Ce-doped TiO2 supported RuO2 as efficient catalysts for the oxidation of HCl to Cl2.

Reducing the cost of RuO2/TiO2 catalysts is still one of the urgent challenges in catalytic HCl oxidation. In the present work, a Ce-doped TiO2 supported RuO2 catalyst with a low Ru loading was developed, showing a high activity in the catalytic oxidation of HCl to Cl2. The results on some extensive characterizations of both Ce-doped TiO2 carriers and their supported RuO2 catalysts show that the doping of Ce into TiO2 can effectively change the lattice parameters of TiO2 to improve the dispersion of the active RuO2 species on the carrier, which facilitates the production of surface Ru species to expose more active sites for boosting the catalytic performance even under some harsh reaction conditions. This work provides some scientific basis and technical support for chlorine recycling.

π-Extension of Multiple Resonance Core: Double Helical and Heptagon Embedded Nanographenes.

Multiple resonance (MR) boron-nitrogen doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BN-PAHs) showed compelling thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), surpassing those of their hydrocarbon analogs. However, the structural variety of π-extended BN-PAHs remains narrow. In this study, we synthesized three double helical BN-doped nanographenes (BN-NGs), 2a-2c, via the π-extension of the MR core. During the formation of 2a, a nanographene with one heptagon (1a) was obtained, whereas subsequent dehydrocyclization of the [6]helicene units within 2b-2c led to heptagon structures, yielding other two BN-NGs containing double heptagons (1b-1c). These BN-NGs (2a-2c and 1a-1c) showed pronounced redshifts of 100-190 nm compared to the parent MR core while preserving the TADF characteristics and prolonging the delayed fluorescence lifetime to the millisecond level. Furthermore, the integration of heptagon ring into 1a-1c expanded the conjugation, reduced the oxidation potentials, and yielded a more flexible framework compared to those of 2a-2c. The enantiomers of 2a-2c, 1a, and 1c were resolved and their chiroptical properties were studied. Notably, 1a and 1c exhibited the increased chiroptical dissymmetry factors.

Ultrahigh Pyridinic/Pyrrolic N Enabling N/S Co-Doped Holey Graphene with Accelerated Kinetics for Alkali-Ion Batteries.

Carbonaceous materials hold great promise for K-ion batteries due to their low cost, adjustable interlayer spacing, and high electronic conductivity. Nevertheless, the narrow interlayer spacing significantly restricts their potassium storage ability. Herein, hierarchical N, S co-doped exfoliated holey graphene (NSEHG) with ultrahigh pyridinic/pyrrolic N (90.6 at.%) and large interlayer spacing (0.423 nm) is prepared through micro-explosion assisted thermal exfoliation of graphene oxide (GO). The underlying mechanism of the micro-explosive exfoliation of GO is revealed. The NSEHG electrode delivers a remarkable reversible capacity (621 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1), outstanding rate capability (155 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1), and robust cyclic stability (0.005% decay per cycle after 4400 cycles at 5 A g-1), exceeding most of the previously reported graphene anodes in K-ion batteries. In addition, the NSEHG electrode exhibits encouraging performances as anodes for Li-/Na-ion batteries. Furthermore, the assembled activated carbon||NSEHG potassium-ion hybrid capacitor can deliver an impressive energy density of 141 Wh kg-1 and stable cycling performance with 96.1% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles at 1 A g-1. This work can offer helpful fundamental insights into design and scalable fabrication of high-performance graphene anodes for alkali metal ion batteries.

New Insights Into Application Relevant Properties of Cu2+-Doped Brushite Cements.

Doping of brushite cements with metal ions can entail many positive effects on biological and physicochemical properties. Cu2+ ions are known to exhibit antibacterial properties and can additionally have different positive effects on cells as trace elements, whereas high Cu2+ concentrations are cytotoxic. For therapeutical applications of bone cement, a combination of good biocompatibility and sufficient mechanical properties is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate different physicochemical and biological aspects, relevant for application, of a brushite cement with Cu2+-doped ß-tricalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and phytic acid as setting retarder. Additionally, the ion release was compared with a cement with citric acid as setting retarder. The investigated cements showed good injectability coefficients, as well as compressive strength values sufficient for application. Furthermore, no antibacterial effects were detected irrespective of the Cu2+ concentration or the bacterial strain. The cell experiments with eluate samples showed that the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells tended to decrease with increasing Cu2+ concentration in the cement. It is suggested that these biological responses are caused by the difference in the Cu2+ release from the hardened cement depending on the solvent medium. Furthermore, the cements showed a steady release of Cu2+ ions to a lesser extent in comparison with a cement with citric acid as setting retarder, where a burst release of Cu2+ was observed. In conclusion, despite the anticipated antibacterial effect of Cu2+-doped cements was lacking and mammalian cell viability was slightly affected, Cu2+-concentrations maintained the physicochemical properties as well as the compressive strength of cements and the slow ion release from cements produced with phytic acid is considered advantageous compared to citric acid-based formulations.

Interfacial Robustness and Improved Kinetics of Single-Crystal Ni-Rich Co-Free Cathodes Enabled by Surface Crystal-Facet Modulation.

The elimination of Co from Ni-rich layered cathodes is critical to reduce the production cost and increase the energy density for sustainable development. Herein, a delicate strategy of crystal-facet modulation is designed and explored, which is achieved by simultaneous Al/W-doping into the precursors, while the surface role of the crystal-facet is intensively revealed. Unlike traditional studies on crystal structure growth along a certain direction, this work modulates the crystal-facet at the nanoscale based on the effect of W-doping dynamic migration with surface energy, successfully constructing the core-shell (003)/(104) facet surface. Compared to the (003) plane, the induced (104) facet at the surface can provide more space for Li+-activity, enabling lower interfacial polarization and higher Li+-transport rate. Additionally, bulk Al-doping is beneficial for enhancing the Li+-diffusion from the exterior surface to the interior lattice. With improved interfacial stability and restrained surface erosion, the product exhibits superior capacity retention and boosted rate performance under the elevated temperature.

Oxygen-doped FeP on Ti Foil with Ti3O Interlayer for Efficient and Durable Electrolysis.

The development of electrocatalysts with low cost, high efficiency, and long-term durability is crucial for advancing green hydrogen production. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have been proved to be efficient electrocatalyst, while the improvement in the performance and durability of the TMPs remains a big challenge. Employing atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and phosphorization, FeP/Ti electrodes are fabricated featuring controllable oxygen ingredients (O-FeP/Ti). This manipulation of oxygen content fine-tunes the electronic structure of the catalyst, resulting in improved surface reaction kinetics and catalytic activity. The optimized O-FeP-400/Ti exhibits outstanding HER activity with overpotentials of 142 and 159 mV at -10 mA cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M KOH, respectively. Notably, the obtained O-FeP/Ti cathode also displays remarkable durability of up to 200 h in acidic electrolyte with surface topography remaining intact. For the first time, the low-valence titanium oxide (Ti3O) interlayer is identified in the composite electrode and ascribed for the superior connection between Ti substrate and the surface O-FeP catalyst, as supported by experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) analysis. This work has expanded the potential applications of transition metal phosphides (TMPs) as a cost-effective, highly efficient and durable catalyst for water splitting.

Chemically Tailored Growth of 2D Semiconductors via Hybrid Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are an exciting platform for excitonic physics and next-generation electronics, creating a strong demand to understand their growth, doping, and heterostructures. Despite significant progress in solid-source (SS-) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), further optimization is necessary to grow highly crystalline 2D TMDCs with controlled doping. Here, we report a hybrid MOCVD growth method that combines liquid-phase metal precursor deposition and vapor-phase organo-chalcogen delivery to leverage the advantages of both MOCVD and SS-CVD. Using our hybrid approach, we demonstrate WS2 growth with tunable morphologies─from separated single-crystal domains to continuous monolayer films─on a variety of substrates, including sapphire, SiO2, and Au. These WS2 films exhibit narrow neutral exciton photoluminescence line widths down to 27-28 meV and room-temperature mobility up to 34-36 cm2 V-1 s-1. Through simple modifications to the liquid precursor composition, we demonstrate the growth of V-doped WS2, MoxW1-xS2 alloys, and in-plane WS2-MoS2 heterostructures. This work presents an efficient approach for addressing a variety of TMDC synthesis needs on a laboratory scale.

Cu/Gd co-doped hydroxyapatite/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid composites enhance MRI imaging and bone defect regeneration.

Background: The hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) composite material is a widely used orthopedic implant due to its excellent biocompatibility and plasticity. Recent advancements in cation doping have expanded its potential biological applications. However, conventional HA/PLGA composites are not visible under X-rays post-implantation and have limited osteogenic induction capabilities. Copper (Cu) is known to regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, while gadolinium (Gd) can significantly enhance the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capabilities of materials. Methods: This study aimed to investigate whether incorporating Cu and Gd into an HA/PLGA composite could enhance the osteogenic properties, in vivo bone defect repair, and MRI characteristics. We prepared a Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite and assessed its performance. Results: Material characterization confirmed that Cu/Gd@HA retained the morphology and crystal structure of HA. The Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite exhibited excellent nuclear magnetic imaging capabilities, porosity, and hydrophilicity, which are conducive to cell adhesion and implant detection. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite enhanced the proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells, and upregulated COL-1 and BMP-2 expression at both gene and protein levels. In vivo studies showed that the Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite maintained strong T1-weighted MRI signals and significantly improved the bone defect healing rate in rats. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composites significantly enhance T1-weighted MRI capabilities, promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and accelerate bone defect healing in vivo.

Microalgae realizes self N-doped biochar for heavy metal polluted sediment remediation.

Heavy metal contamination in sediment has become a significant global environmental challenge. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of modified biochar to solve heavy metal contamination in sediment. However, the modification process with complex methods and expensive modifiers prevented its large-scale application. In this study, an N self-doped biochar was obtained by pyrolysis of Spirulina sp. (SBC). Meanwhile, the K2CO3 impregnation method was utilized to prepare Spirulina sp. biochar (KSBC), which demonstrated a higher specific surface area (874 m2/g) and richer O, N functional groups. The adsorption capacity of KSBC550-120 for Cu (Ⅱ), Zn (Ⅱ), and Cd (Ⅱ) was 57.9 ± 0.3 mg/g, 43.6 ± 0.7 mg/g, and 63.9 ± 0.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process is primarily governed by chemical processes, mainly through ion exchange, surface complexation, dissolution-precipitation, electrostatic interactions, adsorption-reduction, and cation-π interactions. Moreover, utilizing KSBC550-120 for mixing or capping effectively reduced heavy metal concentrations in both the overlying and pore water of the sediments. 1.0 wt% KSBC550-120 with capping treatment significantly reduced the release of heavy metals from the sediment by 80.3-91.9%. This study provides effective theoretical support for re-utilizing waste algal residues and remediation of the heavy metal-contaminated river and lake sediments using microalgae biochar.

Optimizing 3d electronic structure of LaCoO3 based on spin state tuning for enhancing photo-Fenton activity on tetracycline degradation.

The water pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics has significant harmful effects on the environment and human health. The photo-Fenton process is currently the most effective method for removing antibiotics from water, but it encounters challenges such as inadequate response to visible light, low yield and utilization of photogenerated electrons, and slow electron transport. In this study, spin state regulation was introduced into the photo-Fenton process, and the spin state of Co3+ was regulated through Ce displacement doping. The intermediate-spin state Ce-LaCoO3 could degrade 91.6 % of tetracycline within 120 min in the photo-Fenton system, which is 15.2 % higher than that of low-spin state LaCoO3. The improved degradation effect is attributed to the reasons that Ce-LaCoO3 in the intermediate-spin state have lower band gap, better charge transfer ability, and stronger adsorption capacity of H2O2, which can accelerate the redox cycle of Co2+/Co3+ and promote the generation of ·OH. This study presents a unique strategy for synthesizing efficient photo-Fenton materials to treat antibiotic wastewater effectively.

Construction of S/g-C3N4@ß-Bi2O3 heterojunction and its photocatalytic degradation of toluene in the gas phase.

In this paper, a modification of g-C3N4 was carried out by combining non-metal doping with the construction of heterojunctions, and a type II heterojunction composite, S/g-C3N4@ß-Bi2O3, was prepared. The phase structure, morphology, elemental composition, valence band structure, and light absorption performance of the photocatalyst were analyzed using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The performance of the composite photocatalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of gaseous toluene, one of the typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs), under simulated solar light was studied. The effects of preparation conditions, toluene concentration, and recycling on the photocatalytic performance of the composite photocatalyst were investigated. The results show that under the optimal preparation conditions, S/g-C3N4@ß-Bi2O3 achieved a degradation efficiency of 74.0% for 5 ppm toluene after 5 h of light irradiation. Although the degradation efficiency decreased to 61.2% after five cycles, it maintained 83% of its initial activity, indicating good stability of the composite photocatalyst. Free radical quenching experiments demonstrated that h+ was the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation of toluene, followed by ·O2-. Based on all experimental results, the migration law of photo-generated charges was analyzed, and a possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. In this study, a new material was obtained for the photocatalytic removal of VOCs by improving the photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4.

Origin of Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Activity of the n-CdS/p-type Semiconductor Interface: Homojunction or Heterojunction?

Surface engineering of photoelectrodes is considered critical for achieving efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, and various p-type materials have been investigated for use as photoelectrodes. Among these, the p-type semiconductor/n-type CdS heterojunction is the most successful photocathode structure because of its enhanced onset potential and photocurrent. However, it is determined that the main contributor to the enhanced activity is the Cd-doped layer and not the CdS layer. In this study, a Cd-doped n+p-buried homojunction of a CuInS2 photocathode is first demonstrated without a CdS layer. The homojunction exhibited a more active and stable PEC performance than the CdS/CuInS2 heterojunction. Moreover, it is confirmed that Cd doping is effective for other p-type materials. These results strongly suggest that the effects of Cd doping on photocathodes should be carefully investigated when designing CdS/p-semiconductor heterojunction photoelectrodes. They also indicate that the Cd-doped layer has great potential to replace the CdS layer in future photoelectrode designs.

Cobalt-Doped ZnO Nanocomposits for Efficient Dye Degradation: Charge Transfer.

Doping enhances the optical properties of high-band gap zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), essential for their photocatalytic activity. We used the combustion approach to synthesize cobalt-doped ZnO heterostructure (CDZO). By creating a mid-edge level, it was possible to tune the indirect band gap of the ZnO NPs from 3.1 eV to 1.8 eV. The red shift and reduction in the intensity of the photoluminescence (PL) spectra resulted from hindrances in electron-hole recombination and sp-d exchange interactions. These improved optical properties expanded the absorption of solar light and enhanced charge transfer. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image and elemental mapping analysis confirmed the CDZO's porous nature and the dopant's uniform distribution. The porosity, nanoscale size (25-55 nm), and crystallinity of the CDZO were further verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron image analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the CDZO exhibited much greater efficiency (k=0.131 min-1) than that of ZnO NPs (k=0.017 min-1). Therefore, doped heterostructures show great promise for industrial-scale environmental remediation applications.

Carrier-Carrier Repulsion Limits the Conductivity of N-Doped Organic Semiconductors.

Molecular doping is a key strategy to enhance the electrical conductivity of organic semiconductors. Typically, the electrical conductivity shows a maximum value upon increased doping, after which the conductivity decreases. This decrease in conductivity is commonly attributed to unfavorable changes in the morphology. However, in recent simulation work, has shown, that the conductivity-at high doping-is instead limited by electron-electron repulsion rather than by morphology, at least for some material combinations. Based on the simulations, this limitation is expected to show up in the dependence of the Seebeck coefficient versus carrier density: the Seebeck coefficient will follow Heike's formula if carrier-carrier repulsion limits the conductivity. Here, the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient are measured as a function of doping for a series of n-type organic semiconductors. Additionally, the resulting carrier density is measured using metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes, which link dopant loading and the number of charge carriers. At high carrier densities, the Seebeck coefficient indeed follows Heike's formula, confirming that the conductivity is limited by carrier-carrier repulsion rather than by morphological effects. This study shows that current models of hopping transport in organic semiconductors may be incomplete. As a result, this study offers novel insights in the design of organic semiconductors.

Using ligand regulation, metal replacement, and ligand doping strategies on Zr-FUM to improve methane separation from coalbed gas.

Developing adsorbents suitable for industrial applications that can effectively enhance the separation of methane (CH4) from nitrogen (N2) in coalbed gas is crucial to improve energy recovery and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, three modification strategies were implemented on Zr-FUM, including ligand regulation, metal replacement, and ligand doping, to synthesize Zr-FDCA, Al-FUM, and Zr-FUM-FA, with the aim of improving the performance of CH4/N2 separation under humid conditions. The results demonstrated that the promotion of robust orbital overlap and strengthened electrovalent bonding on adsorbents can selectively enhance CH4 adsorption. As a result, Zr-FUM-FA achieved a saturated CH4 adsorption capacity of 1.37 mmol/g, a CH4 working window of 307 s, and a CH4/N2 sorbent selection parameter (Ssp) of 47.31, exceeding the performance of most reported adsorbents. Analyses of the pore structure, surface morphology, and functional groups revealed that the presence of an ultramicropore proximity to CH4, reduced static resistance, and enhanced electrovalent bond were key factors for CH4 separation. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Density Functional Theory studies indicated that the introduction of -C-H- in FA played a crucial role in enhancing CH4 adsorption. Optimization of adsorption parameters using the Aspen adsorption package showed that in a dual-adsorbent bed system, the recovery and purity of CH4 in Zr-FUM-FA reach 99.5% and 97.3%, respectively, providing important theoretical support for the improvement of CH4 recovery in the pressure swing adsorption process from coalbed gas.

Exploring Doping Mechanisms and Modulating Carrier Concentration in Copper Iodide: Applications in Thermoelectric Materials.

Due to its small hole-effective mass, flexibility, and transparency, copper iodide (CuI) has emerged as a promising p-type alternative to the predominantly used n-type metal oxide semiconductors. However, the lack of effective doping methods hinders the utility of CuI in various applications. Sulfur (S)-doping through liquid iodination is previously reported to significantly enhance electrical conductivity up to 511 S cm-1. In this paper, the underlying doping mechanism with various S-dopants is explored, and suggested a method for controlling electrical conductivity, which is important to various applications, especially thermoelectric (TE) materials. Subsequently, electric and TE properties are systematically controlled by adjusting the carrier concentration from 3.0 × 1019 to 4.5 × 1020 cm-3, and accurately measured thermal conductivity with respect to carrier concentration and film thickness. Sulfur-doped CuI (CuI:S) thin films exhibited a maximum power factor of 5.76 µW cm-1 K-2 at a carrier concentration of 1.3 × 1020 cm-3, and a TE figure of merit (ZT) of 0.25. Furthermore, a transparent and flexible TE power generator is developed, with an impressive output power density of 43 nW cm-2 at a temperature differential of 30 K. Mechanical durability tests validated the potential of CuI:S films in transparent and flexible TE applications.

Mitigating the Kinetic Hysteresis of Co-free Ni-rich Cathodes via Gradient Penetration of Nonmagnetic Silicon.

Co-free Ni-rich layered oxides are considered a promising cathode material for next-generation Li-ion batteries due to their cost-effectiveness and high capacity. However, they still suffer from the practical challenges of low discharge capacity and poor rate capability due to the hysteresis of Li-ion diffusion kinetics. Herein, based on the regulation of the lattice magnetic frustration, the Li/Ni intermixing defects as the primary origin of kinetic hysteresis are radically addressed via the doping of the nonmagnetic Si element. Meanwhile, by adopting gradient penetration doping, a robust Si-O surface structure with reversible lattice oxygen evolution and low lattice strain is constructed on Co-free Ni-rich cathodes to suppress the formation of surface dense  barrier layer. With the remarkably enhanced Li-ion diffusion kinetics in atomic and electrode particle scales, the as-obtained cathodes (LiNixMn1-xSi0.01O2, 0.6 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) achieve superior performance in discharge capacity, rate capability, and durability. This work highlights the coupling effect of magnetic structure and interfacial chemicals on Li-ion transport properties, and the concept will inspire more researchers to conduct an intensive study.

Improving the Selectivity and Stability of Supported Cobalt Catalysts via Static Bi-Doping and Dynamic Trace CO2 Co-feeding during Propane Dehydrogenation.

Simultaneously enhancing selectivity and stability on supported propane dehydrogenation (PDH) catalysts remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a combined static and dynamic strategy to address these issues synergistically. Firstly, we demonstrate a feasible sol-gel method for preparing atomically-dispersed Bi-decorated metal nanoparticle catalysts (MBi/Al2O3, M= Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn). In PDH testing, the total selectivity of by-products (CH4 and C2H6) significantly decreases to 4% for CoBi catalysts due to the static Bi-doping, compared with 16% for Co-supported catalysts. Secondly, to enhance catalytic stability, we introduce a dynamic trace CO2 co-feeding route. 10CoBi/Al2O3 catalysts exhibit superior durability against coke formation for 330 hours in PDH under a 40% C3H8 atmosphere followed by pure C3H8 conditions at 600 °C while maintaining propylene selectivity at 96%. Notably, introducing trace CO2 leads to a remarkable 6-fold decrease in the deactivation rate constant (kd). Multiple characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal that charge transfer from atomically-distributed Bi to Co nanoparticles benefits lowering the energy of C3H6 adsorption thereby suppressing by-products. Furthermore, the dynamic co-feeding of trace CO2 facilitates coke removal, suppressing catalyst deactivation. The static Bi-doping and dynamic trace CO2 co-feeding strategy contributes simultaneously to increased selectivity and stability on supported PDH catalysts.

Effect of MgO/ZnO ratio on the formation process of MgxZn1-xO ceramics.

The structural characteristics, chemical composition, and element spatial distribution in MgxZn1-xO ceramics were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and cathodoluminescence techniques. The study revealed that the morphology of the ceramic samples, as well as the mechanism of solid solution formation, depend on the relative contribution of both oxides in the charge. It was discovered that hexagonal and cubic phases of the solid solution were found to form simultaneously. An increase in the MgO content in the charge results in the magnesium content rise in the hexagonal grains continuously, reaching approximately 13 at.%. It was discovered an enrichment of grain boundaries with zinc and magnesium playing a significant role in doping ZnO and MgO grains. Obtained results allowed to propose two mechanisms involved in the formation of solid solution ceramics: i) diffusion of Mg and Zn along grain boundaries, followed by their incorporation into ZnO or MgO grains, respectively, and ii) interdiffusion of Mg into ZnO and Zn into MgO due to direct contact of ZnO and MgO grains. The second mechanism appears to dominate when both ZnO and MgO contribute comparably, increasing the probability of their direct contact. This study significantly advances the understanding of the process of the formation of MgxZn1-xO ceramics under thermodynamic conditions. These insights are crucial for optimizing the doping process and improving the material properties, thereby promoting innovations in the ceramics industry.