Influences on ethnic minority women's experiences and access to contraception in the UK: a systematic qualitative evidence synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Accessible contraception is critical for promoting the health and well-being of women and their families. In the UK, contraception is free at the point of access, but only 55% of pregnancies are planned, with negative implications for maternal and infant outcomes. In general, women from ethnic minorities use contraceptives less than white women. Barriers to the uptake of contraceptives have been identified, including perceived poor information from healthcare professionals and concerns about side effects. However, most studies do not include representative proportions of women from ethnic minorities. Evidence suggests that ethnic minority (EM) women feel targeted and coerced by healthcare professionals regarding contraception. METHODS: A systematic search of Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO via Ovid, CINAHL, and Web of Science was conducted to identify primary qualitative and mixed-methods studies exploring ethnic minority women's experience of contraception in the UK. The data were charted using thematic analysis, using both summary and synthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, including the perspectives of 717 participants from an ethnic minority. Four overarching themes were developed: contraceptive knowledge, beliefs, family, and services. Similar to women in general, ethnic minority women have concerns about side effects, especially infertility, value the perspectives of their peers and male partners, and express a preference for female healthcare professionals. Novel perspectives included conflicting ideas about the influence of religion and stereotyping of ethnic minority women. Culturally competent consultations and a better understanding of hormonal hesitancy are essential.

A revisit of knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraception in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVES: To revisit women's knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding emergency contraception (EC) in Hong Kong. The research sought to provide insights for improving the accessibility and quality of EC services. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study, where self-administered questionnaires were distributed at a major community sexual and reproductive health service in Hong Kong over a 3-month period between July 2023 and October 2023. Descriptive and regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 1127 respondents, the majority (n=1057, 93.8%) reported using contraception and 513 (45.6%) had used EC. The main contraceptive methods used were male condoms and oral contraceptive pills. The majority (n=1035, 91.8%) of respondents demonstrated awareness about EC and 938 (83.2%) participants correctly reported the timeframe for oral EC. Around two-thirds reported the internet as being their leading source of EC knowledge. Over 93% of respondents advocated for enhancing public awareness. Acceptance of non-traditional means of obtaining EC, such as over-the-counter provision (51.3%), pharmacy provision (49.8%) and telemedicine consultation (43.1%), were higher than face-to-face EC consultations (32.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Family planning service users' characteristics and KAP regarding EC have significantly changed over the last 20 years. Women now demonstrate greater awareness, knowledge and openness regarding EC, indicating improved readiness for more liberal delivery of EC nowadays. This study highlights the need for restructuring EC service provision in Hong Kong to address women's changing preferences and contraceptive needs, and to minimise barriers to EC access. We recommend reclassifying emergency contraceptive pills as non-prescription drugs in Hong Kong to align with international practice.

Prunes May Blunt Adverse Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Bone Health in Young Adult Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Oral contraceptives (OCs) may promote bone loss, thereby leading to suboptimal bone health later in life. Research is needed to determine whether dietary interventions can blunt OC-related bone loss; prune consumption, shown to be effective in improving bone density in previous studies, could provide a safe and inexpensive solution. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether 12 mo of consuming 50 g of prunes daily would prevent bone loss or increase bone accrual in young (18-25 y) OC users. Methods: Ninety women were randomly assigned to a control group not using OCs (non-OC), an OC group not consuming prunes (OC), and an OC group consuming 50 g prunes daily (OC+P) for 12 mo. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at baseline and after 12 mo via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (at all sites) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (at tibia). Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 6 and 12 mo to assess biomarkers. Results: There were no significant differences between groups for dietary intake, physical activity, serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b, or bone alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Baseline serum C-reactive protein and vitamin D concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) for OC and OC+P groups than those in the non-OC group. Serum parathyroid hormone was higher for non-OC group than OC group at both baseline (P = 0.049) and final (P = 0.032). BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at all sites did not change among groups. Ultradistal radius BMD increased over time (P < 0.05) within non-OC and OC+P groups. Trabecular density of the distal tibia as measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography decreased from baseline to 12 mo within the OC group only (P = 0.016). Conclusions: OC use tended to promote minor negative effects on bone and consuming prunes tended to provide a potential protective effect on trabecular density of the distal tibia and ultradistal radius.This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04785131.

Previous Use of Combined Oral Contraception in High Complexity Assisted Reproduction Treatments in Protocol with Oral Progestin - Previous use of COC and ART.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of prior use of combined oral contraceptives in assisted reproduction techniques with ovulation blockade by oral progestin. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with a single-center convenience sample of patients treated between 2018 and 2021. Two groups were compared: with and without a history of combined oral contraceptives (comparator). The clinical variables were age, body mass index, type of infertility and smoking. Regarding treatment, antral follicle count; follicles >14 mm; oocytes in metaphase I and II; number of embryos; days of treatment; total dose of medication, chemical and clinical pregnancy rate and delivery after 1st embryo transfer. Absolute and relative frequencies were used for the qualitative variables; means, medians and t-test for the quantitative ones. Association between qualitative variables used the Chi-square test and, for quantitative variables, the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). The statistical program used was Stata 16.0. RESULTS: Among 407 medical records, 351 were included (combined oral contraceptive=243 and comparator=108). The combined oral contraceptive and the comparator groups had, respectively, mean (SD±) age 38.2 (4.5) and 38.2 (4.5) years; chemical pregnancy rates of 30.5% and 29.6% (p=0.281); clinical pregnancy rates of 24.8% and 24.1% (p=0.313) and abortion, 5% and 4.6% (p=0.544). The median time on combined oral contraceptives was 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Previous use of combined oral contraceptives did not impact reproductive results in relation to the comparator group in patients undergoing assisted reproduction techniques in protocols with oral progestin.

Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of long-acting reversible contraception methods: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing the immediate versus delayed provision of long-acting reversible contraceptives in postpartum subjects, focusing on short-interval pregnancies, utilization rates, and adverse events. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central, Embase, PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from inception up to December 19, 2023, without filters or language limitation. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We selected randomized controlled trials assessing the immediate insertion of long-acting reversible contraceptives in women during postpartum period in comparison with the delayed provision. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: We calculated relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals to analyze the primary outcome of utilization rates and secondary endpoints, including initiation rates, pregnancy, any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and serious adverse events. A random effects model was employed in the R software. Moreover, we assessed the risk of bias of selected RCTs using version 2 of the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. RESULTS: We included 24 randomized trials comprising 2,507 participants, of whom 1,293 (51.6%) were randomized to the immediate insertion. Postpartum women in the immediate group had lower risk of pregnancy (RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.04-0.71; P = 0.02) compared with delayed group, and higher rates of long-acting reversible contraceptives at 6 months of follow-up (RR 1.23; 95% CI 1.09-1.37; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Inserting long-acting reversible contraceptives before hospital discharge was associated with a reduction in the risk of pregnancy, and increased rates of its utilization at 6 months of follow-up. This intervention may be an effective contraception strategy for postpartum women.

Preventing recurrence of endometriosis-related pain by means of long-acting progestogen therapy: the PRE-EMPT RCT.

Background: Endometriosis affects 1 in 10 women, many of whom have surgery for persistent pain. Recurrence of symptoms following an operation is common. Although hormonal treatment can reduce this risk, there is uncertainty about the best option. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of long-acting progestogen therapy compared with the combined oral contraceptive pill in preventing recurrence of endometriosis-related pain and quality of life. Design: A multicentre, open, randomised trial with parallel economic evaluation. The final design was informed by a pilot study, qualitative exploration of women's lived experience of endometriosis and a pretrial economic model. Setting: Thirty-four United Kingdom hospitals. Participants: Women of reproductive age undergoing conservative surgery for endometriosis. Interventions: Long-acting progestogen reversible contraceptive (either 150 mg depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or 52 mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) or combined oral contraceptive pill (30 µg ethinylestradiol, 150 µg levonorgestrel). Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was the pain domain of the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 questionnaire at 36 months post randomisation. The economic evaluation estimated the cost per quality-adjusted life-years gained. Results: Four hundred and five women were randomised to receive either long-acting reversible contraceptive (N = 205) or combined oral contraceptive pill (N = 200). Pain scores improved in both groups (24 and 23 points on average) compared with preoperative values but there was no difference between the two (adjusted mean difference: -0.8, 95% confidence interval -5.7 to 4.2; p = 0.76). The long-acting reversible contraceptive group underwent fewer surgical procedures or second-line treatments compared with the combined oral contraceptive group (73 vs. 97; hazard ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 1.00). The mean adjusted quality-adjusted life-year difference between two arms was 0.043 (95% confidence interval -0.069 to 0.152) in favour of the combined oral contraceptive pill, although this cost an additional £533 (95% confidence interval 52 to 983) per woman. Limitations: Limitations include the absence of a no-treatment group and the fact that many women changed treatments over the 3 years of follow-up. Use of telephone follow-up to collect primary outcome data in those who failed to return questionnaires resulted in missing data for secondary outcomes. The COVID pandemic may have affected rates of further surgical treatment. Conclusions: At 36 months, women allocated to either intervention had comparable levels of pain, with both groups showing around a 40% improvement from presurgical levels. Although the combined oral contraceptive was cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, the difference between the two was marginal and lower rates of repeat surgery might make long-acting reversible contraceptives preferable to some women. Future work: Future research needs to focus on evaluating newer hormonal preparations, a more holistic approach to symptom suppression and identification of biomarkers to diagnose endometriosis and its recurrence. Trial registration: This trial is registered as ISRCTN97865475. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN97865475. Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 11/114/01) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 55. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. The NIHR recognises that people have diverse gender identities, and in this report, the word 'woman' is used to describe patients or individuals whose sex assigned at birth was female, whether they identify as female, male or non-binary.

Endometriosis is a condition where cells similar to ones that line the womb are found elsewhere in the body. Endometriosis affects 1 in 10 women, many of whom have surgery for persistent pain. Unfortunately, symptoms often return and some women will need repeat operations. Hormonal contraceptives can prevent the return of endometriosis-related pain: either long-acting reversible contraceptives (injections or a coil, fitted inside the womb) or the combined oral contraceptive pill (often called 'the pill'). We do not know which is the best option. The aim of this trial was to find out which of these two hormone treatments was more effective in terms of symptom relief, avoidance of further surgery and costs. Four hundred and five women with endometriosis, who were not intending to get pregnant, participated in a clinical trial. Half of the participants took long-acting reversible contraceptives, and the other half took the pill for 3 years following endometriosis surgery. The choice of treatment was made at random by a computer to ensure a fair comparison, although those allocated to the long-acting contraceptive could choose between injections or the coil. Participants completed questionnaires about their symptoms and life quality at intervals up to 3 years. Both treatments were equally good at reducing pain but more women using the pill had repeat operations. The pill was a little more costly overall but associated with a slightly higher quality of life. Both treatments are equally effective in reducing pain up to 3 years after surgery for endometriosis. The differences in costs are small and the choice of treatment should be based on personal preference.

Oral Contraceptive Pills as a Potential Cause of Wallenberg Syndrome: A Mysterious Case.

Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary syndrome, is a rare neurological condition caused by an ischemic stroke in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) territory of the brainstem. Here, we present a case of Wallenberg syndrome in a relatively healthy 37-year-old woman with no known risk factors besides a history of long-term oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use without prior adverse effects. The patient presented with acute onset headache that worsened in bright light, left-sided lightheadedness, dizziness, blurry vision, and non-bloody, non-bilious emesis. A neurological exam revealed left facial numbness and left upper extremity numbness; however, strength was intact in all extremities. An MRI revealed an acute ischemic infarct in the left PICA distribution, consistent with Wallenberg syndrome. While the initial thought was that the patient's OCP use contributed to this stroke, it has been deduced that the risk of stroke with current formulations of OCPs is insignificant compared to women who do not take any OCPs. This case highlights the importance of reconsidering OCPs as the cause of stroke in young, healthy patients without significant risk factors and considering reclassification as an embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS).

Improving contraceptive care for minors in Israel: practice, policy, and training gaps among OBGYNs.

BACKGROUND: Sexually active adolescents sometimes seek contraceptives without parental consent, posing challenges due to minors' confidentiality and consent regulations. This is especially the case under the un-nuanced Israeli legal scheme regarding adolescents' care. METHODS: Israeli OBGYNs were contacted through mailing lists and social media groups and asked to fill an online questionnaire regarding their experience and protocols concerning prescription of contraceptives to minors. They were also asked about their comprehension of the relevant legal obligations, the importance they ascribe to different ethical interests and considerations, as well as their training. RESULTS: Of the 177 responding gynecologists, 132 (74.58%) consulted minors about contraceptives during the past year, regardless of a vast lack of training on providing care to minors. More than a third of respondents believed that there is no legal requirement to involve parents in the process, and only 8% assumed a legal obligation for parental involvement in all minors under the age of 18. Three quarters would "almost always" prescribe contraceptives without parental knowledge, if requested, while 20% never would. No correlation was found between respondents' practices and their perception of the relevant legal obligations. Participants agreed that the risk to the health of the minor as a result of having sex without contraceptives is of utmost importance. Yet, those willing to prescribe gave greater weight to this consideration, while those who do not prescribe were more concerned with the legal ramifications of such an act. The majority identified the age of 15 as the threshold for consistently prescribing contraceptives to minors without parental involvement. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the significant gaps in both the legal framework and the training of Israeli OBGYNs, and further supports confidential prescription of contraceptives to minors 15 years and older, via Article 6 of the Israeli Legal Competence and Guardianship Law. Legislative reform, professional guidelines and education and training programs are all needed to ensure consistent and legally sound practices, that safeguard the health and rights of minors. It is imperative to guide healthcare providers, including OBGYNs prescribing contraceptives to minors, on managing the care of minors refusing parental involvement, clarifying the legal framework and ethical considerations involved.

Rapid and random-start endometrial preparation before outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy in patients of perimenopausal age.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of randomly started oral dienogest/ethinylestradiol (DNG/EE) for swift endometrial preparation prior to outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy in perimenopausal women. METHOD: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in university hospitals. Eighty perimenopausal women scheduled for outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy between January 2023 and March 2024 were randomly assigned to either intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 40) groups. Exclusion criteria included concomitant endometrial pathologies, recent therapy and adnexal diseases. The intervention group received oral DNG/EE 2 mg/0.03 mg/day started on any day of the menstrual cycle for 14 days. The control group underwent polypectomy between menstrual cycle days 8 and 11 without pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: Pre-procedure (p < 0.001) and post-procedure (p < 0.001) endometrial thickness were significantly reduced in the intervention group, along with a higher incidence of hypotrophic/atrophic endometrial patterns (p < 0.001). Surgical parameters also differed significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: DNG/EE treatment offers rapid, cost-effective endometrial preparation, enhancing surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction during outpatient polypectomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06316206.

A comparative study of hormonal contraceptive use and vitamin D levels at Gondar Town 2023.

Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem globally, with devastating health consequences. Some studies suggest that exogenous sex hormones, found in hormonal contraceptives, may enhance vitamin D levels. However, the reasons for this association are not fully understood, as women using hormonal contraception may have different lifestyle habits affecting their vitamin D status. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the relationship between hormonal contraceptive use and vitamin D levels. A Facility based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar town from February to April 2023, involving a total of 162 women using three types of hormonal contraceptives (Norplant, DMPA, and COC) and 162 age and BMI-matched non-users as controls in a 1:1 ratio. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collected data regarding the socio-demographic, economic, obstetric, lifestyle, and clinical information. 5 milliliters of blood samples were collected from each participant for Laboratory analysis of serum vitamin D, calcium, and alkaline phosphates using a Beckman Coulter chemistry analyzer. Independent t-tests, ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test was used to compare statistics between the two groups, and logistic regression models to identify factors associated with Vitamin D deficiency. The mean serum Vitamin D levels of Norplant, DMPA, and COC users were 24.08 (± 5.17), 24.83 (± 5.52), and 31.90 (± 6.94) respectively; whereas control group has mean Vitamin D level of 22.00 (± 7.97). On the current study the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml) among hormonal contraceptive users was found to be 21.6% (35/162), whereas 48.14% (78/162) of non-user controls had vitamin D deficiency. The odds of having Vitamin D deficiency was higher among participants who attained higher education, who never eat fish and have never been used vitamin D Supplements. However, the use of combined oral contraceptives (COC) shown to reduce the odd of having vitamin D deficiency by 90%. Similarly, individuals with normal and hypercalcemia state shown to have lower odd of having Vitamin D deficiency. Users of combined oral contraceptives (COC) had significantly higher mean serum Vitamin D levels compared to users of Norplant and DMPA, as well as non-users. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was lower among COC users compared to non-users, highlighting a potential protective effect of COC use against Vitamin D deficiency.

Evaluating Patient-Reported Adherence And Safety for Oral Contraception Treatment in Women via a Direct-To-Consumer Prescription Platform: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The acceptance of telemedicine in the German health care system is growing. This also extends to gynecological applications such as the prescription of contraceptives. This study investigates the contraceptive use and adherence of patients using a direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription platform for oral contraception. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using anonymized data obtained from a DTC prescription platform between May 2021 and March 2023. The patient-reported outcome was evaluated after 3 months through a follow-up questionnaire. Results: In total, 8,065 patient records were available and 1,008 patients responded to the follow-up questionnaire. Patients were mostly taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and only 6% were taking a progestin-only pill (POP). Even in patient populations at higher risk, such as smokers and obese women, the proportion of POP users was less than 20%. Over 90% of users reported that they took the pill without any intake errors, with the main intake error being forgotten intake. Overall, 23% of patients reported adverse events while taking the pill, with POP users reporting more adverse events than COC users (36.7% vs. 22.2%). Over 70% of patients regularly attended cervical screening. Conclusions: Users of a DTC prescribing platform exhibit strong adherence, with over 90% successfully taking oral contraceptive pills. The platform effectively identifies absolute contraindications but could enhance recommendations for contraceptives in the presence of relative contraindications. For healthy women familiar with pill usage, DTC platforms offer a viable and convenient alternative to traditional doctor's office prescriptions.

High non-use of contraception among tribal and non-tribal women in North-Eastern India: alarming but neglected.

Limited evidence exists about the contraception uptake in indigenous tribal groups of the north-eastern region of India. This study based on the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) IV (2015-2016) reports aimed to describe the pattern and factors associated with contraceptive non-use in the tribal women of the north-eastern part of India. The study was a cross-sectional analytical study based on secondary analysis of NFHS-IV data. All women in the age group of 15-49 years from the north-eastern part of India were included. Data were extracted and analysed using modified STATA-14 software. The association of socio-demographic and economic characteristics with contraceptive non-use was assessed using logistic regression. The inter-group differences of population characteristics for non-use contraceptives were assessed by modified Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique using 'Fairlie decomposition'. A total of 65,941 women were included, of whom 34,936 (52.9%) were tribal women. The proportion of contraceptive non-use was higher in tribal women. Tribal women with age at marriage above 30 years, Christian community, and women from Assam and Manipur state had higher odds of contraceptive non-use. The decomposition analysis showed that geographical variations, parity, and Christian religion contributed the most to contraceptive use disparity in the population. A huge gap was observed in contraceptive non-use among tribal and non-tribal women in the north-eastern part of India. The healthcare system must involve community representatives in designing context-specific community-based initiatives to increase the uptake of contraceptive use in these remote vulnerable communities.

In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells.

Hormonal contraception has been advocated as an alternative population control method for the long-tailed macaque population, which has increased exponentially due to anthropogenic changes and incidental food subsidies from human food waste. Risks of increased zoonosis and conflict are imminent if the population growth of long-tailed macaques is unchecked. However, there's a gap in the literature about the effect of hormonal contraceptives on long-tailed macaque reproductive tissues cell line. The present study aims to investigate the effect of oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. We determine the cell viability and cytotoxicity as well as the morphological changes of the drugs on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells using the MTT assay, Acridine orange/propidium iodide double staining method, morphological examination, and the 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining method. For the MTT assay, The drugs were dissolved in culture media before use to have a concentration ranging from 0.5 µg/mL, 2.5 µg/mL, 0.125 µg/mL, 0.0625 µg/mL, and 0.0315 µg/mL to have three replicates for each treatment. In contrast, the concentration of 0.0315 µg/mL was used for the morphological and histopathological analysis. The result of the study indicates that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) inhibit the growth of long-tailed macaque ovarian cells and induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (at a concentration of 0.0315 µg/mL and an IC50 lower than 10 µg/mL), With a statistically significant value of ****P < 0.001 for each drug compared to the negative control. The result of the present study contributes toward addressing the gap in the literature on the effect of oral contraceptives in long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. Hence, we conclude that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) are safe and effective in long-tailed macaque ovarian cells as such could be used to develop non-invasive oral contraceptives for controlling the population of long-tailed macaques as an alternative population control method.

Emotion and birth control: Emotion regulation ERPs differ based on menstrual cycle phase and hormonal contraceptive use.

While hormonal contraceptives (HCs) like oral contraceptive pills (OCs) and intrauterine devices (IUDs) can reportedly influence mood, the evidence is mixed, and the mechanisms remain unclear. Emotion reactivity and regulation processes may be hormone-sensitive and underlie these mood changes. This study sought to investigate the role of the menstrual cycle and HC use in emotion regulation using ERP measures during an emotion regulation paradigm. Participants with a natural cycle (NC) were measured in the mid-follicular and mid-luteal phase (within-subject design, n = 26), and compared with OC (n = 36) and IUD (n = 25) users. The centroparietal late positive potential (LPP) reflected negative emotion reactivity and its modulation by cognitive reappraisal served as a marker for emotion regulation processing. NC participants had a lower LPP amplitude in the mid-luteal compared to the mid-follicular phase. Reactivity to negative emotional stimuli decreased over time in the mid-luteal phase, whereas the HC groups showed sustained LPP activation. Reappraisal led only to significant LPP changes in the mid-follicular phase, and not in the mid-luteal phase or HC groups. Our results showed a specific left frontal activity (FR-LPP) in the contrast that reflected emotion regulation processing. This activity was highest in the mid-follicular phase, and was significantly different from the OC users but not from the IUD group. Higher self-reported PMS symptoms were associated with stronger effects on the reduced mid-luteal LPP activity and with lower FR-LPP amplitude in the mid-follicular phase. No effect of OC phase (active pill use versus pill pause) was found. These findings add insights into the neurophysiological underpinnings of hormone-related mood changes and demonstrate the importance of considering hormonal status and PMS symptoms in emotion research.

Starting the pill during adolescence: Age of onset and duration of use influence morphology of the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

From adolescence, women become more likely to experience fear dysregulation. Oral contraceptives (OCs) can modulate the brain regions involved in fear processes. OCs are generally used for years and often initiated during adolescence, a sensitive period where certain brain regions involved in the fear circuitry are still undergoing important reorganization. It remains unknown whether OC use during adolescence may induce long-lasting changes in the fear circuitry. This study aimed to examine whether age of onset moderated the relationship between duration of use and fear-related brain structures. We collected structural MRI data in 98 healthy adult women (61 current users, 37 past users) and extracted grey matter volumes (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT) of key regions of the fear circuitry. Non-linear multiple regressions revealed interaction effects between age of onset and quadratic duration of use on GMV of the right hippocampus and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Among women who initiated OCs earlier in adolescence, a short duration of use was associated with smaller hippocampal GMV and thicker vmPFC compared to a longer duration of use. For both GMV and CT of the right vmPFC, women with an early OC onset had more grey matter at a short duration of use than those with a later onset. Our results suggest that OC use earlier in adolescence may induce lasting effects on structural correlates of fear learning and its regulation. These findings support further investigation into the timing of OC use to better comprehend how OCs could disrupt normal brain development processes.

What are the associated factors of low husbands/partners independent decision-maker in women's contraceptive use decision-making process in Ethiopia? Multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many married women of reproductive age with husbands or partners are less cooperative in using contraceptives, often resulting in unintended pregnancies or secret contraceptive use. This private use of contraceptives causes women to suffer from side effects without proper support, and many women in Ethiopia die due to unintended pregnancies. However, the involvement of husbands or partners in the contraceptive decision-making process in Ethiopia is often neglected. There is also a lack of evidence regarding the determinants of husbands' or partners' decision-making power on contraceptive use in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the determinants of low involvement of husbands/partners in women's contraceptive use decision-making processes in Ethiopia. METHODS: This study was based on Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data, collected from January 18 to June 27, 2016. Weighted samples of 3,669 reproductive-age women were included. Husbands'/partners' independent decision-making was measured by whether the husband/partner decided independently or alone about contraceptive use, categorized as "Yes" or "No". A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted, and ICC (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient), MOR (Median Odds Ratio), PCV (Proportion Change in Variance), and deviance were used to assess model fitness and comparison. Variables with a p-value of ≤ 0.2 in the bivariate analysis were considered candidates for multivariable multilevel analysis. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine both the direction and strength of the association, and a p-value of < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. RESULTS: Husbands'/partners' independent decision-making in women's contraceptive use was found to be 5.41% [4.72-6.19%]. Significant factors associated with this included: Husbands/partners aged 31-59 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.3; Confidence Interval (CI) 2.3-5.4) and over 59 years (AOR = 2.3; CI 1.2-4.3), Educational level of husbands/partners: primary education (AOR = 3.2; CI 2.9-4.3), secondary education (AOR = 3.9; CI 2.7-4.4), and higher education (AOR = 4.3; CI 2.8-5.0), Media exposure (AOR = 4.5; CI 2.2-5.4), History of pregnancy termination (AOR = 3.3; CI 2.6-4.1), Perception that distance to health facilities is not a significant problem (AOR = 3.0; CI 1.7-4.7) and Urban residency (AOR = 3.5; CI 1.6-4.2). CONCLUSIONS: In Ethiopia, the involvement of husbands/partners in the contraceptive use decision-making process is low. To increase their decision-making power, attention should be given to factors such as age, educational level, media exposure, history of pregnancy termination, distance to health facilities, and urban residency.

Estrogen Hormones' Implications on the Physiopathology of Temporomandibular Dysfunction.

Background/Objectives: Temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome consists of several disorders of the masticatory system, namely those of the muscles, the joint itself, as well as the dental and periodontal system. This syndrome is often characterized by pain and an inability to perform functions within the dental-maxillary apparatus, which creates a certain degree of disability in patients. Women are more susceptible to this syndrome than men and hormonal factors, particularly estrogen, are central to its etiology and physiopathology. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases regarding articles published from January 2008 to December 2023. Two authors conducted searches in the mentioned databases based on a pre-established search strategy using agreed-upon keywords. Additionally, each review author performed the selection process of eligible studies based on established inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Risk of Bias tool 2 were used to assess each article for its methodological quality. Results: Of the 1030 records found in the four bibliographic databases, 22 studies were included in this review. Polymorphism in the alpha estrogen receptor appears to be significantly more prevalent in women with temporomandibular dysfunction, suggesting a genetic predisposition. There is a significant role of estrogen in the physiopathology of TMD-related pain. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a significantly higher incidence of TMD, accompanied by elevated inflammatory factors and decreased progesterone levels. In premenopausal women, there is scientific relevance to the association between beta-estradiol levels and TMD development and progression. The effects of estrogen hormones on temporomandibular dysfunction remain highly debated and challenging. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of considering hormonal factors, genetic predisposition, and reproductive life stages in understanding and managing temporomandibular dysfunction. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these associations.

Why it is timely to bring a new hormonal male contraceptive to the public - A 35-year perspective of the authors.

This perspective provides an overview of issues needed to bring a testosterone-progestogen combined transdermal male hormonal contraceptive to the market. Large-scale phase 2b trials are near completion and a pivotal trial to confirm efficacy and safety has been designed. We believe we are close to accomplishing the steps necessary to bring the first male-directed effective, safe, and reversible pharmaceutical contraceptive approach to the public. If successful, we believe it will provide a new option for couples to consider in their family planning.

A Review of Concordance and Quality in Clinical Guidelines for Hormonal Contraceptives to Mitigate Drug-Drug Interactions in Women With Epilepsy.

PURPOSE: Concomitant use of hormonal contraceptive agents (HCAs) and enzyme-inducting antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) may lead to contraceptive failure and unintended pregnancy. This review identified and evaluated concordance and quality of clinical treatment guidelines related to the use of HCAs in women with epilepsy (WWE) receiving EIAEDs. METHODS: Relevant clinical guidelines were identified across four databases and were independently evaluated for quality utilizing the AGREE-II protocol instrument. Quality in this context is defined as the rigor and transparency of the methodologies used to develop the guideline. Guidelines were further assessed in terms of concordance and discordance with the latest body of knowledge concerning the use of hormonal contraception in the presence of EIAEDs. RESULTS: A total of n = 5 guidelines were retrieved and evaluated. Overall guideline scores ranged from 17% to 92%, while individual domain scores ranged from 0% to 100%. Contraceptive guidelines consistently recommended the use of intrauterine systems and long-acting injectables in the presence of EIAEDs, recommended against the use of oral, transdermal, and vaginal ring contraceptives, and differed regarding recommendations related to implants. Guidelines agreed regarding recommendations that women treated with EIAEDs should receive intrauterine systems and long-acting injectables; however, the suggested frequency of administration of injectable contraceptives differed. The use of intrauterine systems in this population is supported by evidence, but there is uncertainty surrounding the use of long-acting injectables and contraceptive implants. CONCLUSIONS: To mitigate the risk of unintended pregnancy and its consequences, recommendations related to implants and long-acting injectable contraceptives should be evidence-based.