ABSTRACT
Little attention has been paid to the combined use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and steel slag (SS) for ameliorating heavy metal polluted soils. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of SS and AMF-Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Glomus versiforme (Gv) and Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) on plant growth and Cd, Pb uptake by maize grown in soils added with 5 mg Cd kg-1 and 300 mg Pb kg-1 soil. The combined usage of AMF and SS (AMF + SS) promoted maize growth, and Gv + SS had the most obvious effect. Meanwhile, single SS addition and AMF + SS decreased Cd, Pb concentrations in maize, and the greater reductions were found in combined utilization, and the lowest Cd, Pb concentrations of maize appeared in Gv + SS. Single SS amendment and AMF + SS enhanced soil pH and decreased soil diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd, Pb concentrations. Furthermore, alone and combined usage of AMF and SS increased contents of soil total glomalin. Our research indicated a synergistic effect between AMF and SS on enhancing plant growth and reducing Cd, Pb accumulation in maize, and Gv + SS exerted the most pronounced effect. This work suggests that AMF inoculation in combination with SS addition may be a potential method for not only phytostabilization of Pb-Cd-contaminated soil but maize safety production.
Subject(s)
Mycorrhizae , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Cadmium/analysis , Lead , Plant Roots , Steel , Zea maysABSTRACT
The mechanisms that determine greater P absorption by mycorrhizal plants are still not completely clear, and are attributed, in part, to an increase in the number of absorption sites promoted by the hyphae, and/or to a greater affinity of the colonized hypha or root carriers to P. The effect of mycorrhizae formed by Glomus etunicatum on the kinetic parameters of P absorption by the roots and on P influx in bean plants of the IAC-Carioca cultivar was evaluated, in two distinct plant development periods: at the onset of flowering and at the pod-filling stage (35 and 50 days after sowing, respectively). A mixture of sand and silica (9:1) was utilized as substrate and irrigated with nutrient solution. The kinetics assay was performed by the method of 32P depletion from the solution (depletion curve), using intact plants. Mycorrhization promoted greater growth and P absorption by bean plants, which was more conspicuously observed at the pod-filling stage. Mycorrhizal plants showed higher values of maximum ion uptake rate (Vmax) and net P influx at the flowering stage. Lower minimum ion concentration (Cmin) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values were verified in mycorrhizal plants at the pod-filling stage. Mycorrhizal plants also presented higher net P influx per plant, in both stages. Cmin was the kinetic parameter more intimately related to P absorption, and a significant correlation was obtained between this parameter and shoot P content and accumulation in bean plants.
Os mecanismos envolvidos na maior absorção de P pela planta micorrizada ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, atribuindo-se, em parte, ao aumento no número de sítios de absorção promovido pela hifa e/ou maior afinidade dos carregadores da hifa ou da raiz colonizada ao P. Avaliou-se o efeito da micorriza formada por Glomus etunicatum nos parâmetros cinéticos da absorção radicular de P e no influxo de P em feijoeiro, cultivar IAC-Carioca, em duas épocas do ciclo da planta, início do florescimento e enchimento das vagens (35 e 50 dias após semeadura, respectivamente). Empregou-se como substrato areia e sílica (9:1) irrigado com solução nutritiva. O ensaio de cinética foi realizado pelo método do esgotamento do 32P da solução (curva de depleção), empregando-se a planta inteira. A micorrização promoveu maior crescimento e absorção de P pelas plantas, principalmente na fase de enchimento das vagens. As plantas micorrizadas que se encontravam no estádio de florescimento tiveram maior velocidade máxima de absorção (Vmax) e influxo líquido de P. Menores valores de concentração mínima de P na solução (Cmin) e da constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) foram constatados nas plantas micorrizadas, na fase de enchimento das vagens. As plantas micorrizadas também apresentaram maior influxo líquido de P por planta, em ambas as fases. A Cmin foi o parâmetro que mais se relacionou com a absorção de P, ocorrendo correlação significativa entre este e o teor e acúmulo de P na parte aérea do feijoeiro.
ABSTRACT
The mechanisms that determine greater P absorption by mycorrhizal plants are still not completely clear, and are attributed, in part, to an increase in the number of absorption sites promoted by the hyphae, and/or to a greater affinity of the colonized hypha or root carriers to P. The effect of mycorrhizae formed by Glomus etunicatum on the kinetic parameters of P absorption by the roots and on P influx in bean plants of the IAC-Carioca cultivar was evaluated, in two distinct plant development periods: at the onset of flowering and at the pod-filling stage (35 and 50 days after sowing, respectively). A mixture of sand and silica (9:1) was utilized as substrate and irrigated with nutrient solution. The kinetics assay was performed by the method of 32P depletion from the solution (depletion curve), using intact plants. Mycorrhization promoted greater growth and P absorption by bean plants, which was more conspicuously observed at the pod-filling stage. Mycorrhizal plants showed higher values of maximum ion uptake rate (Vmax) and net P influx at the flowering stage. Lower minimum ion concentration (Cmin) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values were verified in mycorrhizal plants at the pod-filling stage. Mycorrhizal plants also presented higher net P influx per plant, in both stages. Cmin was the kinetic parameter more intimately related to P absorption, and a significant correlation was obtained between this parameter and shoot P content and accumulation in bean plants.
Os mecanismos envolvidos na maior absorção de P pela planta micorrizada ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, atribuindo-se, em parte, ao aumento no número de sítios de absorção promovido pela hifa e/ou maior afinidade dos carregadores da hifa ou da raiz colonizada ao P. Avaliou-se o efeito da micorriza formada por Glomus etunicatum nos parâmetros cinéticos da absorção radicular de P e no influxo de P em feijoeiro, cultivar IAC-Carioca, em duas épocas do ciclo da planta, início do florescimento e enchimento das vagens (35 e 50 dias após semeadura, respectivamente). Empregou-se como substrato areia e sílica (9:1) irrigado com solução nutritiva. O ensaio de cinética foi realizado pelo método do esgotamento do 32P da solução (curva de depleção), empregando-se a planta inteira. A micorrização promoveu maior crescimento e absorção de P pelas plantas, principalmente na fase de enchimento das vagens. As plantas micorrizadas que se encontravam no estádio de florescimento tiveram maior velocidade máxima de absorção (Vmax) e influxo líquido de P. Menores valores de concentração mínima de P na solução (Cmin) e da constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) foram constatados nas plantas micorrizadas, na fase de enchimento das vagens. As plantas micorrizadas também apresentaram maior influxo líquido de P por planta, em ambas as fases. A Cmin foi o parâmetro que mais se relacionou com a absorção de P, ocorrendo correlação significativa entre este e o teor e acúmulo de P na parte aérea do feijoeiro.