Role of TRPA1 receptors in skin inflammation induced by volatile chemical irritants in mice.

Contact dermatitis is a very common inflammatory reaction in the skin, causing not only aesthetic problems but also loss functionality at work. The molecular mechanisms of contact dermatitis induced by chemical irritants are still unclear. Considering that transient receptor potential channels (TRP) may induce neurogenic inflammation and the exacerbation of inflammatory responses, here we investigated the role of transient receptor potential channel ankyrin type-1 (TRPA1) in skin inflammation evoked by chemical irritants. Ear oedema and nociceptive responses elicited by the topical application of xylene and toluene were measured in Swiss mice, wild type and TRPA1 knockout (Trpa1-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Histological analyses were performed in mice subjected to the ear oedema assay. Topical application of xylene and toluene in the mouse ear induced an edematogenic response (0.113 ±â€¯0.008 mm and 0.067 ±â€¯0.011 mm), compared to vehicle (0.008 ±â€¯0.008 mm), assessed by ear thickness measurements and histological analyses. These responses were prevented by topical pretreatment with a selective TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031 (% inhibition: xylene 36.8 ±â€¯9.4% and toluene 50.7 ±â€¯11.0%), and by the genetic deletion of TRPA1 ((% inhibition: xylene 66.6 ±â€¯16.7% and toluene 75 ±â€¯0%). In addition, the topical application of xylene and toluene to the mouse paw elicited nociceptive responses, which were significantly reduced by oral treatment with HC-030031 ((% of inhibition: 84.9 ±â€¯1.3% and 27.1 ±â€¯8.0%, respectively); nociceptive responses were almost completely abolished in Trpa1-/-mice. Our data suggest that the activation of TRPA1 could be involved in some of the symptoms of irritant-mediated contact dermatitis, such as oedema, pain and neurogenic inflammation.

Investigação oftalmológica pré-clínica do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae / Ophthalmological pre-clinical research about essential oil from the Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a irritação ocular aguda em coelhos, após a administração tópica de óleo essencial. Métodos: Para tanto, os animais foram divididos em três grupos, cada um com três coelhos, totalizando 6 olhos por grupo, e a diferença entre eles foi a concentração utilizada ( 1, 3 e 9%). Aplicou-se no saco conjuntival, de um dos olhos do animal, uma dose única de 0,1 ml do produto e o olho contralateral foi usado como controle. Analisou-se os efeitos causados pelo óleo essencial na conjuntiva, íris e córnea após 1, 24, 48, 72 horas e no final do sétimo dia após a aplicação tópica. As avaliações oftalmológicas foram feitas com o auxílio de um oftalmoscópio binocular indireto com e sem fluoresceína. As reações observadas foram graduadas segundo a escala de Draize. Foram realizados exames anatomopatológicos em todos os olhos estudados no final do experimento. Resultados: No grupo de animais submetidos à instilação ocular do óleo essencial a 1%, não se observou alterações. O tratamento com o óleo a 3% provocou alteração conjuntival no exame feito em 1 hora, o que foi reduzindo. A administração do óleo essencial a 9% induziu hiperemia conjuntival, não havendo qualquer alteração nos outros tempos de avaliação oftalmológica. Conclusão: A avaliação contribuiu para conhecer as alterações clínicas na superfície ocular. Desta forma, foi possível classificar o óleo a 1% como não irritante e nas concentrações de 3 e 9% como pouco irritante, tornando possível estudos clínicos, a fim de estabelecer o óleo como alternativa terapêutica em conjuntivites bacterianas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate acute eye irritation in rabbits following topical administration of essential oil. Methods: animals were divided into three groups, each containing three rabbits, with a total of 6 eyes per group. The difference between them was the concentration used (1, 3 and 9%). A single dose of 0.1 ml of the product was applied into the conjunctival sac of one eye of the animal, and the contralateral eye was used as control. The effects caused by the essential oil in the conjunctiva, iris and cornea were analyzed after 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours and at the end of the seventh day after topical application. Ophthalmologic evaluations were performed with the aid of a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope fluorescein and with and without the observed responses, before being graded according to the Draize scale. Pathological examinations were performed on all eyes studied at the end of the experiment. Results: in the group of animals subjected to the ocular instillation of 1% essential oil, there was no change. For treatment with 3% oil, conjunctival changes were found to be decreasing during the examination after 1 hour. Administration of the 9%essential oil induced conjunctival injection, without any change in the other ophthalmologic evaluation times. Conclusion: the evaluation contributed to meet the clinical changes in the ocular surface. Thus, it was possible to classify the oil at 1% as non-irritating and the concentration of 3% and 9 as mildly irritating, making it possible for clinical studies to establish the oil as an alternative therapy in bacterial conjunctivitis.

Predation among armored arachnids: Bothriurus bonariensis (Scorpions, Bothriuridae) versus four species of harvestmen (Harvestmen, Gonyleptidae).

Natural selection shapes prey-predator relationships and their behavioral adaptations, which seek to maximize capture success in the predator and avoidance in the prey. We tested the ability of adults of the scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis (Bothriuridae) to prey on synchronous and sympatric adults harvestmen of Acanthopachylus aculeatus, Discocyrtus prospicuus, Parampheres bimaculatus and Pachyloides thorellii (Gonyleptidae). In 72.5% of the cases B. bonariensis tried to prey on the harvestmen. The most successful captures occurred in the trials against A. aculeatus and D. prospicuus. In all the successful attacks the scorpions stung the prey between the chelicerae and consumed them, starting by the anterior portion of their bodies. The harvestmen used different defensive strategies such as fleeing before or after contact with the predator, exudating of chemical substances or staying still at the scorpion's touch. When scorpions contacted the chemical substances secreted by the harvestmen, they immediately rubbed the affected appendix against the substrate. However, exudating of chemical substances did not prevent, in any case, predation on the harvestmen. This is the first study showing the ability of scorpions to prey on different species of harvestmen, as well as the capture and defensive behaviors used by the predator and the prey.

[Occupational asthma]. / Asma ocupacional.

The occupational asthma is the most common form of lung disease caused by factors that are attributed to a specific working environment in industrialized countries. It causes variable limitation of airflow and/or hyper-responsiveness of the airway due to contact with specific agents present in an atmosphere of work and not to stimuli found out of this place. It is recognized more and more frequently, and many agents are capable of causing occupational asthma by different pathophysiological mechanisms. More than 400 agents causing occupational asthma are known and every year new triggers are detected. Numerous factors contribute to the pathogenesis of occupational asthma induced chemically, including immunological, non-immunological mechanisms of epithelial damage, airway remodeling, oxidative stress, neurogenic inflammation as well as genetic factors. The most important risk factors for occupational asthma include: atopy, smoking and genetic factors. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history, skin tests, immunological tests and functional studies. The fundamental treatment is removing the worker from exposure as soon as possible. The advance in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of occupational asthma will importantly influence in the prevention and the management of this disease.

El asma ocupacional es la forma más común de enfermedad pulmonar causada por factores que se atribuyen a un ambiente laboral específico en países industrializados. Causa limitación variable del flujo aéreo e hiperrespuesta de las vías aéreas debido al contacto con agentes específicos presentes en un ambiente de trabajo y no a estímulos encontrados fuera de este lugar. Se reconoce cada vez con más frecuencia y muchos agentes son capaces de causar asma ocupacional por diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos. Se conocen más de 400 agentes causantes de asma ocupacional y cada año se detectan nuevos desencadenantes. Numerosos factores contribuyen a la patogénesis de asma ocupacional inducida químicamente, incluidos mecanismos inmunológicos, no inmunológicos, de daño epitelial, remodelación de las vías aéreas, estrés oxidativo, inflamación neurogénica y factores genéticos. Entre los factores de riesgo de asma ocupacional están: la atopia, el tabaquismo y factores genéticos. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica del paciente, pruebas cutáneas, inmunológicas y estudios funcionales. El tratamiento principal es la remoción del trabajador del sitio de exposición tan pronto como sea posible. El avance en el conocimiento de la patogénesis del asma ocupacional influirá de manera importante en la prevención y el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

Enterite iatrogênica em equino causada por uso indevido de agentes irritantes via sonda nasogástrica / Iatrogenic equine enteritis caused by misuse of irritants factors via nasogastric tube / Enteritis iatrogénica en equino causada por el uso indebido de agentes irritantes por vía nasogástrica

Relata-se o atendimento de um cavalo com síndrome cólica após esforço físico. Na anamnese,constatou-se que, durante o tratamento inicial, alguns procedimentos indevidos foram realizados: 500 gramas de sal mineral e um frasco de solução de Clorexidine via sonda nasogástrica, além de laxante VO (120 comprimidos de Hurnectol"), flunixin meglumine IV (20 ml), fluidoterapia IV (10 litros). No exame clínico constatou-se: frequência cardíaca - 78 bpm, respiratória - 38 mpm, temperatura - 38,6° C, mucosas avermelhadas, hipomotilidade intestinal, 20 litros de refluxo espontâneo; hematócrito 63%, proteína total 7,4g/dL, albumina 4,1 mg/dL, ureia 137,5 mg/dL e creatinina 2,3 mg/dL. Na ultrassonografia trans abdominal, as alças de intestino delgado apresentavam-se com alguma motilidade, parede espessada (0,8 em) e com mucosa rugosa. O tratamento incluiu reposição hidroeletrolítica, OMSO IV (100 ml) e Flunixin Meglumine IV (0,25 mg/kg TIO). Após 12 horas, a espessura do intestino delgado regrediu drasticamente para 0,35cm, com motilidade regular, evidenciando rápida melhora da ente rite apenas com a retirada dos agentes irritantes associada ao tratamento clínico. Este caso demonstra que há possibilidade de desenvolvimento iatrogênico de enterite,sendo importante conhecer os procedimentos e medicações que podem ser usadas em equinos, pois o uso inapropriado dos mesmos pode comprometer a vida do animal.(AU)

This article reports the care of a horse with colic syndrome after physical exertion. It was found inthe history that during the initial treatment, some improper procedures were performed: 500 grams of salt anda bottle of chlorhexidine solution via nasogastric tube, and laxative VO (120 tablets of Hurnectol=), flunixinmeglumine IV (20 ml), IV fluid (10 liters). It was found on examination: heart rate - 78 bpm, respiratory - 38mpm, temperature - 38.6° C, reddened mucous membranes, decreased intestinal motility, 20 liters of spontaneous reflux; 63% hematocrit, total protein 7.4 g/dL, albumin 4.1 mg/dL, urea 137,5 mg/dL and creatinine2.3 mg/dL. In the trans abdominal ultrasonography, the small intestine presented with some motility, thickened wall (0.8cm) and rough mucosa. Treatment included fluid replacement, IV OMSO (100 mL) and flunixin meglumineIV (0.25 mg / kg TIO). After 12 hou the small intestine thickness decreased dramatically to 0.35cm, with regularmotility, demonstrating fast enteritis improvement with only the removal of irritants associated with clinical treatment. This case demonstrates the possibility of iatrogenic enteritis development, and it is important toknow the procedures and medications that can be used in horses because the inappropriate use can compromisethe animal's life.(AU)

Es el relato de un atendimiento veterinario de un caballo con síndrome de abdomen agudo despuésde esfuerzo físico, en Ia anamnesis se confirmó que durante el tratamiento inicial, algunos procedimientosindebidos fueron realizados: 500 gramos de sal mineral y una botella de solución de clorexidine a través deisondaje nasogástrico además de laxante VO (120 comprimidos de Humectol®), flunixin meglumine IV (20 ml),fluidoterapia IV (10 litros). En el examen clínico se constató que: frecuencia cardiaca - 78 bpm, respiratoria-30 mpm, temperatura - 38,6° C, mucosas congestionadas, hipomotilidad intestinal, 20 litros de reflujo espontáneo, hematocrito 63% proteína total 7,4 g/dL, albumina 4,1 mg/dL, urea 137,5 mg/dL y creatinina 2,3mg/dL. En Ia ultrasonografía transabdominal, Ias alzas de intestino delgado se observaron con alguna motilidad,Ia pared espesada (0,8 em) y con Ia mucosa arrugada. EI tratamiento incluyo reposición hidro electrolítica,OMSO IV (100 ml) y Flunixin Meglumine IV (0,25 mg/kg TIO). Oespués de 12 horas, Ia espesura dei intestino delgado retorno drásticamente para 0,35 em, con motilidad regular, evidenciando una rápida mejora de Iaenteritis apenas con Ia retirada de los a gentes irritantes asociadas ai tratamiento clínico. En este caso semuestra Ia posibilidad dei desarrollo de una enteritis iatrogénica, siendo importantes conocer los procedimientosy medicamentos que pueden ser usados en equinos, pues el uso inapropiados de los mismos pueden comprometer Ia vida dei animal.(AU)

Enterite iatrogênica em equino causada por uso indevido de agentes irritantes via sonda nasogástrica / Iatrogenic equine enteritis caused by misuse of irritants factors via nasogastric tube / Enteritis iatrogénica en equino causada por el uso indebido de agentes irritantes por vía nasogástrica

Relata-se o atendimento de um cavalo com síndrome cólica após esforço físico. Na anamnese,constatou-se que, durante o tratamento inicial, alguns procedimentos indevidos foram realizados: 500 gramas de sal mineral e um frasco de solução de Clorexidine via sonda nasogástrica, além de laxante VO (120 comprimidos de Hurnectol"), flunixin meglumine IV (20 ml), fluidoterapia IV (10 litros). No exame clínico constatou-se: frequência cardíaca - 78 bpm, respiratória - 38 mpm, temperatura - 38,6° C, mucosas avermelhadas, hipomotilidade intestinal, 20 litros de refluxo espontâneo; hematócrito 63%, proteína total 7,4g/dL, albumina 4,1 mg/dL, ureia 137,5 mg/dL e creatinina 2,3 mg/dL. Na ultrassonografia trans abdominal, as alças de intestino delgado apresentavam-se com alguma motilidade, parede espessada (0,8 em) e com mucosa rugosa. O tratamento incluiu reposição hidroeletrolítica, OMSO IV (100 ml) e Flunixin Meglumine IV (0,25 mg/kg TIO). Após 12 horas, a espessura do intestino delgado regrediu drasticamente para 0,35cm, com motilidade regular, evidenciando rápida melhora da ente rite apenas com a retirada dos agentes irritantes associada ao tratamento clínico. Este caso demonstra que há possibilidade de desenvolvimento iatrogênico de enterite,sendo importante conhecer os procedimentos e medicações que podem ser usadas em equinos, pois o uso inapropriado dos mesmos pode comprometer a vida do animal.

This article reports the care of a horse with colic syndrome after physical exertion. It was found inthe history that during the initial treatment, some improper procedures were performed: 500 grams of salt anda bottle of chlorhexidine solution via nasogastric tube, and laxative VO (120 tablets of Hurnectol=), flunixinmeglumine IV (20 ml), IV fluid (10 liters). It was found on examination: heart rate - 78 bpm, respiratory - 38mpm, temperature - 38.6° C, reddened mucous membranes, decreased intestinal motility, 20 liters of spontaneous reflux; 63% hematocrit, total protein 7.4 g/dL, albumin 4.1 mg/dL, urea 137,5 mg/dL and creatinine2.3 mg/dL. In the trans abdominal ultrasonography, the small intestine presented with some motility, thickened wall (0.8cm) and rough mucosa. Treatment included fluid replacement, IV OMSO (100 mL) and flunixin meglumineIV (0.25 mg / kg TIO). After 12 hou the small intestine thickness decreased dramatically to 0.35cm, with regularmotility, demonstrating fast enteritis improvement with only the removal of irritants associated with clinical treatment. This case demonstrates the possibility of iatrogenic enteritis development, and it is important toknow the procedures and medications that can be used in horses because the inappropriate use can compromisethe animal's life.

Es el relato de un atendimiento veterinario de un caballo con síndrome de abdomen agudo despuésde esfuerzo físico, en Ia anamnesis se confirmó que durante el tratamiento inicial, algunos procedimientosindebidos fueron realizados: 500 gramos de sal mineral y una botella de solución de clorexidine a través deisondaje nasogástrico además de laxante VO (120 comprimidos de Humectol®), flunixin meglumine IV (20 ml),fluidoterapia IV (10 litros). En el examen clínico se constató que: frecuencia cardiaca - 78 bpm, respiratoria-30 mpm, temperatura - 38,6° C, mucosas congestionadas, hipomotilidad intestinal, 20 litros de reflujo espontáneo, hematocrito 63% proteína total 7,4 g/dL, albumina 4,1 mg/dL, urea 137,5 mg/dL y creatinina 2,3mg/dL. En Ia ultrasonografía transabdominal, Ias alzas de intestino delgado se observaron con alguna motilidad,Ia pared espesada (0,8 em) y con Ia mucosa arrugada. EI tratamiento incluyo reposición hidro electrolítica,OMSO IV (100 ml) y Flunixin Meglumine IV (0,25 mg/kg TIO). Oespués de 12 horas, Ia espesura dei intestino delgado retorno drásticamente para 0,35 em, con motilidad regular, evidenciando una rápida mejora de Iaenteritis apenas con Ia retirada de los a gentes irritantes asociadas ai tratamiento clínico. En este caso semuestra Ia posibilidad dei desarrollo de una enteritis iatrogénica, siendo importantes conocer los procedimientosy medicamentos que pueden ser usados en equinos, pues el uso inapropiados de los mismos pueden comprometer Ia vida dei animal.

Ocular surface adverse effects of ambient levels of air pollution / Efeitos adversos na superfície ocular relacionados à poluição ambiental

It is widely recognized today that outdoor air pollution can affect human health. Various chemical components that are present in ambient pollution may have an irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the body, particularly those of the respiratory tract. Much less attention has been focused on the adverse effect on the ocular surface, despite the fact that this structure is even more exposed to air pollution than the respiratory mucosa since only a very thin tear film separates the corneal and conjunctival epithelia from the air pollutants. So far, clinical data are the more widespread tools used by ophthalmologists for assessing possible aggression to the ocular surface; however, clinical findings alone appears not to correlate properly with the complaints presented by the patients pointing out the need for further clinical and laboratory studies on the subject. The purpose of this study is to review signs and symptoms associated with chronic long-term exposure to environmental air pollutants on the ocular structures currently defined as the ocular surface and to review clinical and laboratory tests used to investigate the adverse effects of air pollutants on such structures. We also review previous studies that investigated the adverse effects of air pollution on the ocular surface and discuss the need for further investigation on the subject.

Sabe-se hoje que a poluição ambiental pode afetar a saúde humana. Vários componentes químicos presentes na poluição atmosférica podem acarretar uma irritação nas mucosas, particularmente no trato respiratório. Pouca ênfase tem sido dada à superfície ocular, embora esta estrutura seja até mais exposta à poluição ambiental do que o trato respiratório visto que apenas uma fina camada de filme lacrimal separa a córnea e a conjuntiva dos poluentes presentes no ar. Até o momento, a avaliação clínica é o método mais utilizado pelos oftalmologistas para se detectar uma possível agressão à superfície ocular; entretanto esta avaliação apenas não parece correlacionar-se com as queixas e sinais apresentados pelos pacientes demonstrando a necessidade de mais estudos clínicos e laboratoriais sobre o assunto. O objetivo deste estudo é revisar os sinais e sintomas associados à exposição crônica aos poluentes ambientais no ar nas estruturas oculares definidas atualmente como superfície ocular e revisar os testes clínicos e laboratoriais usados para investigar os efeitos adversos dos poluentes em tais estruturas. Também revisamos estudos prévios que analisaram os efeitos adversos da poluição do ar na superfície ocular e discutimos a necessidade de mais estudos sobre o assunto.