Twelve tips for using rapid research methods in health professions education.

Information may be required within a short time-frame for making decisions about programmes and interventions in health professions education. Rapid research methods have been increasingly used in healthcare, especially for qualitative research studies and literature reviews. An essential aspect of using rapid research methods is pragmatism, in which there is a balance between the constraints of the short time frame (typically less than 3 months), the available resources, and the rigour for an appropriate standard of quality. Achieving this balance requires careful attention to the design of the research, including clarification of the decision-maker's information needs and the use of rapid methods for literature review, selection of participants, and data collection and analysis. The intention of the article is to provide a practical guide for how rapid research methods for qualitative research studies and literature reviews can be adapted for health professions education.

The Potential of Exercise on Lifestyle and Skin Function: Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: The skin is an important organ of the human body and has moisturizing and barrier functions. Factors such as sunlight and lifestyle significantly affect these skin functions, with sunlight being extremely damaging. The effects of lifestyle habits such as smoking, diet, and sleep have been studied extensively. It has been found that smoking increases the risk of wrinkles, while excessive fat and sugar intake leads to skin aging. Lack of sleep and stress are also dangerous for the skin's barrier function. In recent years, the impact of exercise habits on skin function has been a focus of study. Regular exercise is associated with increased blood flow to the skin, elevated skin temperature, and improved skin moisture. Furthermore, it has been shown to improve skin structure and rejuvenate its appearance, possibly through promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis and affecting hormone secretion. Further research is needed to understand the effects of different amounts and content of exercise on the skin. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to briefly summarize the relationship between lifestyle and skin function and the mechanisms that have been elucidated so far and introduce the expected effects of exercise on skin function. METHODS: We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed and Google Scholar repositories for relevant literature published between 2000 and 2022 with the following keywords: exercise, skin, and life habits. RESULTS: Exercise augments the total spectrum power density of cutaneous blood perfusion by a factor of approximately 8, and vasodilation demonstrates an enhancement of approximately 1.5-fold. Regular exercise can also mitigate age-related skin changes by promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis. However, not all exercise impacts are positive; for instance, swimming in chlorinated pools may harm the skin barrier function. Hence, the exercise environment should be considered for its potential effects on the skin. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates that exercise can potentially enhance skin function retention.

Narrative Reviews of the Literature: An overview.

This short report guides the reader through the types of narrative reviews and describes the narrative review process from conception to completion. This report is an overview on the topic of literature reviews and serves to provide guidance regarding how and when to use a narrative review approach. Authors have many purposes for selecting the narrative review of the literature including introducing an original research manuscript, reviewing a critical topic for a scholarly journal, creating an introductory chapter for a thesis, or completing a classroom assignment. Each purpose may include a specific format and may require different components to be included in the research and writing process. This short report provides examples for each section of the narrative review research and writing process.

The Holistic Life-Crafting Model: a systematic literature review of meaning-making behaviors.

Pursuing meaningful life experiences is vital for wellbeing and health. Crafting strategies, such as job crafting and work-life balance crafting, have been developed to create meaning in specific life domains. However, these strategies share common underlying behaviors that transcend specific contexts. Building on this understanding, we propose a comprehensive "holistic life-crafting" approach that integrates overlapping behaviors from various crafting strategies. This study aims to clarify the theoretical conceptualization of life-crafting by identifying common strategies and behaviors underlying different meaning-making crafting approaches. Through a systematic literature search of six databases between January and April 2022, we identified 16,479 published records. Using predefined inclusion-exclusion criteria, 51 records (reflecting five crafting approaches, resulting in 223 different crafting behaviors) remained. Through content analysis, we grouped these behaviors into seven broader crafting strategies, forming the "holistic life-crafting" approach. Findings suggest that life-crafting is a holistic, continuous process of proactive meaning-making by intentionally balancing life demands with available resources and altering life's cognitive, environmental, interest, relational, skill, and task-related aspects to promote personal growth and wellbeing. The holistic approach encompasses cognitive, environmental, interest, relational, resources-demands, skill, and task crafting strategies. This framework provides a comprehensive understanding of how individuals can actively shape their lives to promote more meaningful life experiences across different domains. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42022333930.

A systematic review and thematic synthesis of inpatient nursing staff experiences of working with high-risk patient behaviours.

INTRODUCTION: Nursing staff are frequently exposed to high-risk patient behaviours within inpatient health services, yet staff commonly report a lack of training and support in managing these behaviours. AIM: The aim of the study was to examine nursing staff experiences of high-risk behaviours in inpatient mental health settings. METHODS: Four electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE) were searched. The protocol for this review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (Ref: CRD42022334739). A meta-synthesis of nursing staff's experiences of high-risk behaviours in inpatient mental health settings was conducted. RESULTS: We identified 30 eligible studies. Six themes were constructed from the meta-synthesis: the social contract of care; the function of risk behaviours; the expectation of risk; risk as a relational concept; navigating contradictions in care; the aftermath. DISCUSSION: Nursing staff conceptualize risk as a meaningful behaviour shaped by patient, staff and environmental factors. Managing risk is an ethical dilemma for nursing staff and they require more training and support in ethical risk decision-making. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Inpatient mental healthcare services should formulate and manage risk as a relational concept comprising staff, patient and environmental factors. Future research and clinical practice should place further consideration on the varied experiences of different types of risk behaviours. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Nursing staff are frequently exposed to high-risk patient behaviours within inpatient health services, yet staff commonly report a lack of training and support in managing these behaviours. This systematic review offers insights into how high-risk behaviours are experienced by nursing staff and makes recommendations about how to improve the understanding and management of them. Inpatient mental healthcare services should formulate and manage risk as a relational concept comprising staff, patient and environmental factors. Future research and clinical practice should place further consideration on the varied experiences of different types of risk behaviours.

The burden of mitochondrial disease with associated seizures: systematic literature reviews of health-related quality of life, utilities, costs and healthcare resource use data.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial disease is a degenerative, progressive, heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting children and adults. Mitochondrial disease is associated with morbidity and mortality, with predominantly neurological and neuromuscular symptoms including dystonia, weakness, encephalopathy, developmental delay and seizures. Seizures are one of the most common and severe manifestations of mitochondrial disease. These seizures are typically refractory to common anti-seizure therapies. There are no approved disease-modifying treatments for mitochondrial disease. Our objective was to conduct two systematic literature reviews to identify health-related quality of life (HRQoL), utilities, costs and healthcare resource use data in mitochondrial disease with associated seizures. METHODS: A range of databases and information sources were searched up to July 2022 to identify eligible studies. Search strategies included a range of variant terms for mitochondrial disease and HRQoL, utilities, cost and healthcare resource use outcomes. Two reviewers independently assessed articles against the eligibility criteria; studies were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. Risk of bias was assessed for studies reporting HRQoL data. Results were narratively assessed. RESULTS: Seven studies were eligible for the HRQoL and utilities review. The studies used different tools to report data, and despite the variability in methods, HRQoL scores across the studies showed moderate/severe disease in patients with mitochondrial disease with associated seizures. Parents of patients with mitochondrial disease with associated seizures were characterised by high total parenting stress. No studies reported utilities data. Two case reports and one retrospective review of medical records of children who died in hospital were eligible for the costs and resource use review. These provided limited information on the duration of hospital stay, in an intensive care unit (ICU), on mechanical ventilation. No studies reported costs data. CONCLUSION: These reviews highlight the limited HRQoL, utilities, costs and resource use data and the variability of instruments used in mitochondrial disease with associated seizures. However, the data available indicate that mitochondrial disease with associated seizures affects patients' and caregivers' HRQoL alike. No robust conclusion can be drawn on the impact of mitochondrial disease with associated seizures on hospital or ICU length of stay. Trial registration PROSPERO: CRD42022345005.

A method of Mapping Process for scientific production using the Smart Bibliometrics.

Big data launches a modern way of producing science and research around the world. Due to an explosion of data available in scientific databases, combined with recent advances in information technology, the researcher has at his disposal new methods and technologies that facilitate scientific development. Considering the challenges of producing science in a dynamic and complex scenario, the main objective of this article is to present a method aligned with tools recently developed to support scientific production, based on steps and technologies that will help researchers to materialize their objectives efficiently and effectively. Applying this method, the researcher can apply science mapping and bibliometric techniques with agility, taking advantage of an easy-to-use solution with cloud computing capabilities. From the application of the "Scientific Mapping Process", the researcher will be able to generate strategic information for a result-oriented scientific production, assertively going through the main steps of research and boosting scientific discovery in the most diverse fields of investigation. •The Scientific Mapping Process provides a method and a system to boost scientific development.•It automates Science Mapping and bibliometric analysis from scientific datasets.•It facilitates the researcher's work, increasing the assertiveness in scientific production.

Mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment: An integrative systematic review.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Risk assessment and risk management are considered to be important practices carried out by mental health nurses. Risk assessment can help keep mental health service users' safe, but some nurses see it as a 'tick the box' exercise. Some studies have looked at nurses' attitudes to risk assessment but no one has systematically described all the studies. WHAT THE ARTICLE ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment are diverse with regard to its legitimacy, conduct and value. This study provides an organised framework to help understand the areas in which these different attitudes occur. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Since attitudes can influence clinical practice, nurses need to reflect on how they view risk assessment. Further research is required to investigate whether particular attitudes are positive or negative and whether attitudes can be changed. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Understanding nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment could inform education and practice improvements. AIM/QUESTION: To explore mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment. METHOD: An integrative systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42023398287). Multiple databases (PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO) were searched for primary studies of mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment. Qualitative studies were subject to inductive coding and thematic analysis; quantitative data were integrated with emerging themes. RESULTS: Eighteen articles were included. Qualitative studies commonly lacked rigorous analyses. Four themes emerged: underlying purpose and legitimacy of risk assessment (philosophical orientation); use of structured approaches (technical orientation); value of intuition (intuitive orientation); and service user involvement (relationships orientation). There were contradictory study findings in each thematic category indicating different attitudes among mental health nurses. DISCUSSION: Mental health nurses' attitudes towards risk assessment vary in four key domains. Survey studies suggest they are more approving of structured approaches to risk assessment than many qualitative studies suggest. There is a need to develop a valid measure of attitudes to risk assessment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This review could help health organisations to develop strategies to improve their risk assessment policies and practice. There is a need to develop structured training and education programmes.

Identifying spin bias of nonsignificant findings in biomedical studies.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research note is to share a technique for the identification of spin bias that we developed as part of a living systematic review on the cardiovascular testing of e-cigarette substitution for cigarette smoking. While some researchers have remarked on the subjective nature of ascertaining spin bias, our technique objectively documents forms of spin bias arising from the misrepresentation of nonsignificant findings and from the omission of data. RESULTS: We offer a two-step process for the identification of spin bias consisting of tracking data and findings and recording of data discrepancies by describing how the spin bias was produced in the text. In this research note, we give an example of the documentation of spin bias from our systematic review. Our experience was that nonsignificant results were presented as causal or even as significant in the Discussion of studies. Spin bias distorts scientific research and misleads readers; therefore it behooves peer reviewers and journal editors to make the effort to detect and correct it.

Literature reviews on coping behavior of women with menopausal symptoms and menopausal disorders.

Objective: Examined literature on coping behaviors of women with menopausal symptoms and/or menopausal disorders to clarify their current situation and to get advice for future undertakings. Methods: The subjects of the survey were from documents on coping behaviors of women with menopausal symptoms and menopausal disorders published in Japan during the period from 2000 to July 2022. The investigations were acquired from Japan Medical Abstracts Society, CiNii, PubMed, by mixing the keywords "menopausal symptoms" or "menopausal disorders" and "measures" or "self-care" or "self-administration" in Japanese. Ultimately, we obtained 10 cases from Japan Medical Abstracts Society and 5 cases from CiNii. We focused on 13 cases for this analysis. Results: As a result of analyzing the contents of coping behaviors of women with menopausal symptoms and menopausal disorders, 6 categories [Adjusting daily life behaviors], [Taking measures for the symptoms], [Adjusting in my own way], [Connecting to others], [Thinking optimistically] and [Doing nothing] consisting of 18 subcategories were obtained. Conclusion: Women reconciled positively with menopause by themselves, even though they had menopausal symptoms and menopausal disorders. In future endeavors, psychology education will be obtained by clarifying the process of reaching it, and the possibility of raising the well-being of menopausal women will be enhanced. It has been revealed that there are women adopting coping behaviors suitable for themselves, while there are women who are tolerant even if the symptoms are severe, or those who do not consult specialists for menopausal symptoms. We believe that the findings are useful for promoting the coping behaviors of women with menopausal symptoms and menopausal disorders and educating them to prevent aggravation and prolongation of symptoms by clarifying the reasons why they do not take action to relieve their menopausal symptoms.

Effectiveness of online cognitive behavioural therapy on quality of life in adults with depression: A systematic review.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT: Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide that negatively impacts quality of life. Talk therapy such as cognitive behavioural therapy is an effective treatment for depression. The Internet is an important tool for mental healthcare delivery. Internet-delivered or online talk therapy interventions are associated with lower costs and improved accessibility. Current reviews do not address the effectiveness of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) on quality of life (QoL). WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE: Interventions for iCBT have better QoL improvements for individuals with greater depressive symptom severity, females, young adults and individuals with complex comorbid disorders. Support from a healthcare provider for iCBT interventions have better outcomes than self-guided therapy interventions. Tailoring the iCBT intervention to the specialized needs of the population is beneficial. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: There is potential to address treatment gaps for managing the care of individuals with depression. Utilizing iCBT promotes the integration of accessible mental healthcare in clinical settings. Healthcare providers can have a more comprehensive approach to delivering iCBT by considering adaptations relevant to the clinical population being treated. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability resulting from social, psychological and biological factors affecting quality of life (QoL). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective psychotherapy for MDD. Internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) is associated with lower costs and improved accessibility. AIM: We aimed to examine the effectiveness of iCBT on QoL in adults with depression. METHOD: PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO were searched between 2010 and 2022. Inclusion criteria were experimental designs, adults ≥18 years old, depression diagnosis or valid self-report measure, iCBT intervention; and QoL outcome. Exclusion criteria were studies without depression analysis and intellectual disabilities or psychosis. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were included, with a negative correlation between depression severity and QoL. Sex, age and physical comorbidity positively influenced effectiveness. Depressive severity, dysfunctional attitude and negative thinking were predictors and moderators of QoL. Clinician support can impact social interactions and sense of belonging. DISCUSSION: Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy is effective for improving QoL in adults with MDD. Severe depression, females, younger age and comorbid disorders were associated with greater QoL improvements. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings suggest iCBT could address depression treatment gaps related to improving QoL. Utilizing iCBT potentially improves the care continuum for individuals with complex disorders.

Experiences of recovery among adults with a mental illness using visual art methods: A systematic review.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Arts-based research is an established and accepted research approach and systematic reviews have been published on this methodology. There are many possible data collection techniques and study designs within arts-based research, which have been implemented but not yet systematically reviewed. Rationales and challenges for arts-based research have covered participants' experiences of being in arts-based studies in health service research. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The main results of this systematic review are that mental health recovery concepts are effectively communicated by visual arts-based research and participation in these studies is progressive and connecting for mental health consumers. This paper adds new knowledge about participants' experiences specifically in visual arts-based studies, where the participants are mental health consumers. The results are significant because they support visual arts-based research in its development and popularity, both as a research approach and as an empowerment intervention. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The results of this systematic review can enhance the fields of qualitative research methods and mental health nursing. Recommendations for professional development can be advanced from consumers' ideas and experiences of recovery reported in this review. Nurse scientists and consumer researchers can take into consideration visual arts-based data collection techniques for use as research and empowerment interventions with mental health consumer participants. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Art creation has been found to be therapeutic to mental health consumers, making the prospect of art creation's conceivable benefits as a mental health research strategy worthy of consideration. AIM: This systematic review aims to explore experiences of recovery among adults with a mental illness using visual art methods. METHOD: Following a comprehensive database search, 14 suitable studies were identified. These involved adult participants with a formal mental health diagnosis, or who self-identify as having a mental illness. The studies employed arts-based methodologies with participant-created, visual art as their data. Articles underwent data extraction and quality appraisal with the JBI-QARI (Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument). RESULTS: Results were categorised and further aggregated into two synthesised findings according to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. The synthesised findings are: (1) Creative artmaking enables the use of visual metaphors which can aid expression of feelings, externalisation of identity, and personal learning, and (2) Interpersonal and self-connectedness through inclusion in community, receiving support when needed, and progressing through loss, are beneficial for mental health recovery. DISCUSSION: These findings are comparable to those already existing in the literature, and suggest that visual arts-based research methods are as dependable as other qualitative research methods. Additionally, this systematic review reveals that when conducting research studies, there are benefits for mental health consumer participants when visual arts-based methods are used. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: A visual arts-based research intervention can be concluded to have the effect of an empowerment intervention, as well as being a credible research method.

How-to conduct a systematic literature review: A quick guide for computer science research.

Performing a literature review is a critical first step in research to understanding the state-of-the-art and identifying gaps and challenges in the field. A systematic literature review is a method which sets out a series of steps to methodically organize the review. In this paper, we present a guide designed for researchers and in particular early-stage researchers in the computer-science field. The contribution of the article is the following:•Clearly defined strategies to follow for a systematic literature review in computer science research, and•Algorithmic method to tackle a systematic literature review.

Configuración de la identidad en jóvenes pertenecientes a pueblos originarios: una meta-etnografía / Configuration of identity in young people belonging to indigenous peoples: a meta-ethnography / Configuração da identidade em jovens pertencentes a povos indígenas: uma meta-etnografia

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de meta-etnografía es identificar elementos que influyen en la configuración de la identidad cultural de jóvenes de pueblos originarios. Sujetos y método: estudios primarios cualitativos publicados en bases Scopus, WoS y Scielo entre el 2010 y 2021 sobre la configuración identitaria de jóvenes de pueblos originarios. Procedimientos: búsqueda sistemática y metasíntesis cualitativa. Resultados: se obtuvieron 17 artículos que refieren a los siguientes aspectos involucrados en la configuración identitaria: 1) migración; 2) dinámicas de poder y discriminación; 3) tensiones epistemológicas; 4) gestión de la propia identidad; 5) conflictos identitarios; 6) resistencia y autonomía, y 7) recreación de la identidad/diásporas. La síntesis señala que los y las jóvenes portan una heterogeneidad de mundos culturales que proyectan de manera creativa e indeterminada de acuerdo a sus posibilidades y desarrollo.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of this meta-ethnographic synthesis study is to identify the elements that influence the configuration of the identities of young people belonging to indigenous communities. Subjects and Method: Qualitative primary studies on the configuration of cultural identities of young indigenous were reviewed with the criteria of articles published in Scopus, WoS and Scielo databases, between 2010 and 2021. Procedures: systematic search and qualitative meta-synthesis. Results: 17 articles were reviewed that refer to the following aspects involved in identity configuration: 1) Migration; 2) Dynamics of power and discrimination; 3) Epistemological tensions; 4) Self-identity management; 5) Identity conflicts; 6) Resistance, and 7) Recreation of identity/diasporas. The review indicates that young people carry a heterogeneity of cultural worlds that they project in a creative and indeterminate way depending on their possibilities and development.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste estudo de síntese metaetnográfica é identificar os elementos que influenciam a configuração da identidade de jovens indígenas. Sujeitos e Método: Estudos primários qualitativos publicados nas bases de dados Scopus, WoS e Scielo, entre 2010 e 2021, sobre a configuração de identidades culturais em jovens indígenas. Procedimentos: busca sistemática e metassíntese qualitativa. Resultados: foram obtidos 17 artigos que se referem aos seguintes aspectos envolvidos na configuração da identidade: 1) Migração; 2) Dinâmica de poder e discriminação; 3) Tensões epistemológicas; 4) Gerenciamento de autoidentidade; 5) Conflitos de identidade; 6) Resistência e autonomia 7) Recriação de identidade / diásporas. A síntese indica que os jovens carregam consigo uma hete-rogeneidade de mundos culturais que projetam de forma criativa e indeterminada de acordo com suas possibilidades e desenvolvimento.

Internationally educated nurses and resilience: A systematic literature review.

AIM: To synthesize knowledge extracted from the literature about protecting factors and challenges to resilience, among migrant nurses, and specifically how knowledge synthesized through the process of the literature review is relevant to nursing and health policy. BACKGROUND: How nurses, in general, face challenges is well documented and is often linked to the concept of resilience; however, there seems to be a lack of systematic knowledge synthesis focusing on the resilience of internationally educated nurses following migration. METHOD: The review was guided by the PRISMA guidelines, and a systematic search of peer-reviewed qualitative and mixed-method articles reporting empirical research was performed in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Academic Search Ultimate databases. Methodological rigour was assessed by the Joanna Briggs' checklist, and a structured theme-based ecological framework, inspired by Ungar's model of resilience, was chosen. RESULTS: Following critical appraisal, 37 studies were included that identified both challenges and individual, contextual and structural protective factors in host countries and are linked to resilience. DISCUSSION: Resilience of internationally educated nurses depends on a combination of individual and contextual protective factors, with the major emphasis being placed on individual protective factors. It is crucial to consider resilience in ensuring that internationally educated nurses' experience is appreciated, as this is necessary if nurses are to deliver the best possible health service while integrating into their host country. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Authorities, managers in clinical practice and education, trade unions and nurses in general should be aware of the coping strategies, the strengths and supportive factors that can promote resilience and be aware of the challenges that undermine resilience and negatively impact internationally educated nurses' practice and social interactions.

Technical and Diagnostic Issues in Whole Slide Imaging Published Validation Studies.

Objective: Digital pathology with whole-slide imaging (WSI) has many potential clinical and non-clinical applications. In the past two decades, despite significant advances in WSI technology adoption remains slow for primary diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify common pitfalls of WSI reported in validation studies and offer measures to overcome these challenges. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases Pubmed-MEDLINE and Embase. Inclusion criteria were all validation studies designed to evaluate the feasibility of WSI for diagnostic clinical use in pathology. Technical and diagnostic problems encountered with WSI in these studies were recorded. Results: A total of 45 studies were identified in which technical issues were reported in 15 (33%), diagnostic issues in 8 (18%), and 22 (49%) reported both. Key technical problems encompassed slide scan failure, prolonged time for pathologists to review cases, and a need for higher image resolution. Diagnostic challenges encountered were concerned with grading dysplasia, reliable assessment of mitoses, identification of microorganisms, and clearly defining the invasive front of tumors. Conclusion: Despite technical advances with WSI technology, some critical concerns remain that need to be addressed to ensure trustworthy clinical diagnostic use. More focus on the quality of the pre-scanning phase and training of pathologists could help reduce the negative impact of WSI technical difficulties. WSI also seems to exacerbate specific diagnostic tasks that are already challenging among pathologists even when examining glass slides with conventional light microscopy.

Nurses' attitudes towards the use of physical restraint in psychiatric care: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Application of physical restraint is a common practice to protect service users and staff in psychiatric care. Nurses' attitudes towards physical restraint and its influencing factors in psychiatric settings in different countries are variable. Previous reviews include studies on different coercive methods, making it difficult to differentiate attitudes specific to physical restraint. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Nurses' attitudes were marked by negative feelings and moral conflict towards the use of physical restraint and consider it a necessary nursing intervention and a last resort. The barriers for restraint-free environment practice included contextual demand, lack of knowledge on restraint and lack of alternatives to restraint. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Nurse educators should develop and evaluate related educational training programmes to promote the development of alternative effective skills in handling violence instead of physical restraint. Policy makers should develop strategies to remove the barriers to a restraint-free environments. ABSTRACT: Introduction Physical restraint is common in psychiatric care; nurses' attitudes are crucial as nurses often implement the procedure. Previous reviews include studies exploring coercive methods but do not specifically focus on physical restraint. Aims This integrated mixed-method systematic review aimed to examine nurses' attitudes towards the use of physical restraint in psychiatric care and the factors influencing these attitudes. Methods Six databases were searched from 2000 to 2021. Thematic integrative analysis was used to synthesize the data. Results Ten studies were included. Five themes encapsulate nurses' attitudes towards physical restraint: "emotional responses," "moral conflicts," "ensuring safety for all," "a necessary nursing intervention" and "a last resort." Three themes were identified for factors influencing attitudes: "contextual demands," "level of knowledge" and "alternatives to restraint." Discussion Nurses' attitudes were marked by negative feelings and moral conflict towards the use of physical restraint. However, nurses applied physical restraint as an ordinary nursing intervention. Educational interventions and the leadership role may facilitate the change of current practice to a restraint-free environment. Implications for Practice Mental health nurses should work to remove the barriers to restraint-free environment and develop effective skills that can be used as alternatives to physical restraint.

Automatic classification of literature in systematic reviews on food safety using machine learning.

Systematic reviews are used to collect relevant literature to answer a research question in a way that is clear, thorough, unbiased and reproducible. They are implemented as a standard method in the domain of food safety to obtain a literature overview on the state-of-the-art research related to food safety topics of interest. A disadvantage to systematic reviews, however, is that this process is time-consuming and requires expert domain knowledge. The work reported here aims to reduce the time needed by an expert to screen all possible relevant articles by applying machine learning techniques to classify the articles automatically as either relevant or not relevant. Eight different machine learning algorithms and ensembles of all combinations of these algorithms were tested on two different systematic reviews on food safety (i.e. chemical hazards in cereals and leafy greens). The results showed that the best performance was obtained by an ensemble of naive Bayes and a support vector machine, resulting in an average decrease of 32.8% in the amount of articles the expert has to read and an average decrease in irrelevant articles of 57.8% while keeping 95% of the relevant articles. It was concluded that automatic classification of the literature in a systematic literature review can support experts in their task and save valuable time without compromising the quality of the review.