreatment in pediatric settings presents unique challenges. Variation in mandated reporter training may lead to discomfort and emotional dysregulation. Failure to collaborate inter-professionally potentially results in suboptimal care for vulnerable children and families. A-TEAM promotes awareness, transparency, empathy, a nonjudgmental strategy, and management by an interprofessional team when referring patients for child protective services evaluation. A faculty trained in pediatric trauma nursing led the development of A-TEAM. Integrating nursing and social work expertise protects the integrity of family-centered patient care. The A-TEAM approach may be a valuable contribution to the continuing education of pediatric health care professionals.

Evaluation of an international health partnership to capacity build emergency, trauma and critical care nurse education and practice in Zambia: An experience from the field.

AIM: To evaluate an international health partnership project to capacity build emergency, trauma and critical care nurse education and practice in Zambia. BACKGROUND: Zambia continues to face a significant workforce challenge and rising burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to these, the Zambian Ministry of Health is investing in specialised nurses. Emergency, trauma and critical care nursing education and training were seen as one of the solutions. North-south partnerships have been identified as a force for good to capacity build and develop emerging specialities. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: We use an evaluative approach, which includes desk research, a rapid literature review and documentary data analysis from published papers, government reports and project documentation. Ethics committee approval was sought and gained in both Zambia and the UK. DISCUSSION: A critical review of the evidence identified three key themes: challenges with changing education and practice, developing Zambian faculty for sustainability and the effect of an international health partnership project on both Zambia and UK. The outcomes from this project are multifaceted; however, the main achievement has been the implementation of emergency, trauma and critical care graduate programmes by the Zambian faculty. CONCLUSION: This experience from the field outlines the benefits and limitations of a north-south partnership and the importance of transparency, shared ownership and collegiate decisions. It has facilitated knowledge exchange and sharing to capacity build emergency, trauma and critical care nursing. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Lessons learned may be applicable to other international nursing partnerships, these include the need for deep understanding of the context and constraints. Also, the importance of focusing on developing long-term sustainable strategies, based on research, education and practice was noted. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: This paper outlines the importance of developing nursing education and practice to address the changing burden of disease in line with Zambian national policy, regional and international standards. Also, the value of international nursing partnerships for national and international nursing agendas was described.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the trauma nurse core competency scale.

Background: Trauma, especially severe trauma, has become a significant public health problem worldwide. This postulates higher requirements on the core competence of trauma nurses. However, limited scales exist to assess it validly and reliably. This study aims to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Trauma Nurse Core Competency Scale (TNCCS). Methods: This study included three stages. First, scale development was based on a broad literature review and two rounds of Delphi expert consultation. Then, a pre-investigation was conducted with 106 trauma nurses, and a formal scale was formed. Finally, scale evaluation of reliability and validity, based on a cross-sectional study, was tested with 1,107 trauma nurses. Content validity and structure validity were used to evaluate the validity of TNCCS. The Cronbach's α coefficient and the split-half reliability coefficient were used to evaluate the reliability of TNCCS. Results: The final scale contained 46 items under three dimensions, which were Knowledge and skills (21 items), Comprehensive literacy (20 items), and Professionalism & physical and mental health (5 items). The Content Validity Index (CVI) of the total scale was 0.980. The goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 3.547, RMSEA = 0.065, GFI = 0.929, CFI = 0.912, NFI = 0.904, IFI = 0.929) signified a good fit for this model. The Construct Reliability (CR) ranged from 0.89 to 0.98, and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) ranged from 0.62 to 0.69. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.99, ranging from 0.90 to 0.98 for the subscales. The split-half reliability coefficient was 0.84. Conclusions: The TNCCS demonstrated good validity and reliability, and it could be used to assess the core competency of trauma nurses. The present study has valuable implications for nursing managers to take corresponding measures to train and improve the core competence of trauma nurses.

The 'sleeping elephant': The role of mentorship of critical care nurses in Zambia.

AIM: To develop and evaluate a Zambian context-specific mentorship model that supports registered nurses completing emergency, trauma and critical care programmes in Zambia. BACKGROUND: In Zambia, emergency and trauma and critical care nursing are relatively new specialties, with education and training programmes less than a decade old. A train the trainer mentorship programme was developed and delivered at two colleges of nursing. Ethics approval was gained in both Zambia and the UK. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: Documentary data analysis and focus groups were used. Focus groups included stakeholders and nurses in practice who had completed the train the trainer programme and were using the mentorship model. DISCUSSION: The critical review of the literature revealed there was a paucity of evidence on the role of mentors in critical care. However, national documentation identified that most post basic education programmes are at Diploma Level with limited content that focuses on bedside teaching, mentorship and assessment content. CONCLUSION: Feedback from representatives attending the stakeholder workshops and focus groups which included participants who had completed the training programme enabled the mentorship model and workshop to be developed and evaluated. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses are the backbone of healthcare systems in Africa and the world. Mentorship and assessment in practice enables nurses to develop the competence and skills to lead practice, support peers and junior colleagues. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: This paper has identified the need for a context-specific formalised mentorship model to support specialist practice and this project has provided the foundations for mentorship of emergency, trauma and critical care nurses in Zambia.

Ecos de uma identidade profissional: trajetória profissional de enfermeiras em ortopedia e traumatologia / Echoes of a professional identity: professional trajectory of nurses in orthopedics and traumatology

Introdução: A construção de identidade profissional está relacionada ao processo de socialização que se inicia a partir da construção da identidade pessoal no seio familiar, tendendo a permanecer em contínuo desenvolvimento. O presente estudo tem como objeto a identidade profissional de enfermeiras em traumato-ortopedia a partir de elementos constituintes identificáveis como tal, em suas trajetórias profissionais. A tese defendida foi de que na trajetória de enfermeiras com prática profissional na área de traumato-ortopedia em um hospital de referência localizado no Rio de Janeiro estão presentes características de perfil dessa prática especializada, que revelam sua importância histórica no desenvolvimento institucional e na qualificação da assistência, o que permite identificar a existência de uma especialidade de enfermagem e sua correspondente identidade profissional. Objetivo Geral: Reconhecer, nas trajetórias profissionais de enfermeiras de referência em uma instituição de traumatologia e ortopedia, elementos constitutivos da identidade profissional. Objetivos Específicos: Descrever a trajetória profissional de enfermeiras de referência de um hospital de traumatologia e ortopedia; destacar o contexto político do plano institucional em que se deu a construção da identidade de enfermeiras em traumato-ortopedia, segundo relatos biográficos; e analisar os elementos constituintes da identidade profissional de enfermeiras em suas características específicas de cuidado em traumato-ortopedia. Metodologia: Estudo de História Oral que se aplica à metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa. Foi utilizada a História Oral Temática, tendo como marco inicial o ano de 1973, que se refere ao surgimento do Hospital de Traumato Ortopedia, e como marco final o ano de 2013, quando todas as colaboradoras do estudo se aposentaram. As fontes primárias foram documentos localizados no acervo do Hospital de Traumato Ortopedia/ Instituto Nacional de Traumato-Ortopedia (HTO/INTO) e entrevistas coletadas com auxílio de um roteiro semiestruturado. O referencial teórico adotado foi o pensamento de Claude Dubar sobre a construção das identidades sociais e o conceito de identidade profissional para reconhecer os atributos para a formação profissional, contidos nas histórias das enfermeiras que atuaram por mais de três décadas no cuidado às pessoas em tratamento no HTO, depois INTO. A análise se deu em duas etapas distintas: transcrição e transcriação das entrevistas, a fim de se chegar à narrativa da biografia das colaboradoras pela pesquisadora; na segunda etapa, as entrevistas transcritas foram organizadas por fatos, considerando o período em que estes ocorreram: até 1969, décadas de 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 e 2010. Os documentos escritos foram separados também em relação aos fatos e foi realizada a triangulação das fontes para a interpretação e construção da narrativa histórica. A partir disso, as experiências narradas em comum foram separadas e, uma nova leitura do texto transcrito das entrevistas foi necessária em busca de detalhamentos que pudessem caracterizar a construção da identidade profissional, com base no referencial teórico. Fontes indiretas foram usadas para contextualizar os períodos em que os fatos ocorreram e permitir a crítica sobre cada evento destacado pelas colaboradoras no contexto em que estavam inseridos. Resultados: Os resultados foram apresentados em três capítulos que tratam das biografias das colaboradoras, suas trajetórias no contexto político-social e os atributos da identidade profissional a partir do processo de socialização dessas enfermeiras. Foi possível revelar os elementos constituintes da identidade profissional, sob o pensamento de Claude Dubar que mostraram: autonomia de escolha da carreira profissional de Enfermeira, o pertencimento face à especialidade de Enfermagem em Traumato-Ortopedia, a construção de conhecimento científico em Enfermagem Traumato-Ortopédica e a conquista de espaços na instituição HTO/INTO e na profissão de Enfermeira, o patrimônio específico da Enfermagem e o poder através do conhecimento e, finalmente, suas heranças/legados deixados à Enfermagem em Traumato-Ortopedia. Considerações Finais: O cuidado de enfermagem em traumato e ortopedia, apresentada neste estudo através de narrativas de enfermeiras da área, é uma especialidade que, no Brasil, só foi legitimada em 2011, requerendo atenção dos cursos de formação, tanto de graduação como de pós-graduação, para o ensino voltado para essa área em expansão na assistência em saúde, devido ao crescente aumento da violência nas cidades do país, que vem gerando demandas cada vez maiores de cuidado traumato-ortopédico. Soma-se a destacada participação das enfermeiras que trouxeram suas histórias vividas desde a infância, passando pela academia e no âmbito profissional, que qualificou a pesquisa tornando possível a divulgação deste material científico para a História da Enfermagem brasileira.

Introduction: The construction of professional identity is related to the socialization process that starts with the construction of personal identity within the family, tending to remain in continuous development. The object of the present study is the professional identity of nurses in trauma and orthopedics based on constituent elements identifiable as such, in their professional trajectories. The thesis defended was that in the trajectory of nurses with professional practice in the area of trauma and orthopedics at a reference hospital located in Rio de Janeiro, profile characteristics of this specialized practice are present, which reveal its historical importance in institutional development and in the qualification of assistance, which allows identifying the existence of a nursing specialty and its corresponding professional identity. Main Objective: Recognize, in the professional trajectories of nurses of reference in an institution of traumatology and orthopedics, constitutive elements of professional identity. Specific Objectives: Describe the professional trajectory of reference nurses at a traumatology and orthopedics hospital; highlight the political context of the institutional plan in which the identity of nurses in trauma-orthopedics was constructed, according to biographical reports; and to analyze the constituent elements of the professional identity of nurses in their specific characteristics of care in trauma and orthopedics. Methodology: Study of Oral History that applies to qualitative research methodology. Thematic Oral History was used, starting in 1973, which refers to the emergence of the Hospital de Traumato Orthopedics, and as the final milestone in 2013, when all the collaborators in the study retired. The primary sources were documents located in the collection of the Hospital de Traumato Orthopedics/National Institute of Traumato-Orthopedics (HTO/INTO) and interviews collected with the aid of a semi-structured script. The theoretical framework adopted was the thought of Claude Dubar on the construction of social identities and the concept of professional identity to recognize the attributes for professional training, contained in the stories of nurses who worked for more than three decades in the care of people undergoing treatment in the HTO, then INTO. The analysis took place in two distinct stages: transcription and transcreation of the interviews to arrive at the narrative of the collaborators' biography by the researcher; in the second stage, the transcribed interviews were organized by facts, considering the period in which they occurred: until 1969, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000 and 2010. The written documents were also separated in relation to the facts and triangulation was performed sources for the interpretation and construction of the historical narrative. From this, the experiences narrated in common were separated and a new reading of the transcribed text of the interviews was necessary in search of details that could characterize the construction of the professional identity, based on the theoretical framework. Indirect sources were used to contextualize the periods in which the facts occurred and allow criticism of each event highlighted by the collaborators in the context in which they were inserted. Results: The results were presented in three chapters dealing with the biographies of the collaborators, their trajectories in the political-social context and the attributes of their professional identity based on the socialization process of these nurses. It was possible to reveal the constituent elements of professional identity, under the thought of Claude Dubar, which showed: autonomy in choosing the professional career of a Nurse, belonging to the specialty of Traumato-Orthopedic Nursing, the construction of scientific knowledge in Traumato-Orthopedic Nursing and the conquest of spaces in the HTO/INTO institution and in the Nursing profession, the specific heritage of Nursing and power through knowledge and, finally, their legacy/legacy left to Nursing in Traumato-Orthopedics. Final Considerations: The nursing care in trauma and orthopedics, presented in this study through the narratives of nurses in the area, is a specialty that, in Brazil, was only legitimized in 2011, requiring attention from training courses, both undergraduate and graduate, for teaching aimed at this expanding area in health care, due to the growing increase in violence in the country's cities, which has been generating increasing demands for trauma and orthopedic care. In addition to the outstanding participation of nurses who rought their stories from childhood, through academia and in the professional sphere, which qualified the research, making it possible to disseminate this scientific material to the History of Brazilian Nursing.

Introducción: La construcción de la identidad profesional está relacionada con el proceso de socialización que comienza con la construcción de la identidad personal dentro de la familia, tendiendo a permanecer en continuo desarrollo. El objeto del presente estudio es la identidad profesional de los enfermeros en trauma y ortopedia a partir de elementos constitutivos identificables como tales, en sus trayectorias profesionales. La tesis defendida fue que en la trayectoria de enfermeras con práctica profesional en el área de trauma y ortopedia en un hospital de referencia ubicado en Río de Janeiro, se encuentran presentes características de perfil de esta práctica especializada, que revelan su importancia histórica en el desarrollo institucional y en la calificación de la asistencia, lo que permite identificar la existencia de una especialidad de enfermería y su correspondiente identidad professional. Objetivo General: Reconocer, en las trayectorias profesionales de enfermeras de referencia en una institución de traumatología y ortopedia, elementos constitutivos de la identidad profesional. Objetivos Específicos: Describir la trayectoria profesional de enfermeras de referencia en un hospital de traumatología y ortopedia; destacar el contexto político del plan institucional en el que se construyó la identidad del enfermero en traumatología-ortopedia, según relatos biográficos; y analizar los elementos constitutivos de la identidad profesional del enfermero en sus características específicas de atención en trauma y ortopedia. Metodología: Estudio de Historia Oral que se aplica a la metodología de investigación cualitativa. Se utilizó la Historia Oral Temática, a partir de 1973, que hace referencia al surgimiento del Hospital de Traumato Ortopedia, y como hito final en 2013, cuando se retiraron todos los colaboradores del estudio. Las fuentes primarias fueron documentos ubicados en la colección del Hospital de Traumato Ortopedia/Instituto Nacional de Traumato-Ortopedia (HTO/INTO) y entrevistas recogidas con la ayuda de un guión semiestructurado. El marco teórico adoptado fue el pensamiento de Claude Dubar sobre la construcción de identidades sociales y el concepto de identidad profesional para reconocer los atributos para la formación profesional, contenidos en los relatos de enfermeros que trabajaron durante más de tres décadas en el cuidado de personas en tratamiento. en el HTO, luego INTO. El análisis se realizó en dos etapas diferenciadas: transcripción y transcreación de las entrevistas, para llegar a la narrativa de la biografía de los colaboradores por parte del investigador; En la segunda etapa, las entrevistas transcritas fueron organizadas por hechos, considerando el período en que ocurrieron: hasta 1969, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 y 2010. Los documentos escritos también fueron separados en relación a los hechos y se realizó triangulación de fuentes. para la interpretación y construcción de la narrativa histórica. A partir de esto, se separaron las experiencias narradas en común y fue necesaria una nueva lectura del texto transcrito de las entrevistas en busca de detalles que pudieran caracterizar la construcción de la identidad profesional, a partir del marco teórico. Se utilizaron fuentes indirectas para contextualizar los períodos en los que ocurrieron los hechos y permitir la crítica de cada hecho destacado por los colaboradores en el contexto en el que fueron insertados. Resultados: Los resultados se presentaron en tres capítulos que abordan las biografías de las colaboradoras, sus trayectorias en el contexto político-social y los atributos de su identidad profesional a partir del proceso de socialización de estas enfermeras. Se pudo revelar los elementos constitutivos de la identidad profesional, bajo el pensamiento de Claude Dubar, que evidenciaron: autonomía en la elección de la carrera profesional de Enfermera, perteneciente a la especialidad de Enfermería Traumato-Ortopédica, la construcción del conocimiento científico en Traumato- La Enfermería Ortopédica y la conquista de espacios en la institución HTO/INTO y en la profesión de Enfermería, la herencia específica de la Enfermería y el poder a través del conocimiento y, finalmente, su legado dejado a la Enfermería en Traumato-Ortopedia. Consideraciones Finales: La atención de enfermería en trauma y ortopedia, presentada en este estudio a través de las narrativas de enfermeras del área, es una especialidad que, en Brasil, solo fue legitimada en 2011, requiriendo atención de cursos de capacitación, tanto de pregrado como de posgrado, para la docencia dirigida a este Expansión del área de atención a la salud, debido al aumento creciente de la violencia en las ciudades del país, lo que ha venido generando una creciente demanda de atención traumatológica y ortopédica. Además de la destacada participación de enfermeras que aportaron sus historias vividas desde la niñez, a través de la academia y en el ámbito profesional, lo que calificó la investigación, posibilitando la difusión de este material científico a la Historia de la Enfermería Brasieña.

Evaluating trauma nursing education: An integrative literature review.

OBJECTIVE: A review of the current literature evaluating trauma nursing education. BACKGROUND: A variety of trauma nursing courses exist, to educate nurses working in trauma settings, and to maintain their continuing professional development. Despite an increase in the number of courses delivered, there appears to be a lack of evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of trauma nursing education and in particular the justification for this resource allocation. DESIGN: Integrative literature review. DATA SOURCES: A search of international literature on trauma nursing education evaluation published in English from 1985 to 2015 was conducted through electronic databases CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Austhealth, Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science), Sciverse Science Direct (Elsevier) & One file (Gale). Only peer reviewed journal articles identifying trauma course and trauma nursing course evaluation have been included in the selection criteria. REVIEW METHODS: An integrative review of both quantitative and qualitative literature guided by Whittemore and Knafl's theoretical framework using Bowling's and Pearson's validated appraisal checklists, has been conducted for three months. RESULTS: Only 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 14 on trauma course evaluation and 3 on trauma nursing course evaluation. Study findings are presented as two main themes: the historical evolution of trauma nursing education and evaluation of trauma nursing education outcomes. CONCLUSION: Trauma nursing remains in its infancy and education in this specialty is mainly led by continuing professional development courses. The shortage of evaluation studies on trauma nursing courses reflects the similar status in continuing professional development course evaluation. A trauma nursing course evaluation study will address the gap in this under researched area.

Tecnologias do cuidado utilizadas pela enfermagem na assistência ao paciente politraumatizado: Revisão integrativa / Healthcare technologies used in nursing to care for polytraumatized patients: An integrative review / Tecnologías del cuidado utilizadas por la enfermería en la asistencia al paciente politraumatizado: Revisión integrativa

Objetivou-se identificar as tecnologias do cuidado utilizadas pelo enfermeiro na assistência ao paciente politraumatizado. Revisão integrativa, com busca de artigos em três bases de dados, no período de maio a julho de 2014. Foram selecionados 19 artigos, compreendidos no período de 2009 a 2014, distribuídos nas três categorias tecnológicas do cuidado: leves, leve-duras e duras. Verificou-se que os profissionais de enfermagem utilizam os três tipos de tecnologias do cuidado na assistência ao paciente politraumatizado, com ênfase às leve-duras. Entre as tecnologias leves: apoio e educação em saúde do paciente e familiares/cuidadores e a capacitação da equipe de enfermagem; tecnologias leve-duras: gerência do cuidado, acolhimento do paciente com classificação de risco, avaliação e tratamento da dor, processo de enfermagem e elaboração de protocolos; e tecnologias duras: sistemas de informação. Percebeu-se a melhoria assistencial proporcionada pelas tecnologias do cuidado, por estas abrangerem todos os aspectos do cuidar (AU).

The aim of this study was to identify healthcare technologies used by nurses in the care for polytraumatized patients. This is an integrative review, with articles found in three databases in the period from May to July 2014. Nineteen articles from the period between 2009 and 2014 were selected and distributed among the three categories of healthcare technology: soft, soft-hard and hard. It was found that nursing workers adopted the three types of healthcare technology when caring for polytraumatized patients, emphasizing the soft-hard category. Soft technologies included health support and education of patient and family members/caregivers and training of the nursing team; soft-hard technologies: care management, admission of patients under risk, assessment and treatment of pain, nursing process and development of protocols; and hard technologies: information systems. Care improvements caused by healthcare technologies were found, since they reach all aspects of care (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las tecnologías del cuidado utilizadas por el enfermero en la asistencia al paciente politraumatizado. Revisión integrativa, cuya búsqueda de artículos ocurrió en tres bases de datos, en el periodo de mayo a julio de 2014. Fueron seleccionados 19 artículos, comprendidos en el periodo de 2009 a 2014, distribuidos en las tres categorías tecnológicas de cuidado: leves, leve-duras y duras. Se verificó que los profesionales de enfermería utilizan los tres tipos de tecnologías del cuidado en la asistencia al paciente politraumatizado, con énfasis a las leve-duras. Entre las tecnologías leves: apoyo y educación en salud del paciente y familiares/cuidadores y la capacitación del equipo de enfermería; tecnologías leve-duras: gerencia del cuidado, acojimiento del paciente con clasificación de riesgo, evaluación y tratamiento del dolor, proceso de enfermería y elaboración de protocolos; y tecnologías duras: sistemas de información. Se percibió la mejoría asistencial proporcionada por las tecnologías del cuidado, a causa de que estas abarcan todos los aspectos del cuidar (AU).

Nurses' perceived benefits of trauma nursing rounds (TNR) on clinical practice in an Australian emergency department: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Trauma nursing rounds (TNR) are a unique type of bedside teaching round that facilitate discussion of individual trauma patient's condition and care, and provide a novel and innovative approach to nursing education in an informal setting. This study introduced TNR to the emergency department in an Australian metropolitan hospital. METHODS: Registered nurses, assistants-in-nursing, and nursing students participated in seven TNR over a 12-week period. The primary care nurse presented the trauma case utilising a modified handover tool. This was followed by discussion of the patient's condition and management among all those present including the patient. A participant questionnaire provided feedback from the nurses about TNR perceived benefits. A representative sample of participants was subsequently interviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-three participants attended the rounds, 47 responded to the questionnaire, and nine were interviewed. Participants were universally positive about the TNR structure and its potential impact on clinical practice. Interviewees indicated that TNR have the potential to enhance collegiality, and allow the patients and their families to be involved and informed in their care. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of TNR was successful. TNR provide the potential to improve assessment and care of trauma patients, promote collaborative learning, and promote patients' understanding and involvement in their care.

Emotional intelligence--essential for trauma nursing.

Patients and their relatives are increasingly considered partners in health and social care decision-making. Numerous political drivers in the UK reflect a commitment to this partnership and to improving the experience of patients and relatives in emergency care environments. As a Lecturer/Practitioner in Emergency Care I recently experienced the London Trauma System as a relative. My dual perspective, as nurse and relative, allowed me to identify a gap in the quality of care akin to emotional intelligence. This paper aims to raise awareness of emotional intelligence (EI), highlight its importance in trauma care and contribute to the development of this concept in trauma nursing and education across the globe.

The experience of being a trauma nurse: a phenomenological study.

The lived experience of being a trauma nurse was explored using a phenomenological qualitative research approach. Seven registered nurses employed in a trauma unit from one large metropolitan Canadian teaching hospital participated in in-depth conversational interviews. Data analysis revealed four sub theme clusters embedded within the overarching theme of Seeing Through Cloudy Situations: being on guard all the time, being caught up short, facing the challenge and sharing the journey. Even though trauma nurses are able to find meaning and satisfaction in their work, the findings of this research reveal the need for support and the assurance of safe work environments as trauma nurses can live with violence and aggression in their daily nursing practice.

Predeterminantes de sobrevivência em vítimas de acidentes de trânsito submetidas a atendimento pré-hospitalar de suporte avançado à vida / Survival determinant factors in motor vehicle crash victims submitted to prehospital advanced life support

O Atendimento Pré-hospitalar (APH) é um importante recurso no atendimento à vítimas de trauma. No entanto, há muitas dificuldades para demonstrar o efeito benéfico das intervenções do APH na sobrevivência das vítimas, sobretudo as de suporte avançado à vida (SAV). A proposta deste estudo é caracterizar as vítimas de acidentes trânsito, com Revised Trauma Score (RTS) <11, atendidas pelo SAV municipal e encaminhadas a hospitais terciários em São Paulo, além de identificar as variáveis da fase pré-hospitalar associadas à sobrevivência e avaliar o valor predeterminante dessas variáveis sobre o resultado obtido pelas vítimas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: sexo, idade, mecanismos do acidente, procedimentos de suporte básico e SAV realizados, repercussão fisiológica do trauma na cena do acidente, (considerando o RTS , seus parâmetros e flutuações), o tempo consumido no APH, gravidade do trauma segundo o Injury Severity Score (ISS),a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) e número de lesões para cada segmento corporal. Os resultados obtidos por 175 vítimas entre 12 e 65 anos, foram submetidos a "Análise de Sobrevivência de Kaplan Meier" e ao "Modelo de Riscos Proporcionais de Cox". A variável dependente foi o tempo de sobrevivência após o acidente, considerando os intervalos até 6h,12h, 24h, 48h, até 7 dias e até o término da internação. Os homens (86,9%) e a faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (36,0%) foram as mais frequentes. Os atropelamentos (45,1%) e o envolvimento de motocicletas e seus ocupantes (30,9%) foram os destaques dentre os mecanismos de trauma. A média do RTS na cena e do ISS, foram respectivamente 8,8 e 19,4.Os segmentos corpóreos mais atingidos foram: cabeça (58,8%), membros inferiores (45,1%) e superfície externa (40%). A média de tempo consumido na fase de APH foi 41min (tempo de cena 20,2min). Ocorreram 36% de óbitos, (metade em até 6 horas). A análise estatística revelou ) 24 fatores associados à sobrevivência, dentre eles, os procedimentos respiratórios avançados e os circulatórios básicos, as variáveis relativas ao RTS e a gravidade (ISS, MAIS e o número de lesões). No modelo final de Cox, ter sido submetido a procedimentos respiratórios avançados, compressões torácicas, apresentar lesão abdominal e ISS>25, foi associado a maior risco para o óbito até 48h após o trauma. Até 7 dias, a compressão torácica não se manteve no modelo final e a PAS de zero a 75mmHg apresentou associação com a morte após o acidente. Até a alta hospitalar, a ausência de PAS na avaliação inicial permaneceu no modelo. A reposição de volume foi o único fator com valor protetor para o risco de óbito presente em todos os momentos.

The prehospital care (PH) is an important resource to trauma victims' care. Nevertheless, there is great difficulty in demonstrating the PH intervention's positive effect in victim's survival, especially when concerning the advanced life support (ALS). The aim of this study is to characterize motor vehicle crash victims with Revised Trauma Score (RTS) <11 cared by municipal ALS and moved to tertiary hospitals in São Paulo in addition to identifying the prehospital variables associated to survival, and to evaluate their values as victim survival outcome determinant. The variables evaluated were: sex, age, trauma mechanism, basic life support and ALS procedures, physiological measures in the accident scene (considering the RTS, its parameters and fluctuations), the time consumed in PH phase, trauma severity by Injury Severity Score (ISS), the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) and number of lesions in each body region. The main results obtained by 175 victims between 12 e 65 years of age were submitted to the Kaplan Meier Survival Analysis and to Cox Proportional hazards Regression Analysis. The dependent variable was the survival time after the motor vehicle accident considering the intervals up to 6,12,24 and 48hs , up to 7 days and until the time of hospital discharge. Men (86,9%) and the 20 to 29 aged group (36%) were the most frequent. The pedestrians struck by car (45,1%) and the motorcycles (and their riders) (30,9%)were the highlight in trauma mechanisms. The RTS and the ISS average were 8,8 and 19,4 respectively. The more damaged body regions were head (58,8%), lower limbs (45,1%) and external surface (40%).The prehospital time average was 41 min (scene time 20,2min).Death rate was 36% (half of which up to 6hs).The statistical analysis revealed 24 survival associated factors. The ALS and the circulatory basic procedures, the RTS variables and the trauma severity (ISS,MAIS and number of lesions) within them. In the final Cox Model were associated to higher risk of death up to 48hs after trauma: the submission to ALS respiratory procedures, chest compressions, the presence of abdominal injuries and ISS>25 .Until the 7th day the chest compression was not sustained in a final model and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) from zero to 75mmHg revealed statistical association with death after trauma. Until hospital discharge the SBP absence in scene evaluation remained in the model. The prehospital intravenous fluid refilling was the only factor of protector value to death risk in all moments.