Locked Stem Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Complex Proximal Humerus Fracture in the Elderly: Clinical and Radiological Short-Term Results.

Purpose: To evaluate both the short-term clinical and radiological results of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) with uncemented locked stem in the management of a proximal humerus fracture (PHFs) in the elderly. Methods: Retrospective study including 40 consecutive 3-4 part proximal humerus fractures treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a minimum of 24 months follow-up. In all the cases, the greater tuberosity (GT) was reattached with a standardized suture technique and a local horseshoe bone graft. All the patients were assessed at the 24-month follow-up with Constant-Murley Score (CMS) and Visual Analog Score (VAS). Radiographic healing of the greater tuberosity was noted in addition to stem locking screws radiographic changes. Complications and revision rates were reported. Results: Mean final CMS for this cohort was 80 points. The greater tuberosity healed in the anatomic position in 90% of the cases (N = 36), obtaining an average CMS of 80 in these patients. Healing of the greater tuberosity did not occur in 10% of the cases (N = 4), obtaining an average CMS of 60. All patients scored above 100° in forward elevation with a mean of 140°. Mean active external rotation was 30°. Low-grade scapular notching was reported in <1% of the cases. Major complications were reported in one patient with an acromial fracture. No complications or loosening of stem locking screws were noted. There were no reoperations. Conclusion: In the elderly population, reverse shoulder arthroplasty utilizing a fracture-specific locking stem, low-profile metaphysis, suture-friendly groove, meticulous suture technique, and local bone grafting allows adequate fixation, variable prosthesis height adjustment, and enhances greater tuberosity healing. This approach yields positive short-term clinical outcomes without complications related to the stem's locking screws. Level of Evidence: Level IV Retrospective Case Series.

Single-Slice Hounsfield Unit (HU) Value of the Chinese Proximal Humerus on Routine Chest CT: A Study on Opportunistically Screening for Low Bone Density / Valor de Unidad Hounsfield (HU) de Corte Único del Húmero Proximal Chino en una Tomografía Computarizada de Tórax de Rutina: Un Estudio sobre la Detección Oportunista de Baja Densidad Ósea

SUMMARY: A Study on Relationship between Single-Slice Hounsfield Unit(HU) value of the Chinese proximal humerus and Bone Mineral Density(BMD) Using Routine Chest CT and Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA) was performed. Data were collected from 240 individuals who underwent DEXA and routine chest CT scans (including full images of the proximal humerus) on the same day at 967 Hospitals between January 2019 and December 2021. The method of measuring single-slice HU values of the proximal humerus on routine chest CT scans exhibited high reliability and repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.961, P < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between single-slice HU values of the proximal humerus and DEXA results, with the 20-mm HU value demonstrating the highest correlation. Across different BMI groups, the Area Under Curve (AUC) for the 20-mm HU value was consistently the largest (AUC=0.701- 0.813, P< 0.05). Therefore, the 20-mm HU value can be considered a reliable reference for the opportunistic screening of low BMD, with reference values of -4HU for underweight individuals, -13HU for normal weight individuals, -7HU for overweight individuals, and -16HU for obese individuals. Values below these thresholds indicate a risk of low BMD. This study enriches the Chinese BMD data and offers a swift and effective approach for opportunistically screening low BMD.

Se realizó un estudio sobre la relación entre el valor de la Unidad Hounsfield (HU) de corte único del húmero proximal chino y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) mediante TC de tórax de rutina y absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DEXA). Se recopilaron datos de 240 personas que se sometieron a DEXA y tomografías computarizadas de rutina de tórax (incluidas imágenes completas del húmero proximal) el mismo día en 967 hospitales entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2021. El método para medir los valores de HU de un solo corte del húmero proximal en las tomografías computarizadas de tórax mostraron alta confiabilidad y repetibilidad (coeficiente de correlación intraclase > 0,961, P < 0,001). Se observó una fuerte correlación positiva entre los valores de HU de un solo corte del húmero proximal y los resultados de DEXA, demostrando el valor de HU de 20 mm la correlación más alta. En diferentes grupos de IMC, el área bajo la curva (AUC) para el valor HU de 20 mm fue consistentemente el más grande (AUC = 0,701-0,813, P <0,05). Por lo tanto, el valor de HU de 20 mm puede considerarse una referencia fiable para el cribado oportunista de DMO baja, con valores de referencia de -4 HU para personas con bajo peso, -13 HU para personas con peso normal, -7 HU para personas con sobrepeso y -16 HU para personas obesas. Los valores por debajo de estos umbrales indican un riesgo de DMO baja. Este estudio es un aporte para los datos chinos sobre la DMO y ofrece un enfoque rápido y eficaz para detectar de forma oportunista la DMO baja.

Displaced proximal humeral fractures in skeletally immature patients: functional outcomes of surgical treatment.

PURPOSE: To report the functional results of our experience and to describe intraoperative findings and complications due to the techniques used in our service. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2022, 27 Pediatric patients aged from 8 to 16 years underwent surgery to treat proximal humerus fractures. Their demographic characteristics were evaluated, as well as their clinical characteristics on admission, type of reduction (closed/open), presence of interposition in open reductions, type of implant, complications, and functional range of movement according to two shoulder functional scores. RESULTS: Mean age was 11.2 years (8-15), there was a predominance of males, who accounted for 70% of the cases, and sports accidents were the cause of injury in 44% of the cases. Anatomical location was balanced between patients, including 55% of physeal fractures and 45% of metaphyseal ones. Overall, 81.5% of patients required open reduction to achieve axis correction, and that 55.5% of fractures were fixed with Kirschner wires, and 44, 4% with elastic titanium nails. Mean QuickDASH score was 0.58 (0-1.7), and Constant score was 9 (3-24). There were no major complications, but 27% of cases subjected to open reduction presented a hypertrophic scar. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of severely displaced proximal humerus fractures is successful, both with closed and open reduction; type of implant does not play a key role and should be selected based on the characteristics of each case. Surgical training should prevail at the time of decision-making. When these recommendations are followed, results can be excellent and sequelae are infrequent.

Articular fracture of the distal humerus classified Dubberley 2b: Case report of two patients and review of the literature.

Articular fractures of the distal humerus are rare, and even rarer are fractures involving the trochlea and capitellum in a single fragment, with no associated comminution. These fractures are classified as 2a according to the Dubberley classification and are rarely described in the literature. Two cases of Dubberley 2a fractures were treated at our hospital. The first case, involving a 68-year-old patient, was treated with a medial and a lateral approach, combined with posteroanterior fixation using 3 Herbert screws. In the 2nd case, a 16-year-old male was treated with a single lateral approach, permitting fixation with two Herbert screws. One of the two screws is inserted into the bone at the edge of the cartilage, with an anteroposterior trajectory that leaves the cartilage intact. We opted mainly for posteroanterior screw fixation in subchondral bone, which is less damaging to articular cartilage and soft tissues and has already demonstrated its reliability. No associated lesions were found, and no complications were encountered. Results were excellent, with Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) scores of 95 and 100 respectively. Herbert screw fixation therefore appears to be an option of choice for these fractures, although comparative studies are needed to evaluate the different treatments available.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: is there a relationship between Risser staging and the proximal humerus ossification system?

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether there is a mismatch between Risser staging and the proximal humerus ossification system (PHOS); and to analyze the correlation in the skeletal maturity stages between the two humeral epiphyses. METHODS: Data from patients aged 10 to 18 years with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) seen between 2018 to 2021 were analyzed. In an anteroposterior (AP) spine radiograph the ossification process was evaluated using the Risser classification method and bilateral PHOS (if both humeral epiphyses were visualized). A mismatch between methods was defined as a Risser 0-1 (relatively skeletally immature) with a PHOS 4-5 (skeletally mature), or a Risser 2-5 (relatively skeletally mature) with a PHOS 1-3 (skeletally immature). The McNemar test was used to calculate the significance of the mismatch. RESULTS: A mismatch between Risser and PHOS stages was observed in 28.5% of 105 patients, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Of the 49 patients with a Risser 0-1, 55.1% (n = 27) had a PHOS 4-5. None of the patients with a Risser 2-5 had a PHOS 1-3. In the 47 patients in whom both humeri were visualized, the absolute correlation between the left and right PHOS values was 95.7%. CONCLUSION: Of AIS patients who are relatively skeletally immature according to Risser staging, more than half may be skeletally mature when measured with PHOS. In patients with a Risser 0-1, it is recommended to measure skeletal maturity in an AP spine radiograph using the PHOS method, which may more accurately guide treatment decision-making, without the need to visualize both humeral epiphyses in this radiographic projection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Treatment of distal third humeral shaft fractures with posterior minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with segmental isolation of the radial nerve: minimum one-year follow-up.

Background: Open reduction and internal fixation with plate is one of the most widely used treatments for distal third humeral shaft fractures. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of the treatment of distal third humeral shaft fractures with posterior minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with segmental isolation of the radial nerve. Methods: We performed an observational, retrospective, consecutive, monocentric, continuous multioperator study. We reviewed 22 distal third humeral shaft fractures treated with posterior MIPO in our institution with an extra-articular distal humerus plate from 2018 to 2021. Inclusion was limited to functionally independent patients with displaced fractures involving the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the humerus and minimum 12-month follow-up for implant removal. We assessed clinical outcomes including range of motion; QuickDASH score; Mayo Elbow Performance Score; and Constant-Murley score. Results: The average follow-up period of the sample was 31.7 ± 11.6 months (range, 15.7-51.3 months). The average elbow flexion and extension were 146.4° ± 7.3° (range, 120°-150°) and -0.7° ± 3.3° (range, -15° to 0°), respectively. The average shoulder anterior flexion, elevation, and abduction were 178.6° ± 3.6° (range, 170°-180°), 179.1° ± 2.9° (range, 170°-180°), and 140.9° ± 14.8° (range, 110°-160°), respectively. The average external rotation was 88.6° ± 6.4 (range, 65°-90°). The mean visual analog scale score for pain was 1.0 ± 1.6 (range, 0-5) and the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 90.5 ± 9.9 (range, 70-100). The mean QuickDASH and Constant-Murley scores were 4.7 ± 6.8 (range, 0-20.5) and 95.5 ± 5.1 (range, 81-100), respectively. Two patients presented with relevant compromise of radial nerve motor function postoperatively (M3 and M2; the more compromised was preoperative injury). All patients recovered radial nerve neuropraxia within six weeks postoperatively. All fractures achieved union. The average anteroposterior and lateral axis were 175.0 ± 3.6 (168.0°-180.0°) and 177.5 ± 2.0 (173.0°-180.0°), respectively. No superficial or deep infection was reported. No cases of re-displacement of fracture, implant failure, or any other implant-related complication in follow-up were reported. No patient required plate withdrawal. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the posterior MIPO technique is a reliable option for treating distal third shaft humeral fractures. The radial nerve must be identified and protected in all cases to prevent palsy.

Straight antegrade humeral nailing and risk of iatrogenic injury of supraspinatus tendon footprint: An MRI study.

Background: Straight antegrade humeral nailing (SAHN) is associated with excellent clinical results in proximal humerus fractures. The optimal entry point is the top of the humeral head. However, the anatomy is variable, and the entry point can affect supraspinatus tendon footprint (SSP-F) or fracture reduction. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the SSP-F and SAHN entry point by analyzing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the humerus. Methods: In total 58 MRI studies of entire humerus were reviewed. The mean age was 51.6 ± 12.4 years, with 40 female patients. The distance between the SSP-F and the SAHN insertion point (critical distance: CD), the width of the footprint, and the neck-shaft angle (NSA) were measured. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Results: The mean CD was 7.51 mm ± 2.81 (0-12.9 mm) with 51.7% of proximal humerus "critical type" (CD <8 mm). The CD was found to be lower in females, with no difference found with varying age (62.5% "critical type"). CD correlated with NSA (linear regression). "Critical type" correlated with female gender and NSA (logistic regression). Discussion: More than half of the humerus are "critical types" as to SAHN and may, therefore, be at risk for procedure-related complications.

[Diaphyseal osteoporotic nonunion of the humerus in elderly patients. Surgical treatment and long-term results]. / No-consolidación diafisaria de húmero en pacientes adultos con osteoporosis. Tratamiento quirúrgico y resultados a largo plazo.

INTRODUCTION: to evaluate the long term radiographic and functional results achieved in adult patients with osteoporotic, atrophic, non-unions of the diaphyseal humerus, treated surgically by open reduction and internal fixation with plates and bone graft. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we retrospectively evaluated 22 patients. Patient's age averaged 72 years. Time from initial trauma to definitive surgery averaged 18 months. Eleven patients were smokers, and four had active infection. Pre-operative Constant score and DASH score averaged 23.13 and 81.04, respectively. Pre-operative pain scale averaged 7.45 points. RESULTS: follow-up averaged 69 months. Union was achieved in all cases after an average of 4.68 months. DASH score at last follow-up averaged 20.27 points and Constant score 79.31 points. Analog pain scale averaged 0.77 points. Stabilization was performed using locking blade plates in 12 non-unions, locking compression plates in six cases, and double plating in four non-unions. Patients with active infection were treated in two stages using Masquelet's technique. Bone graft was associated in all cases (cancellous iliac crest autograft in 17, allograft in three, and combined structural allograft and cancellous autograft in two). Two grams of vancomycin powder were associated to the bone graft in all cases. CONCLUSION: the use of open reduction and internal fixation with plates associated to bone graft with local antibiotics, aloud achieving bony union and good predictable long-term objective and subjective functional results in all cases, without major complications or the need of further surgical intervention.

INTRODUCCIÓN: evaluar los resultados radiográficos y funcionales obtenidos a largo plazo en pacientes adultos que presentaron no-consolidaciones atróficas diafisarias de húmero asociadas a osteoporosis; tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: evaluamos retrospectivamente 22 pacientes, con edad promedio de 72 años, el tiempo desde el trauma inicial hasta la cirugía definitiva promedió, 18 meses. Once pacientes eran fumadores y cuatro presentaban infección activa. El score de Constant y el DASH preoperatorios promediaron 23.13 y 81.04, respectivamente. El valor de la escala analógica del dolor preoperatorio promedió 7.45 puntos. RESULTADOS: el seguimiento promedió 69 meses. Se obtuvo la consolidación en todos los casos, luego de un promedio de 4.68 meses. Al último seguimiento, los valores del DASH promediaron 20.27 puntos y el score de Constant promedió 79.31 puntos. La escala analógica del dolor promedió 0.77 puntos. La estabilización se realizó utilizando clavos placa bloqueados en 12 no-consolidaciones, placas bloqueadas de compresión en seis y doble placa en cuatro. Los pacientes con infección activa fueron tratados en dos etapas utilizando la técnica descripta por Masquelet. Se asoció injerto óseo en todas las reconstrucciones (autoinjerto esponjoso de cresta ilíaca en 17, aloinjerto en tres y se combinó aloinjerto estructural con autoinjerto esponjoso en dos). Dos gramos de vancomicina en polvo fueron asociados localmente al injerto óseo. CONCLUSIÓN: la combinación de reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo permitió obtener la consolidación y resultados funcionales objetivos y subjetivos buenos y predecibles a largo plazo en todos los casos, sin complicaciones mayores ni la necesidad de intervenciones quirúrgicas sucesivas.

HUMERAL SHAFT FRACTURE WITH AN INTACT WEDGE FRAGMENT: MIPO VS CONVENTIONAL PLATING.

Objectives: Evaluate bone healing time, consolidation, and the complication rate between the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis and open reduction with plate osteosynthesis in humeral diaphyseal fractures with an intact wedge (AO 12B2). Methods: A retrospective study was carried out between 2016 and 2020. The medical records and radiographs of 18 patients were analyzed, and data were collected regarding the time of consolidation, age, sex, plate size, number of screws, complications such as iatrogenic injury damage to the radial nerve, material failure, and postoperative infection. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the variables of age, sex, plate size, and number of screws used or in the RUSHU index (Radiographic Union Score for Humeral fractures). There were no postoperative infections, material failure, or need for reoperation, nor cases of secondary radial nerve injury. After one year, all patients had a consolidation index analyzed by RUSHU >11. Conclusion: both techniques showed similar results, with a high consolidation rate and low rates of complications or iatrogenic damage to the radial nerve. Evidence level III; Retrospective comparative study .

Objetivos: Comparar o tempo de consolidação e o índice de complicações entre os métodos de osteossíntese com placa minimamente invasiva e estabilidade absoluta através da placa nas fraturas diafisárias do úmero com cunha intacta (AO 12B2). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo entre os anos de 2016 e 2020. Foram analisados os prontuários e radiografias de 18 pacientes e coletados dados referentes a: tempo de consolidação, idade, sexo, tamanho da placa, número de parafusos, presença de complicações como lesão iatrogênica do nervo radial, falha do material e infecção pós operatória. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas variáveis de idade, sexo, tamanho da placa e número de parafusos utilizados, ou no índice de RUSHU (Radiographic Union Score for Humeral fractures). Não houve casos de infecção pós-operatória, falha do material ou necessidade de reoperação, nem casos de lesão secundária do nervo radial. Após 1 ano todos os pacientes tiveram índice de consolidação analisado pelo RUSHU >11. Conclusão: Ambas as técnicas se mostraram com resultados similares, com alta taxa de consolidação e baixas taxas de complicações ou lesão iatrogênica do nervo radial. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo .

Fractura desplazada de húmero proximal

Introducción: Las fracturas de húmero proximal representan entre un 4-6 % de todas las fracturas y en algunos grupos poblacionales inciden en un 10 %. El manejo quirúrgico permite la cicatrización anatómica de los huesos y tejidos blandos; favorece la función de la extremidad y minimiza el riesgo. Objetivo: Evaluar los diferentes tipos de tratamiento para las fracturas de húmero proximal a partir de la presentación de cuatro casos. Presentación de casos: Los cuatros pacientes se evaluaron por la escala de Constant, independientemente de los procederse quirúrgicos. Tres de ellos tuvieron un seguimiento mínimo de seis meses y sobrepasaron los 80 puntos. El otro paciente se mantuvo en consulta durante tres meses y logró una puntuación por encima de 50. Conclusiones: El método quirúrgico debe permitir una fijación estable para la movilización temprana de la articulación. Al elegirlo debe tenerse en cuenta la edad, la geometría de la fractura, la calidad ósea y los criterios de Hertel.

Introduction: Fractures of the proximal humerus represent 4 to 6% of all fractures and 10% in some population groups. Surgical management allows anatomical healing of bones and soft tissues; promotes limb function and minimizes risk. Objective: To evaluate the different types of treatment for proximal humerus fractures from the presentation of four cases. Case report: Four patients were evaluated by the Constant scale, regardless of the surgical procedure. Three of them had a minimum follow-up of six months and exceeded 80 points. The other patient was kept in consultation for three months and achieved a score above 50. Conclusions: The surgical method should allow stable fixation for early joint mobilization. When choosing it, age, fracture geometry, bone quality and Hertel criteria must be taken into account.

Fractura de capitellum en el adulto

Introducción: La fractura del extremo distal del húmero afecta la superficie articular y puede provocar incapacidad biomecánica de la articulación si no se trata adecuadamente. Objetivo: Presentar una paciente con fractura del capitellum, tratada mediante osteosíntesis. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 49 años que se cayó sobre su mano en extensión. Presentó dolor intenso en el codo izquierdo y se le diagnosticó una fractura del capitellum desplazada. Se trató con osteosíntesis. Conclusiones: El tratamiento mediante osteosíntesis de la fractura del capitellum constituye la mejor opción para la rápida rehabilitación del paciente.

Introduction: The fracture of the distal end of the humerus affects the articular surface and it can cause biomechanical disability of the joint if it is not treated properly. Objective: To report the case of a patient with capitellum fracture, treated by osteosynthesis. Case report: This is the case of a 49-year-old female patient who fell on her outstretched hand. She complained of severe pain in her left elbow and she was diagnosed with a displaced capitellum fracture. The pateinmet was treated with osteosynthesis. Conclusions: The treatment by osteosynthesis of the capitellum fracture is the best option for the rapid rehabilitation of the patient.

Ecogeography-related humerus morphological variation within southern Patagonia hunter-gatherers.

OBJECTIVES: Southern Patagonian (SP) hunter-gatherers were adapted to diverse environments and subsistence strategies. However, ecological factors affecting variation in upper-limb proportions have not been thoroughly examined. This study analyses whether size-related humerus morphology differs among hunter-gatherers from SP according to specific subsistence economy and physical environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine left humeri of adult individuals were selected from well-documented SP archeological sites. Individuals were grouped into terrestrial or maritime hunter-gatherers based on diet-related archeological and stable isotope records. Five humeral head and diaphyseal metrics were taken and statistically compared among subsistence strategy groups across four ecogeographic subregions. RESULTS: Terrestrial hunter-gatherers exhibit greater humeral dimensions compared to maritime hunter-gatherers. An ecogeographic pattern of humerus size variation was also found, showing significant size reduction in individuals from southern regions. CONCLUSION: The previously determined low genetic variability within hunter-gatherers from SP suggests that the physical environment played an important role in humeral adaptive plasticity. These findings also highlight morphological upper-limb responses to bioclimate factors derived from SP subregions.

Complications of Locked Plating for Proximal Humeral Fractures in Active Patients in a Level One Trauma Center.

Background: The incidence of complications associated with locked plating of proximal humerus fractures (PHF) has been reported in up to 40% of surgeries. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and risk factors of complications and re-intervention associated with locked plating of PHF in a an young active working population. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients indicated for locked plating of displaced PHF at a dedicated workers' accident trauma center. The variables analyzed were patient comorbidities, fracture characteristics, and immediate radiologic surgical outcomes. Postoperative complications and risk factors were determined. Results: A total of 127 patients with a median follow-up of 31 months and a median age of 52 years were included. The complication and reintervention rates were 13.4% and 12.6%, respectively. The main cause of reintervention was post-traumatic stiffness. The incidence of other complications was 4% screw protrusion, 1.6% avascular necrosis, 1.6% varus collapse. Complications were not associated with age, comorbidity, fracture classification, bone mineral density, Hertel's risk factors, presence of calcar comminution, reduction quality, and calcar screw position. Discussion: The incidence of complications and reintervention was low. The main cause of reintervention was persistent stiffness, and no risk factors for complications were found in this study.

No-consolidación diafisaria de húmero en pacientes adultos con osteoporosis. Tratamiento quirúrgico y resultados a largo plazo / Diaphyseal osteoporotic nonunion of the humerus in elderly patients. Surgical treatment and long-term results

Resumen: Introducción: evaluar los resultados radiográficos y funcionales obtenidos a largo plazo en pacientes adultos que presentaron no-consolidaciones atróficas diafisarias de húmero asociadas a osteoporosis; tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo. Material y métodos: evaluamos retrospectivamente 22 pacientes, con edad promedio de 72 años, el tiempo desde el trauma inicial hasta la cirugía definitiva promedió, 18 meses. Once pacientes eran fumadores y cuatro presentaban infección activa. El score de Constant y el DASH preoperatorios promediaron 23.13 y 81.04, respectivamente. El valor de la escala analógica del dolor preoperatorio promedió 7.45 puntos. Resultados: el seguimiento promedió 69 meses. Se obtuvo la consolidación en todos los casos, luego de un promedio de 4.68 meses. Al último seguimiento, los valores del DASH promediaron 20.27 puntos y el score de Constant promedió 79.31 puntos. La escala analógica del dolor promedió 0.77 puntos. La estabilización se realizó utilizando clavos placa bloqueados en 12 no-consolidaciones, placas bloqueadas de compresión en seis y doble placa en cuatro. Los pacientes con infección activa fueron tratados en dos etapas utilizando la técnica descripta por Masquelet. Se asoció injerto óseo en todas las reconstrucciones (autoinjerto esponjoso de cresta ilíaca en 17, aloinjerto en tres y se combinó aloinjerto estructural con autoinjerto esponjoso en dos). Dos gramos de vancomicina en polvo fueron asociados localmente al injerto óseo. Conclusión: la combinación de reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo permitió obtener la consolidación y resultados funcionales objetivos y subjetivos buenos y predecibles a largo plazo en todos los casos, sin complicaciones mayores ni la necesidad de intervenciones quirúrgicas sucesivas.

Abstract: Introduction: to evaluate the long term radiographic and functional results achieved in adult patients with osteoporotic, atrophic, non-unions of the diaphyseal humerus, treated surgically by open reduction and internal fixation with plates and bone graft. Material and methods: we retrospectively evaluated 22 patients. Patient's age averaged 72 years. Time from initial trauma to definitive surgery averaged 18 months. Eleven patients were smokers, and four had active infection. Pre-operative Constant score and DASH score averaged 23.13 and 81.04, respectively. Pre-operative pain scale averaged 7.45 points. Results: follow-up averaged 69 months. Union was achieved in all cases after an average of 4.68 months. DASH score at last follow-up averaged 20.27 points and Constant score 79.31 points. Analog pain scale averaged 0.77 points. Stabilization was performed using locking blade plates in 12 non-unions, locking compression plates in six cases, and double plating in four non-unions. Patients with active infection were treated in two stages using Masquelet's technique. Bone graft was associated in all cases (cancellous iliac crest autograft in 17, allograft in three, and combined structural allograft and cancellous autograft in two). Two grams of vancomycin powder were associated to the bone graft in all cases. Conclusion: the use of open reduction and internal fixation with plates associated to bone graft with local antibiotics, aloud achieving bony union and good predictable long-term objective and subjective functional results in all cases, without major complications or the need of further surgical intervention.

Tratamiento de la fractura diafisaria de húmero con clavo intramedular "Telegraph®"

Introducción: El enclavado intramedular acerrojado por vía anterógrada es uno de los métodos quirúrgicos para el tratamiento de la fractura diafisaria de húmero y tiene como ventaja ser una técnica por mínimo acceso. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento de la fractura diafisaria de húmero con el clavo intramedular acerrojado anterógrado "Telegraph®". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo en 16 pacientes con fractura diafisaria de húmero; intervenidos quirúrgicamente con el sistema intramedular "Telegraph®" en el Hospital Ortopédico Docente "Fructuoso Rodríguez". Se evaluaron los resultados según la escala QuickDASH. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes entre 40 y 60 años y del sexo femenino. El tiempo medio de seguimiento estuvo entre 27,25 ± 4,5 meses. El tipo de fractura A2a (trazo simple, oblicuo, del tercio medio) fue la más frecuente. Hubo pocas complicaciones y no afectaron el resultado final. A los 6 meses de la operación, el 75 % de los pacientes presentó un grado de dificultad nulo o incipiente. Conclusiones: Con el uso del clavo intramedular acerrojado "Telegraph®" se obtienen resultados funcionales satisfactorios por lo que constituye una opción válida de tratamiento.

Introduction: Locked intramedullary nailing by antegrade approach is one of the surgical methods for the treatment of humeral diaphyseal fracture and has the advantage of being a minimal access technique. Objective: To evaluate the results of the treatment of the diaphyseal fracture of the humerus with the Telegraph® antegrade locked intramedullary nail. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, descriptive study was carried out in 16 patients with diaphyseal fracture of the humerus; underwent surgery with the Telegraph® intramedullary system at Fructuoso Rodríguez Orthopedic Hospital. The results were evaluated according to the QuickDASH scale. Results: There was a predominance of patients between 40 and 60 years of age and of the female sex. The mean follow-up time was 27.25 ± 4.5 months. The type of A2a fracture (simple, oblique line, of the middle third) was the most frequent. There were few complications and they did not affect the final result. Six months after the operation, 75% of the patients had no or incipient degree of difficulty. Conclusions: The use of Telegraph® locked intramedullary nail, satisfactory functional results are obtained, establishing a valid treatment option.

Controversies in the Management of Bicolumnar Fractures of the Distal Humerus.

Bicolumnar fractures of the distal humerus pose numerous treatment challenges for upper-extremity surgeons. Although open reduction and internal fixation demonstrates advantages compared with nonsurgical treatment, restoration of osseous anatomy can be difficult, particularly for comminuted, intra-articular fractures. Despite well-recognized complications, total elbow arthroplasty remains an option for elderly patients with fractures not amenable to fixation. Although indications remain controversial, distal humerus hemiarthroplasty has emerged as a potential alternative to total elbow arthroplasty in carefully selected patients with nonreconstructable fractures. Numerous controversies remain with respect to the management decisions for these complex injuries, including the optimal surgical approach, management of the ulnar nerve, and ideal fixation constructs for open reduction internal fixation. Our purpose is to review the management of bicolumnar distal humerus fractures in adult patients and discuss current controversies related to treatment.

Shoulder Arthrodesis for Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: Functional Outcomes and Complications.

BACKGROUND: The external rotation and abduction of shoulder are considered one of the priorities of reconstruction in brachial plexus injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional results and complications of shoulder arthrodesis in patients with brachial plexus injury to better comprehend the benefits of this procedure. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2019, 15 shoulder arthrodesis were performed in patients with long-standing brachial plexus injury. The main indication for arthrodesis was absent or poor recovery of shoulder abduction and external rotation. Patients presented different levels of injury. Shoulder measurements of active abduction and external rotation were made based on image records of the patients. A long 4.5-mm reconstruction plate was fit along the scapular spine, acromion, and lateral proximal third of the humerus. Structured bone graft was fit into the subacromial space. RESULTS: The mean preoperative abduction was 16°, and the mean postoperative abduction was 42°. The mean preoperative external rotation was -59°, and the mean postoperative external rotation was -13°. The mean increase in abduction and external rotation was 25° and 45°, respectively. Bone union was achieved in all cases at an average time of 5.23 months. We experienced humeral fractures in 26.66% of the cases, which were all successfully treated nonoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder arthrodesis is a rewarding procedure for patients with brachial plexus injuries. A marked improvement in the upper limb positioning was observed in all patients. It should be considered as the main therapeutic option in cases where nerve reconstruction is no longer possible.

Humeral shaft fracture with an intact wedge fragment: mipo vs conventional plating / Fraturas diafisárias de úmero com cunha intacta: mipo x estabilidade absoluta com placa

ABSTRACT Objectives: Evaluate bone healing time, consolidation, and the complication rate between the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis and open reduction with plate osteosynthesis in humeral diaphyseal fractures with an intact wedge (AO 12B2). Methods: A retrospective study was carried out between 2016 and 2020. The medical records and radiographs of 18 patients were analyzed, and data were collected regarding the time of consolidation, age, sex, plate size, number of screws, complications such as iatrogenic injury damage to the radial nerve, material failure, and postoperative infection. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the variables of age, sex, plate size, and number of screws used or in the RUSHU index (Radiographic Union Score for Humeral fractures). There were no postoperative infections, material failure, or need for reoperation, nor cases of secondary radial nerve injury. After one year, all patients had a consolidation index analyzed by RUSHU >11. Conclusion: both techniques showed similar results, with a high consolidation rate and low rates of complications or iatrogenic damage to the radial nerve. Evidence level III; Retrospective comparative study .

RESUMO Objetivos: Comparar o tempo de consolidação e o índice de complicações entre os métodos de osteossíntese com placa minimamente invasiva e estabilidade absoluta através da placa nas fraturas diafisárias do úmero com cunha intacta (AO 12B2). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo entre os anos de 2016 e 2020. Foram analisados os prontuários e radiografias de 18 pacientes e coletados dados referentes a: tempo de consolidação, idade, sexo, tamanho da placa, número de parafusos, presença de complicações como lesão iatrogênica do nervo radial, falha do material e infecção pós operatória. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas variáveis de idade, sexo, tamanho da placa e número de parafusos utilizados, ou no índice de RUSHU (Radiographic Union Score for Humeral fractures). Não houve casos de infecção pós-operatória, falha do material ou necessidade de reoperação, nem casos de lesão secundária do nervo radial. Após 1 ano todos os pacientes tiveram índice de consolidação analisado pelo RUSHU >11. Conclusão: Ambas as técnicas se mostraram com resultados similares, com alta taxa de consolidação e baixas taxas de complicações ou lesão iatrogênica do nervo radial. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo .

Resultados del tratamiento de la fractura del húmero distal con placas perpendiculares

Introducción: La fractura del extremo distal del húmero constituye un verdadero reto para los traumatólogos. Se han diseñado numerosos métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico para restaurar anatómicamente la superficie articular y lograr una estabilidad que permita la movilidad y la pronta incorporación del paciente a sus actividades diarias. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de la fractura del húmero distal con placas perpendiculares Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo en 18 pacientes con fractura del húmero distal, intervenidos quirúrgicamente con el sistema de placas perpendiculares en el Hospital Ortopédico Docente "Fructuoso Rodríguez" en el período 2017-2020. Los resultados se evaluaron según la escala de la clínica Mayo para la función del codo. Resultados: Se estudiaron 18 casos con un promedio de edad de 49 años. El tipo de fractura más frecuente fue la simple articular. Al año la flexoextensión media fue de 1120/160 y la pronosupinación de 810/800. La complicación más común fue la rigidez articular. El 50 % de los resultados fueron excelentes. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de la fractura de húmero distal con placas perpendiculares ofreció buenos resultados clínicos y funcionales por lo que constituye una opción válida en el Hospital Ortopédico Docente "Fructuoso Rodríguez".

Introduction: The fracture of the distal end of the humerus is a real challenge for traumatologists. Numerous surgical treatment methods have been designed to anatomically restore the joint surface and achieve stability that allows mobility and prompt return of the patient to daily activities. Objective: To evaluate the results of the surgical treatment of the distal humerus fracture with perpendicular plates. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, descriptive study was carried out in 18 patients with fractures of the distal humerus, who underwent surgery with the perpendicular plate system. The results were evaluated according to Mayo Clinic scale for elbow function. Results: Eighteen cases with an average age of 49 years were studied. The most frequent type of fracture was simple joint. At one year, mean flexoextension was 1120/160 and pronosupination 810/800. The most common complication was joint stiffness. 50% of the results were excellent. Conclusions: The treatment of the distal humerus fracture with perpendicular plates offered good clinical and functional results, in consequence it constitutes a valid option at Fructuoso Rodríguez Orthopedic Teaching Hospital.