Carcinoma Intraductal de Glándula Parótida. Reporte de un Caso en Chile

El carcinoma intraductal es una neoplasia maligna de glándulas salivales infrecuente, la cual se caracteriza por un crecimiento predominantemente intraductal, cuyas células poseen un fenotipo con características ductales. Histológicamente se encuentra compuesto por múltiples estructuras quísticas, con arquitectura cribiforme y proliferación celular con fenestraciones flexibles y una apariencia reticular irregular. Se presenta el caso de una paciente, género femenino, de 67 años, con antecedentes de artritis reumatoidea y una neoplasia intraepitelial tratada (NIE I), que consulta en el policlínico de cirugía del Hospital Regional Antofagasta en el año 2017 por aumento de volumen de consistencia firme, en área de glándula parótida izquierda, de aproximadamente un año de evolución, con dolor de intensidad moderada. Mediante pruebas inmunohistoquímicas se logra confirmar el diagnóstico de carcinoma intraductal de parótida.

Intraductal carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of the salivary glands characterized by predominantly intraductal growth, isolated cells a phenotype with ductal characteristics. Histologically, it is composed of multiple cystic structures, with cribiform architecture and cell proliferation which can present floppy fenestrations and an irregular slits appearance. We present the case of a 67-year- old female patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and a treated intraepithelial neoplasm (NIE I), who consulted at the surgery polyclinic of the Hospital Regional Antofagasta in 2017 for increased volume of firm consistency, in the left parotid gland area, approximately one year in evolution, with pain of moderate intensity. Immunohistochemical tests confirm the diagnosis of intraductal parotid carcinoma.

Radiodermatitis as a consequence of radiation recall induced by acyclovir: case report.

BACKGROUND: Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is an inflammatory reaction in an area of the skin previously irradiated for cancer treatment. The reaction usually occurs following the administration of a cytotoxic drug. Manifestations range from mild to severe, resulting in tissue necrosis. It is treated with removal of the probable causative agent, daily dressings and surgical debridement of the necrotic area. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old woman had a previous diagnosis of intraductal carcinoma in situ, and had been submitted to lumpectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. One year after surgery, sores suggestive of herpes zoster infection developed, and treatment with acyclovir was started. At the same time, there was the onset of pain and fever. In the skin area previously irradiated, there was breast hardening, skin infiltration and serosanguinolent discharge. An incisional biopsy was performed to rule out radioinduced sarcoma. The patient was treated with surgical debridement. CONCLUSIONS: This case report describes acyclovir as a possible trigger of RRD, a rare condition that could have been mistaken for an eruption with other causes. In this case, the dermatitis reaction was confined to the previously irradiated area of the skin, which suggested radiation recall. A better understanding of the condition's mechanism and about the possible joint effects of drugs and radiotherapy on the skin is necessary.

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: correlation of architectural, cytological, IHC findings and recurrence analysis / Carcinoma ductal in situ da mama: correlação dos achados arquiteturais, citológicos e IHQ e análise de recorrência

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the histopathological features of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), including cytological grade, architectural pattern and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in pure DCIS and DCIS associated with invasive carcinoma of no special type (ICNST). Methods: We evaluated a series of 232 cases of pure DCIS and DCIS associated with ICNST from a total of 399 breast carcinomas from a population consisting by women diagnosed with breast cancer and submitted to breast surgery from 2011 to 2015. Results: DCIS presented a mixed architectural pattern in most cases (56%); the solid subtype was the most common morphology (30%). High-grade DCIS was identified in 84/221 cases (38%), and comedonecrosis was present in 106/221 cases (48%). High-grade was more common in the solid subtype (61/155 cases, 39%, p < 0.001). Tumor size was greater in the presence of comedonecrosis than in the absence (mean 27 vs 20 mm, p = 0.009). Estrogen receptor (ER) was positive in 81% of cases with a cribriform pattern (p = 0.013). Greater locoregional recurrence was found in the comedonecrosis (15%) and micropapillary (19%) subtypes in DCIS associated with ICNST. Conclusion: We observed a greater relationship of ER with the low nuclear grade, while Ki-67 was related to the high-grade. DCIS presented a higher nuclear grade compared to ICNST. The less common pure pattern was the micropapillary, and the most common, the solid. Comedonecrosis was more frequent in the solid pattern. Our results showed that high-grade was more common in the solid and comedo subtype, and low-grade was more frequent in the cribriform.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó las características del carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS), incluyendo grado citológico, patrón arquitectural y inmunohistoquímica en CDIS puro y asociado a carcinoma invasivo tipo no especial (CI-TNE). Métodos: Evaluamos una serie de 232 casos de CDIS puro o asociado a carcinoma mamario invasivo procedentes de una población de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama y sometidas a cirugía mamaria, entre 2011 y 2015. Resultados: El CDIS presentó un patrón arquitectural mixto en la mayoría de los casos (56%); el subtipo sólido fue la morfología más común (30%). El CDIS de alto grado fue identificado en 84/221 casos (38%), y comedonecrosis estaba presente en 106/221 casos (48%). El alto grado fue más común en el subtipo sólido (61/155 casos, 39%; p < 0.001). El tamaño del tumor fue más grande en presencia de comedonecrosis de lo que en su ausencia (promedio 27 vs. 20 mm; p = 0.009). El receptor de estrógeno (RE) fue positivo en el 81% de los casos con patrón cribiforme (p = 0.013). Se encontró mayor recidiva locorregional en los subtipos comedonecrosis (15%) y micropapilar (19%) en el CDIS asociado al CI-TNE. Conclusión: Observamos mayor relación del RE con bajo grado nuclear, mientras Ki-67 se relacionó con alto grado. El CDIS presentó grado nuclear más alto de lo que el CI-TNE. El patrón puro menos común fue el micropapilar, y el más común, el sólido. La comedonecrosis fue más frecuente en el patrón sólido. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el alto grado fue más común en los subtipos sólido y comedonecrosis, y el bajo grado, más frecuente en el cribiforme.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou as características histopatológicas do carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS), incluindo grau citológico, padrão arquitetural e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) em CDIS puro e associado a carcinoma invasivo tipo não especial (CI-TNE). Métodos: Avaliamos uma série de 232 casos de CDIS puro ou associado ao carcinoma mamário invasivo de um total de 399 carcinomas mamários provenientes de uma população constituída por mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama e submetidas à cirurgia mamária, entre 2011 e 2015. Resultados: O CDIS apresentou um padrão arquitetural misto na maioria dos casos (56%); o subtipo sólido foi a morfologia mais comum (30%). O CDIS de alto grau foi identificado em 84/221 casos (38%), e comedonecrose estava presente em 106/221 casos (48%). O alto grau foi mais comum no subtipo sólido (61/155 casos, 39%; p < 0,001). O tamanho do tumor foi maior na presença de comedonecrose do que na ausência (média 27 vs. 20 mm; p = 0,009). O receptor de estrogênio (RE) foi positivo em 81% dos casos com padrão cribriforme (p = 0,013). Maior recorrência locorregional foi encontrada nos subtipos comedonecrose (15%) e micropapilar (19%) no CDIS associado ao CI-TNE. Conclusão: Observamos uma maior relação do RE com o baixo grau nuclear, enquanto o Ki-67 relacionou-se com o alto grau. O CDIS apresentou mais alto grau nuclear em comparação com o CI-TNE. O padrão puro menos comum foi o micropapilar, e o mais comum, o sólido. A comedonecrose foi mais frequente no padrão sólido. Nossos resultados mostraram que o alto grau foi mais comum nos subtipos sólido e comedonecrose, e o baixo grau, mais frequente no cribriforme.

Natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ / História natural do carcinoma ductal in situ

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has been detected more frequently in the last decades using the mammographic screening. The objective of the present study was to review the epidemiological aspects of DCIS. A bibliographic narrative review was carried out focusing on the following aspects: the epidemiology of DCIS to discuss subtypes; natural history; screening; and survival. It was possible to verify that the DCIS is currently considered a precursor lesion of breast cancer, presenting a considerable and uneven increased incidence between developed and developing countries, probably due to the inclusion of mammographic screening programs. There are controversies regarding the benefit or not of its detection, diagnosis, treatment and survival of patients with DCIS. It is concluded that the considerable increase in the incidence of DCIS raises an important discussion about the real need for its diagnosis as well as its real biological significance

carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) tem sido detectado com maior frequência nas últimas décadas a partir do rastreamento mamográfico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar os aspectos epidemiológicos do CDIS. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa enfocando os aspectos do CDIS: epidemiologia, para discussão a respeito dos subtipos; história natural; rastreamento; e sobrevida. Foi possível verificar que o CDIS é atualmente considerado como uma lesão precursora do câncer de mama e apresenta aumento considerável e desigual em sua incidência entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, devido, provavelmente, à inclusão dos programas de rastreamento mamográfico. Há controversas quanto ao benefício ou não da detecção, do diagnóstico, do tratamento e da sobrevida de pacientes que apresentam o CDIS. Conclui-se que o aumento considerável da incidência do CDIS levanta importante discussão sobre a necessidade real de seu diagnóstico, bem como do seu real significado biológico

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Evaluation of main presentations on magnetic resonance imaging compared with findings on mammogram and histology / Carcinoma ductal in situ mamário: avaliação das principais apresentações à ressonância magnética em correlação com os achados da mamografia e histologia

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various morphologies and kinetic characteristics of the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam, to establish which are the most prevalent and to determine the effectiveness of the method in the detection of DCIS. Method: A prospective observational study, starting in May 2014. We evaluated 25 consecutive patients with suspicious or highly suspicious microcalcifications on mammography screening, BI-RADS categories 4 and 5, who underwent breast MRI and then surgery with proven diagnosis of pure DCIS. Surgery was considered the gold standard for correlation between histologic findings and radiological findings obtained on MRI. Results: The most frequent morphological characteristic of DCIS on MRI was non-mass-like enhancement (NMLE), p<0.001, observed in 22/25 (88%) patients (95CI 72.5-100). Of these, segmental distribution was the most prevalent, represented by 9/22 (40.91%) cases (95CI 17.4-64.4), p=0.306, and a clumped internal enhancement pattern was most commonly characterized in DCIS, observed in 13/22 (50.09%) cases. Conclusion: DCIS has a wide variety of imaging features on MRI and being able to recognize these lesions is crucial. Its most common morphological presentation is non-mass-like enhancement, while segmental distribution and a clumped internal enhancement pattern are the most common presentations. Faced with the combined analysis of these findings, percutaneous core needle biopsy (core biopsy) or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) should be encouraged.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as várias morfologias e características cinéticas do carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) ao exame de ressonância magnética (RM) de mama, estabelecer as mais prevalentes e determinar a eficácia do método na detecção do CDIS. Método: estudo prospectivo e observacional, com início em 2011 e duração de 24 meses. Foram avaliadas 25 pacientes consecutivas que apresentaram microcalcificações suspeitas ou altamente suspeitas ao exame mamográfico de rastreamento, categorias 4 e 5 de BI-RADS, que realizaram RM mamária e, posteriormente, foram submetidas à cirurgia com resultado comprovado de CDIS puro. A cirurgia foi considerada padrão-ouro para correlação entre os resultados histológicos e os achados radiológicos obtidos à RM. Resultados: a característica morfológica do CDIS mais frequente à RM foi o realce não nodular (p<0,001), observada em 22/25 (88%) casos (IC 95% 72,5-100). Dentre estes, a distribuição segmentar foi a mais prevalente, representada por 9/22 (40,91%) casos (IC 95% 17,4-64,4), p=0,306, e o realce interno tipo clumped foi o padrão mais frequentemente caracterizado no CDIS, observado em 13/22 (50,09%) casos. Conclusão: o CDIS tem uma grande variedade de características imaginológicas à RM e é fundamental reconhecê-las. A apresentação morfológica mais comum é o realce não nodular, sendo a distribuição segmentar e o padrão interno de realce tipo clumped as apresentações mais frequentes. Diante da análise combinada desses achados, a biópsia percutânea por agulha grossa (core biopsy) ou assistida a vácuo (mamotomia) deve ser encorajada.

Diagnostic underestimation of atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ at percutaneous core needle and vacuum-assisted biopsies of the breast in a Brazilian reference institution.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of diagnostic underestimation at stereotactic percutaneous core needle biopsies (CNB) and vacuum-assisted biopsies (VABB) of nonpalpable breast lesions, with histopathological results of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subsequently submitted to surgical excision. As a secondary objective, the frequency of ADH and DCIS was determined for the cases submitted to biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 40 cases with diagnosis of ADH or DCIS on the basis of biopsies performed between February 2011 and July 2013, subsequently submitted to surgery, whose histopathological reports were available in the internal information system. Biopsy results were compared with those observed at surgery and the underestimation rate was calculated by means of specific mathematical equations. RESULTS: The underestimation rate at CNB was 50% for ADH and 28.57% for DCIS, and at VABB it was 25% for ADH and 14.28% for DCIS. ADH represented 10.25% of all cases undergoing biopsy, whereas DCIS accounted for 23.91%. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic underestimation rate at CNB is two times the rate at VABB. Certainty that the target has been achieved is not the sole determining factor for a reliable diagnosis. Removal of more than 50% of the target lesion should further reduce the risk of underestimation.

OBJETIVO: Determinar o grau de subestimação diagnóstica de biópsias mamárias percutâneas estereotáxicas por agulha grossa (core biopsy) e assistidas a vácuo (mamotomia) em lesões não palpáveis, com resultados histopatológico de hiperplasia ductal atípica (HDA) ou carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) e que foram submetidas a exérese cirúrgica posteriormente. Como objetivo secundário, atribuiu-se a frequência de HDA e CDIS nos casos biopsiados. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados, retrospectivamente, 40 casos biopsiados com diagnóstico de HDA ou CDIS, entre fevereiro de 2011 e julho de 2013, e que posteriormente foram submetidos a cirurgia, cujo laudo histopatológico estava registrado no sistema interno de informações. Os resultados das biópsias foram comparados aos da cirurgia e a taxa de subestimação foi calculada de acordo com equações matemáticas específicas. RESULTADOS: A taxa de subestimação diagnóstica da core biopsy foi 50% para HDA e 28,57% para CDIS, e da mamotomia foi 25% para HDA e 14,28% para CDIS. As HDAs representaram 10,25% do total de casos biopsiados, enquanto 23,91% foram CDIS. CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de subestimação diagnóstica é cerca de duas vezes maior na core biopsy em relação à mamotomia. A certeza do alvo atingido não é o único determinante para um diagnóstico preciso. Remover mais que 50% da lesão alvo poderá diminuir o risco de subestimação diagnóstica.

Diagnostic underestimation of atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ at percutaneous core needle and vacuum-assisted biopsies of the breast in a Brazilian reference institution / Subestimação diagnóstica das biópsias mamárias percutâneas por agulha grossa e assistidas a vácuo na hiperplasia ductal atípica e no carcinoma ductal in situ em instituição brasileira de referência

Abstract Objective: To determine the rates of diagnostic underestimation at stereotactic percutaneous core needle biopsies (CNB) and vacuum-assisted biopsies (VABB) of nonpalpable breast lesions, with histopathological results of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subsequently submitted to surgical excision. As a secondary objective, the frequency of ADH and DCIS was determined for the cases submitted to biopsy. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of 40 cases with diagnosis of ADH or DCIS on the basis of biopsies performed between February 2011 and July 2013, subsequently submitted to surgery, whose histopathological reports were available in the internal information system. Biopsy results were compared with those observed at surgery and the underestimation rate was calculated by means of specific mathematical equations. Results: The underestimation rate at CNB was 50% for ADH and 28.57% for DCIS, and at VABB it was 25% for ADH and 14.28% for DCIS. ADH represented 10.25% of all cases undergoing biopsy, whereas DCIS accounted for 23.91%. Conclusion: The diagnostic underestimation rate at CNB is two times the rate at VABB. Certainty that the target has been achieved is not the sole determining factor for a reliable diagnosis. Removal of more than 50% of the target lesion should further reduce the risk of underestimation.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar o grau de subestimação diagnóstica de biópsias mamárias percutâneas estereotáxicas por agulha grossa (core biopsy) e assistidas a vácuo (mamotomia) em lesões não palpáveis, com resultados histopatológico de hiperplasia ductal atípica (HDA) ou carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) e que foram submetidas a exérese cirúrgica posteriormente. Como objetivo secundário, atribuiu-se a frequência de HDA e CDIS nos casos biopsiados. Materiais e Métodos: Foram revisados, retrospectivamente, 40 casos biopsiados com diagnóstico de HDA ou CDIS, entre fevereiro de 2011 e julho de 2013, e que posteriormente foram submetidos a cirurgia, cujo laudo histopatológico estava registrado no sistema interno de informações. Os resultados das biópsias foram comparados aos da cirurgia e a taxa de subestimação foi calculada de acordo com equações matemáticas específicas. Resultados: A taxa de subestimação diagnóstica da core biopsy foi 50% para HDA e 28,57% para CDIS, e da mamotomia foi 25% para HDA e 14,28% para CDIS. As HDAs representaram 10,25% do total de casos biopsiados, enquanto 23,91% foram CDIS. Conclusão: A taxa de subestimação diagnóstica é cerca de duas vezes maior na core biopsy em relação à mamotomia. A certeza do alvo atingido não é o único determinante para um diagnóstico preciso. Remover mais que 50% da lesão alvo poderá diminuir o risco de subestimação diagnóstica.

Carcinoma in situ dentro de un fibroadenoma de mama: tres casos clínicos / Carcinoma within a fibroadenoma of the breast: report of three cases

El fibroadenoma (FA) es un tumor frecuente de la mama que se presenta usualmente en la segunda y tercera década de la vida. Los carcinomas de la mama raramente se desarrollan dentro de un FA, existiendo alrededor de 200 casos descritos en la literatura. Nosotros reportamos la presencia de carcinoma ductal in s/fu(CDIS) al interior de un FA en tres pacientes mujeres de 31, 45 y 47 años. La presencia de microcalcificaciones en dos pacientes y la sospecha de un papiloma intraductal en la tercera, determinaron la necesidad de mastectomía parcial y el consiguiente hallazgo de CDIS al interior de un FA. En dos casos hubo presencia de CDIS extenso en el parénquima mamario adyacente y fueron sometidas finalmente a una mastectomía total. Recomendamos un seguimiento estricto en mujeres con FA a partir de la cuarta década de la vida. En pacientes con lesiones mamarias pro I iterativas o con CDIS que presentan además un FA, se recomienda vigilancia del FA o resección de éste al momento de extirpar el CDIS.

The fibroadenoma (FA) is a common tumor of the breast that usually occurs in the second or third decade of Ufe. The carcinomas of the breast rarely arising within a FA, with around 200 cases reported in the literature. We report the presence of DCIS within a FA on three female patients of 31, 45 and 47 years old. Due to the presence of microcalcifications in two patients and the suspicion of an intraductal papilloma in the third, they underwent a partial mastectomy with the consequent finding of DCIS inside a FA. In two cases there were extensive DCIS in the adjacent breast parenchyma and finally they underwent a total mastectomy. We recommend a strict follow up in women with FA from the fourth decade of life. In patients with proliferatives breast lesions or DCIS that simultaneously presenting a FA, we recommend surveillance of FA or remove it at the same time of the resection of DCIS.