Beliefs, Experiences, and Practices of Lady Health Workers in Facilitating Breastfeeding in Rural Communities in Pakistan.

Pakistan has extremely poor breastfeeding indicators: fewer than half of infants under 6 months are exclusively breastfed, only 20% of infants are breastfed within the first hour of life, and nearly half are never fed colostrum. The country's high infant morbidity and mortality is in part due to this suboptimal infant feeding. A network of lady health workers (LHWs) employed by the government facilitate maternal and child health programs, including breastfeeding support in their communities. This study describes LHWs' perspectives and experiences regarding breastfeeding. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 LHWs and used thematic qualitative analysis to code and analyze the data. Our research revealed that LHWs use their role as members of the community and involve influential members of the family to build trust. Frequent home visits beginning prenatally help them address misconceptions about infant feeding. While they have strong knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding and the importance of colostrum, they demonstrate gaps in their knowledge regarding breast conditions, the safe preparation of human milk substitutes, the physiology of milk production, and supporting mothers who are separated from their baby. Future training should address these areas where LHWs lack knowledge to help mothers facilitate early and exclusive breastfeeding. With adequate training, LHWs are uniquely positioned to use their role as trusted members of the community to effectively counsel families on the importance of breastfeeding and support the clinical needs of women during the perinatal time.

Understanding Facilitators and Challenges to Care Transition in Cardiac Rehabilitation: Perspectives and Assumptions of Healthcare Professionals.

Cardiac rehabilitation is an essential part of treatment for patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiac rehabilitation is increasingly organized outside hospital in community healthcare services. However, this transition may be challenging. The aim of this study was to examine assumptions and perspectives among healthcare professionals on how facilitators and challenges influence the transition from hospital to community healthcare services for patients in cardiac rehabilitation. The study followed the Interpretive Description methodology and data consisted of participant observations and focus group interviews. The analysis showed that despite structured guidelines aimed to support the collaboration, improvements could be made. Facilitators and challenges could occur in the collaboration between the healthcare professionals, in the collaboration with the patient, or because of the new reality for patients when diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.

Repercussions and Legacy of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Manaus, Brazil: The Health Managers' Perspective.

The present study aimed to know and analyze the repercussions and legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic for the Unified Health System from the perspective of health managers working in Manaus, a city considered the epicenter of the pandemic in Brazil. This qualitative research was designed as the study of a single incorporated case and conducted with 23 Health Care Network managers. The analysis was applied in two thematic coding cycles (values and focused coding methods), with the aid of the ATLAS.ti software. The categories we analyzed covered the lessons learned within the scope of the work process, change in stance, and human values, as well as the coping strategies adopted by individual or team initiatives or by the incorporation of innovations in practices. This study highlighted the importance of strengthening primary health care; of promoting team spirit in the service and establishing partnerships with public and private institutions, of being integrated with the training in complex situations, and of reflecting on human values and appreciation of life. Coping with the pandemic promoted an in-depth reflection about the functioning of the Unified Health System and the individual ways of being.

The Role of Latina Peer Mentors in the Implementation of the Alma Program for Women With Perinatal Depression.

This study examines the role that compañeras (peer mentors) play in the implementation of a program, Alma, which was designed to support Latina mothers who are experiencing depression during pregnancy or early parenting and implemented in the rural mountain West of the United States. Drawing from the fields of dissemination and implementation and Latina mujerista (feminist) scholarship, this ethnographic analysis demonstrates how the Alma compañeras facilitate the delivery of Alma by creating and inhabiting intimate mujerista spaces with other mothers and create relationships of mutual and collective healing in the context of relationships de confianza (of trust and confidence). We argue that these Latina women, in their capacity as compañeras, draw upon their cultural funds of knowledge to bring Alma to life in ways that prioritizes flexibility and responsiveness to the community. Shedding light on contextualized processes by which Latina women facilitate the implementation of Alma illustrates how the task-sharing model is well suited to the delivery of mental health services for Latina immigrant mothers and how lay mental health providers can be agents of healing.

Empoderar para um envelhecimento ativo e saudável / Empowering for active and healthy aging

Nas últimas décadas, na Europa, e em Portugal, o envelhecimento da população incrementou o aumento da prevalência de doenças crónicas e, por conseguinte, uma maior vulnerabilidade da população idosa, gerando situações de incapacidade e condições de saúde como a fragilidade, que pode ser prevenida, visando a autonomia, a independência e a qualidade de vida da pessoa idosa. Constituindo-se espaços de eleição para a promoção do envelhecimento ativo e saudável, as Instituições Particulares de Solidariedade Social (IPSS) assumem uma importância crucial, para a prevenção da fragilidade na pessoa idosa, em colaboração com o Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária (EEEC), cuja intervenção visa a capacitação dos indivíduos e o empoderamento das comunidades para a saúde. Partindo desta problemática, no âmbito do Estágio de Natureza Profissional (ENP) do II Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Comunitária (CMEC), da Escola Superior de Saúde (ESS), do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (IPVC), desenvolveu-se uma investigação, ancorada no Modelo de Avaliação, Intervenção e Empoderamento Comunitário (MAIEC) de Melo (2018). O estudo foi realizado numa Estrutura Residencial para Pessoas Idosas (ERPI) de uma IPSS, da área de atuação de uma Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade (UCC) do Norte de Portugal onde se desenvolveu o ENP e decorreu entre março e agosto de 2022. Com os objetivos de "Caraterizar a fragilidade das pessoas idosas residentes numa ERPI, de uma IPSS do Norte de Portugal" e "Identificar o diagnóstico da gestão comunitária promotora do envelhecimento ativo e saudável das pessoas idosas residentes numa ERPI, de uma IPSS do Norte de Portugal", efetuou-se um estudo descritivo, transversal de abordagem quantitativa, com os residentes e os profissionais da ERPI. Para a colheita dos dados dos idosos residentes utilizaram-se: um questionário de caraterização sociodemográfica e clínica e a Clincal Frailty Scale, versão portuguesa de Pinto et al. (2021). Os dados dos profissionais foram colhidos por um questionário, alicerçado na matriz de decisão clínica do MAIEC (Melo, 2018) e pela Escala de Avaliação e Empoderamento Comunitário (EAvEC) de Melo et al. (2020). Os procedimentos éticos foram respeitados, tendo sido obtidos as devidas autorizações e consentimentos livres e informados. Os 80 idosos residentes que integraram o estudo, tinham uma média de idades de 84,2 anos ±7,2 anos e 75,0% eram do sexo feminino. A grande maioria (82,5%) apresentava fragilidade e 27,5% uma fragilidade severa. A prevalência da demência era de 36,2% e destes, 79,3% apresentavam um estado grave da doença. Os dados relativos aos profissionais revelaram défices de conhecimentos sobre fragilidade e, consequentemente, sobre o risco de queda, bem como sobre os recursos da comunidade. Demonstraram ainda, um coping comunitário não efetivo, o que incidiu no diagnostico gestão comunitária comprometida relativamente a promoção do envelhecimento ativo e saudável, no que concerne à prevenção de complicações, como a fragilidade, nos idosos que integraram o estudo. Posto isso, entende-se que este estudo articulado com o projeto "##### + Inclusivo para o envelhecimento ativo e saudável", identificou os diagnósticos de enfermagem imprescindíveis no desenvolvimento do projeto promotores de ganhos em saúde sensíveis ao EEEC, tendo a comunidade IPSS como unidade de cuidados. Este documento constitui o relatório do ENP e apresenta a investigação desenvolvida, bem como, uma análise critico-reflexiva sobre o percurso formativo realizado na componente clínica do Mestrado que possibilitou o desenvolvimento das Competências Comuns do Enfermeiro Especialista (CCEE) e das Competências Específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária (CEEEEC) na área de Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Publica (ESCSP).

ance for the prevention of frailty in the elderly, in collaboration with the Specialist Nurse in Community Nursing (EEEC) , whose intervention aims at training individuals and empowering communities for health. Based on this issue, within the scope of the Internship of a Professional Nature (ENP) of the II Master's Course in Community Nursing (CMEC), at the Escola Superior de Saúde (ESS), at the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo (IPVC), a research, anchored in Melo's Evaluation, Intervention and Community Empowerment Model (MAIEC) (2018). The study was carried out in a Residential Structure for Elderly People (ERPI) of an IPSS, in the area of operation of a Community Care Unit (UCC) in the North of Portugal where the ENP was developed and took place between March and August 2022. the objectives of "Characterize the fragility of elderly people residing in an ERPI, of an IPSS in the North of Portugal" and "Identify the diagnosis of community management that promotes active and healthy aging of elderly people residing in an ERPI, of an IPSS in the North of Portugal ", a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was carried out with ERPI residents and professionals. To collect data from elderly residents, we used: a sociodemographic and clinical characterization questionnaire and the Clincal Frailty Scale, Portuguese version by Pinto et al. (2021). The professionals' data were collected using a questionnaire, based on the MAIEC clinical decision matrix (Melo, 2018) and the Community Assessment and Empowerment Scale (EAvEC) by Melo et al. (2020). Ethical procedures were respected, and the necessary authorizations and free and informed consents were obtained. The 80 elderly residents who participated in the study had a mean age of 84.2 years ± 7.2 years and 75.0% were female. The vast majority (82.5%) were frail and 27.5% were severely frail. The prevalence of dementia was 36.2% and of these, 79.3% had a severe disease state. Data related to professionals revealed deficits in knowledge about frailty and, consequently, about the risk of falling, as well as about community resources. They also demonstrated an ineffective community coping, which focused on the diagnosis committed community management regarding the promotion of active and healthy aging, with regard to the prevention of complications, such as frailty, in the elderly who were part of the study. That said, it is understood that this study articulated with the project "##### + Inclusive for active and healthy aging", identified the essential nursing diagnoses in the development of the project that promote health gains sensitive to the EEEC, having the IPSS community as care unit. This document constitutes the ENP report and presents the research carried out, as well as a critical-reflexive analysis on the training path carried out in the clinical component of the Master's Degree that enabled the development of the Common Skills of the Specialist Nurse (CCEE) and the Specific Skills of the Nurse Specialist in Community Nursing (CEEEEC) in the area of Community Health and Public Health Nursing (ESCSP).

Ansiedade da pessoa idosa institucionalizada: um contributo para (re) pensar a enfermagem comunitária / Anxiety of the institutionalized elderly: a contribution to (re)thinking community nursing

As modificações demográficas ocorridas no último século refletem o envelhecimento da população e implicam um investimento individual e coletivo, envolvendo governos, família e sociedade. As pessoas idosas comportam potencialidades, mas também vulnerabilidades e necessidades especiais, nem sempre relacionadas exclusivamente com os processos biológicos de envelhecimento. A pandemia reafirmou a colocação das pessoas idosas, em particular institucionalizadas, na agenda prioritária dos serviços de saúde. Neste contexto, o ACeS Cávado III ­ Barcelos/Esposende, definiu a saúde das pessoas idosas institucionalizadas, como prioridade, tendo constituído o enfoque central de um grupo de mestrandas de Enfermagem Comunitária. A ansiedade constituiu uma das diferentes perspetivas estudadas, estruturante (ainda que não se restrinja a esta) no presente relatório. Assim, apresenta-se um estudo de investigação quantitativo, transversal, descritivo correlacional no qual participaram 181 pessoas idosas institucionalizadas de 20 ERPI da área de abrangência da USP Barcelos. O questionário sociodemográfico e clínico e Inventário Geriátrico de Ansiedade foram os instrumentos de recolha de dados utilizados. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que o nível de ansiedade da pessoa idosa é maior naqueles que não escolheram a institucionalização (t=2.728; p=0.007), nos que têm menor escolaridade (r=0.191; p=0.010) e nos que tomam medicação ansiolítica (t=-2.407; p=0.017). O nível de ansiedade é menor nos que recebem visitas (t=-2.218; p=0.028). A perceção da pessoa idosa face à sua mobilidade parece influenciar o nível de ansiedade (F=4.498; p=0.012), sendo mais preocupante naqueles que a classificam em má/muito má. A promoção do envelhecimento ativo e saudável é simultaneamente desafio e oportunidade para (re)pensar e intervir ao longo do ciclo vital. O Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária tem um papel primordial em todo o processo de Planeamento em Saúde, avaliação do estado de saúde de uma comunidade e capacitação de grupos e comunidades, participando ativamente no modelo de governação clínica e de saúde, enquanto função central orientadora da atividade do Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde. O relatório de estágio de natureza profissional pretende demonstrar a aquisição de conhecimentos e competências comuns e específicas exigidos num ciclo de estudos de mestrado e conducentes à atribuição de título de Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária.

The demographic changes that took place in the last century reflect the aging of the population and imply an individual and collective investment, involving governments, family and society. Elderly people have strengths, but also vulnerabilities and special needs, not always exclusively related to the biological processes of aging. The pandemic has reaffirmed the placing of elderly people, particularly institutionalized ones, on the priority agenda of health services. In this context, ACeS Cávado III ­ Barcelos/Esposende, defined the health of institutionalized elderly people as a priority, having constituted the central focus of a group of Master's students in Community Nursing. Anxiety constituted one of the different perspectives studied, structuring (although not restricted to this one) in this report. Thus, we present a quantitative, descriptive-correlational research study in which 181 institutionalized elderly people from 20 ERPIs in the area covered by USP Barcelos participated. The sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory were the data collection instruments used. The results show that the level of anxiety of the elderly is higher in those who did not choose institutionalization (t=2,728 p=0.007), in those with less education (r=0.191; p=0.010) and in those who take anxiolytic medication (t=-2.407; p=0.017). The level of anxiety is lower in those who receive visits (t=-2,218; p=0,028). The perception of the elderly regarding their mobility seems to influence the level of anxiety (F=4,498; p=0.012), being more worrying in those who classify it as bad/very bad. Promoting active and healthy aging is both a challenge and an opportunity to (re)think and intervene throughout the life cycle. The Specialist Nurse in Community Nursing has a key role in the entire process of Health Planning, assessment of the health status of a community and training of groups and communities, actively participating in the model of clinical and health governance, as a central guiding function of the activity of the Group of Health Centers. The internship report of a professional nature intends to demonstrate the acquisition of common and specific knowledge and skills required in a master's study cycle and leading to the attribution of the title of Specialist Nurse in Community Nursing.

Dificuldades em cuidar a pessoa idosa dependente no domicílio: perceção do cuidador informal / Difficulties in caring for the elderly dependent person at home: perception of the informal caregiver

O presente trabalho surge no âmbito da Unidade Curricular Estágio de Natureza Profissional com Relatório Final, inserido no plano curricular do II Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Comunitária, área de Enfermagem Comunitária e de Saúde Pública. Este tem como principal objetivo retratar de forma crítico reflexiva a investigação e as atividades realizadas no Estágio, que permitiram o desenvolvimento de competências profissionais comuns e específicas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária na área de Enfermagem de Saúde Comunitária e de Saúde Pública (EEECSP). O desenvolvimento deste percurso, teve como linha orientadora o modelo teórico da Teoria do Défice de Autocuidado de Dorothe Orem. O envelhecimento e o aumento da população, consequência direta de uma maior longevidade, impõem grandes desafios à sociedade atual com impacto elevado nos índices de dependência e maior vulnerabilidade da pessoa idosa. Os cuidados de saúde primários (CSP), tornam-se num dos principais contextos de atuação e intervenção e o EEECSP assume aqui um papel fundamental, na implementação de programas promotores de saúde com o intuito de capacitação e empoderamento. Dada ainda a incerteza da caraterização exata do perfil do cuidador informal, considerou-se pertinente realizar uma investigação acerca do perfil do cuidador informal, e das dificuldades percecionadas sobre o cuidar da pessoa idosa dependente no domicílio. Com o objetivo de caraterizar as dificuldades percecionadas pelo cuidador informal ao cuidar a pessoa idosa dependente no domicílio, efetuou-se um estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, numa amostra constituída por 40 cuidadores informais de utentes idosos dependentes inscritos numa Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade da região em estudo. Os dados foram colhidos através de um questionário sociodemográfico e contextual, da Escala Carers' Assessment of Difficulties Index (CADI), versão portuguesa de Brito e Barreto (2000) e da escala de Barthel. Os cuidadores informais são maioritariamente do sexo feminino, são filhas, com uma média de idades entre os 60 e os 70 anos de idade. Os mesmos cuidadores informais são casados ou vivem em união de facto, são domésticos, com baixo nível de escolaridade e coabitam com o idoso em causa. Na maior parte dos casos, a prestação de cuidados tem um tempo de duração entre 1 e 5 anos; quanto às ajudas na prestação de cuidados, grande parte dos cuidadores informais, referem receber ajuda regular de familiares. A falta de tempo que o cuidador tem para si, a sensação de incapacidade de controlo da situação relativa à prestação de cuidados, a interferência nas relações familiares, a perturbação do humor e stress e o constante sentimento de preocupação foram mencionadas como fonte de perturbação. Os cuidadores informais percecionaram que os cuidados conduzem a grandes dificuldades de ordem física e os problemas financeiros foram mencionados como não causadores de perturbação para a maioria dos cuidadores informais. Quanto aos idosos dependentes, os dados mostraram que são predominantemente do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 80 e os 89 anos.

The present work comes within the scope of the Curricular Unit Internship of a Professional Nature with Final Report, inserted in the curricular plan of the II Master's Course in Community Nursing, area of Community Nursing and Public Health. This has as main objective to portray in a critically reflective way the investigation and activities carried out in the Internship, which allowed the development of common and specific professional skills of the Specialist Nurse in Community Nursing in the area of Community Health and Public Health Nursing (EEECSP). The development of this path was based on the theoretical model of Dorothe Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory. Aging and population growth, a direct consequence of greater longevity, pose major challenges to today's society with a high impact on dependency rates and greater vulnerability of the elderly. Primary health care (CSP) becomes one of the main contexts of action and intervention and the EEECSP assumes a fundamental role here, in the implementation of health promotion programs with the aim of training and empowerment. Given the uncertainty of the exact characterization of the profile of the informal caregiver, it was considered It is pertinent to carry out an investigation about the profile of the informal caregiver, and the difficulties perceived about caring for the dependent elderly person at home. With the objective of characterizing the difficulties perceived by the informal caregiver when taking care of the dependent elderly person at home, a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was carried out, in a sample consisting of 40 informal caregivers of dependent elderly users enrolled in a Care Unit in the Community of the region under study. Data were collected through a sociodemographic and contextual questionnaire, from the Carers ' Assessment Scale of Difficulties Index (CADI), Portuguese version by Brito and Barreto (2000) and the Barthel scale. Informal caregivers are mostly female, they are daughters, with an average age between 60 and 70 years old. The same informal caregivers are married or live in a de facto union, are domestic, with a low level of education and live with the elderly person in question. In most cases, the provision of care lasts between 1 and 5 years; as for help in providing care, most informal caregivers reported receiving regular help from family members. The lack of time that the caregiver has for himself, the feeling of inability to control the situation regarding the provision of care, interference in family relationships, mood disturbance and stress and the constant feeling of worry were mentioned as a source of disturbance. Informal caregivers perceived that care leads to great physical difficulties and financial problems were mentioned as not causing disturbance for most informal caregivers. As for the dependent elderly, the data showed that they are predominantly female, aged between 80 and 89 years.

A solidão no idoso institucionalizado em estruturas residenciais para idosos: um contributo para a reconfiguração do envelhecimento saudável / Loneliness in the elderly institutionalized in residential facilities for the elderly: a contribution to the reconfiguration of healthy ageing

Este relatório reflete o percurso e a aquisição de conhecimentos, habilidades e competências durante os estágios integrados no Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Comunitária, ou seja, de nível de 2º ciclo de formação e, se constituem, concomitantemente, as condições para atribuição do título profissional de Enfermeira Especialista em Enfermagem Comunitária, pela Ordem dos Enfermeiros dando-se primazia ao Estágio Final de Natureza Profissional (ENP). Assim, no âmbito deste estágio, tomando como referência o enfoque institucional estratégico para a melhoria das práticas baseadas na evidência, a saúde das pessoas idosas institucionalizadas em Estruturas Residenciais (ERPIS), explorada sob diferentes perspetivas, consubstanciou a grande prioridade de intervenção, designadamente do grupo de mestrandas deste curso. Neste contexto, desenvolveu-se um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o nível de solidão das pessoas idosas e suas determinantes, encontrando-se o mesmo, inserido num projeto de investigação que inclui ainda, a ansiedade, a saúde mental positiva e a qualidade de vida. O presente estudo tem carácter quantitativo, observacional, transversal e analítico-correlacional. Das 22 ERPIS participaram pessoas idosas de 20 estruturas. Na recolha da informação utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: um questionário sociodemográfico e clínico elaborado pela equipa do projeto de investigação; a Escala da Solidão UCLA, originalmente criado e validado por Ferguson, Russell e Peplau (1978), com tradução portuguesa de Félix Neto (1989). Foram inquiridas 181 pessoas idosos (n=181), maioritariamente mulheres (72,4%), solteiras (22.7 %), com o 1º ciclo de escolaridade (63.9%) e 26.5% analfabetas, com uma média de 4,6 anos de institucionalização. No que se refere à solidão, a UCLA registou uma boa consistência interna (C=0.898), tendo-se verificado 18.8% num estado de maior solidão. Verificaram-se relações estatísticas significativas entre a solidão e a participação nas atividades da instituição (t=-2.184; p=0.030), receberem visitas (t=-2.752; p=0.007), escolherem a institucionalização (t= -2.948; p= 0.004). A evidencia produzida é fundamental para a melhoria dos cuidados prestados às pessoas idosas bem como para a (co)construção de projetos promotores da inclusão e participação dos idosos na vida das organizações e das comunidades, tornando-os atores principais do seu próprio projeto de saúde. Dito de outro modo, o experienciado neste estágio e no anterior, permitiram desenvolver um conjunto de competências transversais ao 2º ciclo de formação em Enfermagem (Investigação, Gestão, Ética e Enfermagem) e as competências especificas á Enfermagem comunitária e de Saúde Pública.

his report reflects the path and acquisition of knowledge, skills and competences during the internships integrated in the Master's Course in Community Nursing, that is, at the level of the 2nd training cycle and, if they constitute, concomitantly, the conditions for attributing the professional title of Specialist Nurse in Community Nursing, by the Order of Nurses, giving priority to the Final Internship of Professional Nature (ENP). Thus, within the scope of this internship, taking as a reference the strategic institutional focus for the improvement of evidence-based practices, the health of institutionalized elderly people in Residential Structures (ERPIS), explored from different perspectives, embodied the great priority of intervention, namely the group of master's students in this course. In this context, a study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the level of loneliness of elderly people and its determinants, being part of a research project that also includes anxiety, positive mental health and quality of life. life. The present study is quantitative, observational, cross-sectional and analytical- correlational . Of the 22 ERPIS, elderly people from 20 structures participated. In collecting information, two instruments were used: a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire prepared by the research project team; the UCLA Loneliness Scale, originally created and validated by Ferguson, Russell and Peplau (1978) , with Portuguese translation by Félix Neto (1989). 181 elderly people ( n = 181) were surveyed , mostly women (72.4%), single (22.7%), with the 1st cycle of schooling (63.9%) and 26.5% illiterate, with an average of 4.6 years of experience. institutionalization. With regard to loneliness, UCLA recorded good internal consistency ( C =0.898 ), with 18.8% in a state of greater loneliness. There were significant statistical relationships between loneliness and participation in institution activities (t= -2,184 ; p= 0.030 ), receiving visits (t=- 2,752 ; p= 0.007 ), choosing institutionalization (t= -2,948; p = 0.004). The evidence produced is fundamental for improving the care provided to the elderly as well as for the (co)construction of projects that promote the inclusion and participation of the elderly in the life of organizations and communities, making them the main actors of their own health project . In other words, what was experienced in this internship and in the previous one, allowed the development of a set of transversal competences to the 2nd cycle of nursing training (Research, Management, Ethics and Nursing) and specific competences to Community and Public Health Nursing.

Health and Safety Risk Mitigation among Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners in Zimbabwe.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is often associated with no or compromised attention to health and safety. Although headlines of fatal accidents in Zimbabwe characterise ASGM, little attention is paid to prevention strategies. This study, therefore, explores health and safety risk mitigation in ASGM in Zimbabwe to inform prevention strategies. A qualitative design was used with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, coding, and descriptive statistics. Reported factors contributing to compromised health and safety included immediate causes, workplace factors, ASM related factors, and contextual factors, with interconnectedness between the causal factors. In addition, factors related to ASGM were significant. For risk mitigation, formalisation, organisation of risk reduction, behaviour change, and enforcement of prevention strategies is proposed. A multi-causal analysis is recommended for risk assessment and accident investigation. A multi-stakeholder approach could be considered for risk mitigation including community and public health interventions. However, risk mitigation has been characterised by gaps and weaknesses such as lacking ASM policy, lack of capital, poor enforcement, negative perceptions, and non-compliance. Therefore, we recommend addressing the threats associated with health and safety mitigation to ensure health and safety protection in ASGM.

A Qualitative Serial Analysis of Drawings by Thirteen-to Fifteen-Year-Old Adolescents in Sweden About the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic.

In this article, we explore the perspectives of 13-15-year-olds living in Sweden about the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, through inductive analysis of 187 of their drawings. Through reconstructive serial picture analysis, three types of meaning were derived: (1) A new normal in dystopian scenery points to the disruption of daily life and development of new praxis and meaning in a context of threat and restriction; (2) Disrupted relationships refers to these adolescents' self-portrayal as solitary, without adult guidance or friends prominent; and (3) Negative emotions and compliant behaviors addresses a range of negative emotions and expressions of loss with few proactive strategies illustrated. General existential distress appears in these drawings, seemingly compounded by both developmental stage and other factors in addition to the pandemic context. Drawings suggest a restricted repertoire of ways of dealing with challenges confronting these adolescents, who seemed to feel left to their own resources.

Between division and connection: a qualitative study of the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on social relationships in the United Kingdom.

Background: The first national COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom between March to July 2020 resulted in sudden and unprecedented disruptions to daily life. This study sought to understand the impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social distancing and quarantine, on people's lived experiences, focusing on social connections and relationships. Methods: Data were generated through 20 in-depth online and telephone interviews, conducted between May and July 2020, and analysed using thematic analysis informed by an ecological framework. Results: Findings show that the use of NPIs impacted social relationships and sociality at every level, disrupting participant's sense of self; relationships with their partners, household members, neighbours, and communities; and polarising social and political views. However, experiences of personal meaning-making and reflection, and greater social connectedness, solidarity, and compassion - despite physical distance - were also common. Conclusions: Participant's lived experiences of the first UK lockdown underscore the interconnectedness of relationships at the individual, community and societal level and point towards the important role of trust, social cohesion, and connectedness in coping with pandemic stress and adversity. Where infectious disease prevention measures rupture sociality, support for social connection at every relational level is likely to help build resilience in light of ongoing COVID-19 restrictions.

Challenging the Constraints of Neoliberalism and Biomedicalism: Repositioning Social Work in Mental Health.

This article explores the impact of neoliberalism and biomedicalism on social work mental health care practice through presenting the results of a Canadian provincial study which illustrates the experiences of social work service users, providers, and supervisors. While Canada has a universal health care program, the intensification of the free-market approach is evident in the shifts from public sector support to growing rationalization and marked cutbacks to the provision of social welfare services. The specific impact of neoliberal economic restraint on social justice in mental health services has pressured practitioners to adopt medicalized, short-term strategies, under efficiency-based models. The participants in this study reported significant co-occurring concerns with the state of mental health service delivery, and results suggest social work is increasingly co-opted by the conservative individualizing, pathologizing, and contextualizing dominant biomedical framework in the provision of mental health social services and lack of professional practice autonomy.

Examining the Macrosystem Level of Influence on Community Health Worker Effectiveness in the State of Nebraska: A Qualitative Approach.

Community health workers (CHWs) serve as the linkage between community and providers and are stakeholders for bridging services to the public. However, integration of CHWs into health care organizations is often lacking. This study explored macrosystem level barriers faced by CHWs and their ability to do their jobs effectively. Using qualitative interviews from CHWs (n = 28) in Nebraska, we used an abductive approach to derive the following themes: (1) CHWs and client macrosystem barriers, (2) CHW workforce supports, and (3) macrosystem solutions for CHW workforce sustainability. Study results also found various macrosystem barriers affecting CHW workforces including immigration policies, insurance policies, funding sources, supervisor support, and obstacles for health seeking of clients. Moreover, through the lens of CHWs, results revealed the need to provide and advocate for solutions that prioritize the needs of CHWs as they continue to fill a crucial gap in community healthcare systems.

Respiratory Protection Perceptions among Malian Health Workers: Insights from the Health Belief Model.

Reusable respiratory protective devices called elastomeric respirators have demonstrated their effectiveness and acceptability in well-resourced healthcare settings. Using standard qualitative research methods, we explored the feasibility of elastomeric respirator use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We conducted interviews and focus groups with a convenience sample of health workers at one clinical center in Mali. Participants were users of elastomeric and/or traditional N95 respirators, their supervisors, and program leaders. Interview transcripts of participants were analyzed using a priori constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM) and a previous study about healthcare respirator use. In addition to HBM constructs, the team identified two additional constructs impacting uptake of respirator use (system-level factors and cultural factors). Together, these framed the perceptions of Malian health workers and highlighted both facilitators of and barriers to respirator use uptake. As needs for respiratory protection from airborne infectious hazards become more commonly recognized, elastomeric respirators may be a sustainable and economic solution for health worker protection in LMIC.

Practitioner Experiences Responding to Suicide Risk for Survivors of Human Trafficking in the Philippines.

Human trafficking survivors experience elevated suicide risk in comparison to the general population. Anti-trafficking service providers in the Philippines have identified capacity building in suicide prevention as a critical priority given the insufficient number of trained mental health professionals and lack of culturally adapted evidence-based interventions in the Philippines. We conducted a focused ethnography exploring the experiences of non-mental health professionals working in the anti-human trafficking sector in the Philippines in responding to suicidality among survivors of human trafficking (n = 20). Themes included: emotional burden on service providers, manifestations of stigma regarding suicide, lack of clarity regarding risk assessment, lack of mental health services and support systems, transferring responsibility to other providers, and the need for training, supervision, and organizational systems. We discuss implications for training service providers in the anti-human trafficking sector, as well as cultural adaptation of suicide prevention interventions with human trafficking survivors in the Philippines.

Uncovering Burdens, Examining Needs, and Shedding Assumptions of Evidence-Based Social Support Programs for Mothers: A Descriptive Qualitative Study in a Remote Community.

Many studies have demonstrated a significant burden of maternal stress and depression for women living on the Galápagos Islands. Here, we aim to uncover burdens and needs of women with young children on San Cristóbal Island and then explore options for implementing evidence-based programs of social support to meet these needs. We conducted 17 semi-structured qualitative interviews with mothers of young children, healthcare workers, and community stakeholders. We then used Summary Oral Reflective Analysis (SORA), an interactive methodology, for qualitative analysis. Despite initial reports of a low-stress environment, women described many sources of stress and concerns for their own and their children's health and well-being. We uncovered three broad areas of need for mothers of young children: (1) the need for information and services, (2) the need for trust, and (3) the need for space. In response to these concerns, mothers, healthcare workers, and community leaders overwhelmingly agreed that a social support program would be beneficial for the health of mothers and young children. Still, they expressed concern over the feasibility of such a program. To address these feasibility concerns, we propose that a web-based education and social support intervention led by nurses would best meet mothers' needs. Women could learn about child health and development, develop strong, trusting friendships with other mothers, and have their own space to speak freely among experts and peers.

"Now I Am Myself": Exploring How People With Poststroke Aphasia Experienced Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Within the SOFIA Trial.

Aphasia, a language disability, can profoundly affect a person's mood and identity. The experiences of participants who received Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, a psychological intervention, were explored in the Solution-Focused brief therapy In poststroke Aphasia (SOFIA) Trial. Thirty participants with chronic aphasia, 14 with severe aphasia, participated in in-depth interviews that were analyzed using framework analysis. Two overarching themes emerged: valued therapy components (exploring hopes, noticing achievements, companionship, sharing feelings, and relationship with therapist) and perceptions of progress (mood, identity, communication, relationships, and independence). Participants were categorized into four groups: (a) "changed," where therapy had a meaningful impact on a person's life; (b) "connected," where therapy was valued primarily for companionship; (c) "complemental," where therapy complemented a participant's upward trajectory; and (d) "discordant," where therapy misaligned with participants' preference for impairment-based language work. This study suggests that it is feasible to adapt a psychological therapy for people with aphasia, who perceive it as valuable.

Campus Service Use Among Students With Disabilities Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence: A Conceptual Model.

Students with disabilities are one student group with elevated risk of sexual violence. Although they would benefit from streamlined access to campus support, little is known about their patterns of campus service use. This qualitative analysis includes data from semi-structured interviews with 51 students with disabilities who experienced sexual violence focused on service use across campus. The resultant conceptual model shows that greater accessibility is associated with positive experiences, and lower accessibility is associated with negative experiences. Students with disabilities who experienced or expected negative reactions (e.g., judgment) were less likely to use services and were less satisfied. Advocacy and support in connecting students with disability or sexual violence services was associated with positive experiences and increased accessibility. These findings highlight key facilitators and barriers to campus service use for students with disabilities with sexual violence histories and suggest key intervention points for increasing accessibility, reducing stigma, and improving student experiences with campus providers, staff, and faculty.

Motivations for PrEP-Related Interpersonal Communication Among Women Who Inject Drugs: A Qualitative Egocentric Network Study.

A qualitative egocentric social network approach was taken to explore motivations for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)-related communication between women who inject drugs and network members. Eligible participants were HIV-negative, 18 years or older, and participating in a PrEP demonstration project in Philadelphia, PA, USA. The study employed content analysis of in-depth interviews to identify themes related to contextual and relational factors impacting PrEP communication within networks. Participants (n = 20) named on average three network members, resulting in a total of 57 unique relationships. PrEP conversations occurred within 30 of the 57 relationships, and motivations were to benefit others, to benefit themselves, and due to a sense of obligation. Some conversations also occurred when a peer unexpectedly found their pills. Taking a qualitative approach to network analysis provided a nuanced understanding of how interpersonal characteristics motivated PrEP conversations. Network interventions that facilitate information diffusion and social support may increase PrEP uptake and adherence among women who inject drugs.

Harm Reduction for Women in Treatment for Alcohol Use Problems: Exploring the Impact of Dominant Addiction Discourse.

The objectives of this study were to profile the landscape of women's alcohol use programs in Canada. We explored service users' and providers' beliefs about alcohol use problems and how this affected treatment choices for alcohol use problems. Data were collected through standardized measures alongside in-depth semi-structured narrative interviews in six women's alcohol treatment sites in Canada. Findings demonstrated that service users and service providers often supported an abstinence choice and were ambivalent about the viability of controlled or managed use in both abstinence- and harm reduction-based programs. Findings showed that women service users in this study had significant rates of trauma and depression which were associated with their alcohol use; the majority still adopted dominant alcohol addiction discourse which emphasizes the need for abstinence. We offer a number of recommendations to improve the viability of harm reduction for alcohol use in women's treatment programs.