Knowledge of Medical Education on Maternal and Child Primary-Care Among Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: To assess the pre-training knowledge of Commune Health Stations (CHSs) physicians in Vietnam on pregnancy and child care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and a pre-training questionnaire was administered with physicians working at CHSs in three mountainous provinces of northern Vietnam. Calculated mean knowledge score and estimated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to compare the relative odds of occurrence of the outcome "answering more than half of questions correct," given exposure to the physicians' characteristics. Results: A total of 302 CHS physicians participated. The mean number of correct answers across all participants was 5.4 out of 11. Female physicians are 2.20 (95% CI: 1.35-3.59, p = 0.002) times more likely to answer correctly than their male counterparts. Physicians aged 35 years or more were significantly less likely to answer correctly (AOR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.15-0.81, p = 0.014). Conclusion: The study found that participating physicians possessed relatively low knowledge of pregnancy and child care. The study also found significant disparities in this knowledge according to the physicians' characteristics. Thus, it is recommended the requirement for continuing targeted medical education to improve doctors' proficiency in these areas.

Implementation of early essential neonatal care for newborns delivered by cesarean section in Jiaxing: a single-center prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: As an essential part of Early Essential Newborn Care, 90 minutes of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact is significant in improving maternal and infant outcomes. However, due to human resource constraints and the consideration of maternal and infant safety, it is difficult to achieve continuous uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact for at least 90 minutes during and after cesarean delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of the continuous uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact for at least 90 minutes during and after cesarean section for exclusive breastfeeding rate during hospitalization and maternal and infant health indicators during and after cesarean delivery. METHODS: This is a single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial conducted in one tertiary care hospital in China. We selected 280 cases of elective cesarean delivery in a tertiary maternal and child specialty hospital in Zhejiang Province from September 2018 to August 2022, which were randomly divided into two groups: in the conventional group, doulas performed at least 30 minutes for early continuous SSC within 10-30 minutes during and after cesarean delivery. In the EENC group, with immediate continuous SSC within 5-10 minutes of neonatal delivery until surgery is completed and continued SSC after returning to the ward. Exclusive breastfeeding rate during hospitalization and maternal and infant health indicators were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 258 cases were analyzed. Compared with the control group, the EENC group had earlier first breastfeeding initiation (13.7 ± 3.6 vs 62.8 ± 6.5 minutes, P < 0.001), longer duration of first breastfeeding (42.6 ± 9.0 vs 17.9 ± 7.5 minutes, P < 0.001), earlier onset of lactogenesis II (73.7 ± 3.6 vs 82.5 ± 7.4 hours, P < 0.001), higher breastfeeding self-efficacy score (128.6 ± 8.9 vs 104.4 ± 8.5, P < 0.001), higher Exclusive breastfeeding rate during hospitalization (88% vs 81%, P = 0.018), higher maternal satisfaction scores (18.9 ± 1.1 vs 14.0 ± 2.7, P < 0.001). Meanwhile the EENC group showed lower incidence of neonatal hypothermia (0% vs 4.6%, P = 0.014), lower neonatal hypoglycemia (0% vs 5.4%, P = 0.007) and less cumulative blood loss within 24 hours postpartum (254.2 ± 43.6 vs 282.8 ± 63.8 ml, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The implementation of EENC up to 90 minutes by caesarean doula company nurses is feasible and beneficial to maternal and infant health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1800018195(2018-09-04).

Technologies that empower women for better access to healthcare in India - A scoping review.

Women from low- and middle-income countries face challenges in accessing and utilising quality healthcare. Technologies can aid in overcoming these challenges and the present scoping review is aimed at summarising the range of technologies used by women and assessing their role in enabling Indian women to learn about and access healthcare services. We conducted a comprehensive search from the date of inception of database till 2022 in PubMed and Google Scholar. Data was extracted from 43 studies and were thematically analysed. The range of technologies used by Indian women included integrated voice response system, short message services, audio-visual aids, telephone calls and mobile applications operated by health workers. Majority of the studies were community-based (79.1%), from five states (60.5%), done in rural settings (58.1%) and with interventional design (48.8%). Maternal and child health has been the major focus of studies, with lesser representation in domains of non-communicable and communicable diseases. The review also summarised barriers related to using technology - from health system and participant perspective. Technology-based interventions are enabling women to improve awareness about and accessibility to healthcare in India. Imparting digital literacy and scaling up technology use are potential solutions to scale-up healthcare access among women in India.

The role of nurse-client relationships in maternal and child healthcare: a qualitative study in rural Tanzania.

Background: The literature suggests that poor provider-client relationships in maternal and child healthcare (MCH) continue to impact healthcare service uptake, continuity of care, and MCH outcomes. However, there is a paucity of literature on the benefits of the nurse-client relationship for clients, nurses, and the health system, particularly in rural African contexts. Objective: This study examined the perceived benefits and disadvantages of good and poor nurse-client relationships in rural Tanzania respectively. We present the findings of a community-driven inquiry that was the first step of a broader study that sought to co-design an intervention package for strengthening nurse-client relationships in MCH in rural contexts using a human-centred design approach. Methods: This study used a qualitative descriptive design. Nine focus group discussions and 12 key informant interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides. Participants were purposefully selected nurses/midwives and clients attending MCH services, and MCH administrators. Data were managed using NVivo and analysed thematically. Results: A range of perceived benefits of good nurse-client relationships and disadvantages of poor relationships emerged. Perceived benefits of good nurse-client relationships included: (i) benefits to clients (increased healthcare-seeking behaviours, disclosure, adherence, return to care, positive health outcomes, and referral tendencies); (ii) benefits to nurses (increased confidence, efficiency, productivity, job satisfaction, trust, and community reputation and support); and (iii) benefits to healthcare facilities/systems (increased client load and consequently income, fewer complaints and legal disputes, increased trust and facility delivery, and reduced maternal and child deaths). The disadvantages of poor nurse-client relationships were basically the opposite of their benefits. Conclusion: The benefits of good nurse-client relationships and the disadvantages of poor relationships extend beyond patients and nurses to the healthcare system/facility level. Therefore, identifying and implementing feasible and acceptable interventions for nurses and clients could pave the way for good nurse-client relationships, leading to improved MCH outcomes and performance indicators.

Does customised care improve satisfaction and positively enable parents in sustained home visiting for mothers and children experiencing adversity?

BACKGROUND: The Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-visiting program (MECSH) is a structured nurse-delivered program designed to address health inequities experienced by families experiencing significant adversity. There is strong evidence for the effectiveness of this program, but limited research exploring the practice and process elements that are core to positive parent outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between customised care related to the mother's risk factors and parent satisfaction and enablement in the delivery of a MECSH-based program. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used. Program delivery data collected as part of a large randomised controlled trial of a MECSH-based sustained nurse home visiting program in Australia (right@home) were analysed. This study used the data collected from the intervention arm in the trial (n = 352 women). Parent satisfaction was measured at child age 24 months using the modified short-form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. Parent enablement was measured at child age 24 months by a modified Parent Enablement Index. Customised care was defined as appropriate provision of care content in response to four maternal risks: smoking, mental health, domestic violence and alcohol and drugs. Logistic analysis was performed to assess the impact of customised care on parent satisfaction and enablement while adjusting for covariates such as sociodemographic factors. A significance level of 95% was applied for analysis. RESULTS: Our results indicated high levels of satisfaction with the care provided and positive enablement. There were several sociodemographic factors associated with satisfaction and enablement, such as language spoken at home and employment experience. The mothers who received customised care in response to mental health risk and domestic violence had significantly greater satisfaction with the care provided and experienced an increase in enablement compared to those who did not receive such care. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the existing body of empirical research that examines the relationship between care processes and client outcomes in the delivery of home visiting services. It is essential for the sustained nurse home visiting service model to be flexible enough to cater for variations according to family circumstances and needs while maintaining a core of evidence-based practice.

Factors shaping good and poor nurse-client relationships in maternal and child care: a qualitative study in rural Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that poor nurse-client relationships within maternal and child health (MCH) continues to impact trust in formal healthcare systems, service uptake, continuity with care and MCH outcomes. This necessitates contextualized innovative solutions that places both nurses and clients at the forefront as agents of change in optimizing intervention designs and implementation. This study explored nurses and clients' perspectives on the factors shaping nurse-client relationships in MCH care to generate evidence to guide subsequent steps of human centered design (HCD) that involve designing effective strategies for improving therapeutic relationships in Shinyanga, Tanzania. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive design was employed. About 9 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 12 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with purposefully selected nurses and midwives, women attending MCH services and administrators were conducted using semi-structured interview guides in Swahili language. Data were transcribed and translated simultaneously, managed using Nvivo Software and analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Factors shaping nurse-client relationships were heuristically categorized into nurse, client and health system factors. Nurse contributors of poor relationship ranged from poor reception and hospitality, not expressing care and concern, poor communication and negative attitudes, poor quality of services, job dissatisfaction and unstable mental health. Client contributors of poor relationship include being 'much know', late attendance, non-adherence to procedures and instructions, negative attitudes, poor communication, inadequate education and awareness, poverty, dissatisfaction with care, faith in traditional healers and unstable mental health. Health system contributors were inadequate resources, poor management practices, inadequate policy implementation and absence of an independent department or agency for gathering and management of complaints. Suggestions for improving nurse-client relationship included awards and recognition of good nurses, improving complaints mechanisms, continued professional development, peer to peer learning and mentorship, education and sensitization to clients, improving service quality and working conditions, improving renumeration and incentives, strengthening nursing school's student screening and nursing curriculum and improving mental health for both nurses and clients. CONCLUSIONS: The factors shaping poor nurse- client relationships appear to extend beyond nurses to both clients and healthcare facilities and system. Implementation of effective interventions for addressing identified factors considering feasibility and acceptance to both nurses and clients using novel strategies such as HCD could pave the way for employing good nurse-client relationships as a tool for improving performance indicators and health outcomes within MCH care.

The Quality of Primary Care in Cambodia: An Assessment of Knowledge and Effort of Public Sector Maternal and Child Care Providers.

Improving the quality of primary care is essential for achieving universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries. This study examined the level and variation in primary care provider knowledge and effort in Cambodia, using cross-sectional data collected in 2014-2015 from public sector health centers in nine provinces. The data included clinical vignettes and direct observations of processes of antenatal care, postnatal care, and well-child visits and covered between 290-495 health centers and 370-847 individual providers for each service and type of data. The results indicate that provider knowledge and observed effort were generally low and varied across health centers and across individual providers. In addition, providers' effort scores were generally lower than their knowledge scores, indicating the presence of a "know-do gap." Although higher provider knowledge was correlated with higher levels of effort during patient encounters, knowledge only explained a limited fraction of the provider-level variation in effort. Due to low baseline performance and the know-do gap, improving provider adherence to clinical guidelines through training and practice standardization alone may have limited impact. Overall, the findings suggest that raising the low quality of care provided by Cambodia's public sector will require multidimensional interventions that involve training, strategies that increase provider motivation, and improved health center management. The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work presented in this article.

Continuum of care for maternal, newborn and child health: Evidence from a national survey in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To compare coverage of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) continuum of care between women who had experienced adolescent maternity (AM) and those who had not. METHODS: Using a Mexican probabilistic survey representative at the national level (ENSANUT 2018-19), we developed a cross-sectional analysis of 1,768 women aged 12 to 49 years who had a child within five years before the interview. We used modified Poisson models to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and independent and conditional coverage levels based on the probability estimates yielded by these models at different stages of maternal-newborn care process. RESULTS: PRs for the MNCH continuum of care were approximately 40% lower for women who had experienced AM compared to those who had not (95%CI:0.35, 1.14). The coverage for the MNCH continuum of care was only 7.4% [95%CI: 3.5, 11.2] and 11.7% [95%CI: 9.3, 14.1] in women who had/not experienced AM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of a continuum of care for mothers and their children can be achieved through a combination of well-defined policies and strategies that improve health care practices and services throughout the life cycle. It is necessary to expand the coverage and quality of care, which will provide the opportunity to shift the focus from vertical programs to integrated continuous care. Policy makers must implement interventions that are consistent with specific problems of population and health-care providers. Our analysis highlights the deficiencies in the care process, making this study a useful reference for countries with similar characteristics.

Effects of a four-year health systems intervention on the use of maternal and infant health services: results from a programme evaluation in two districts of rural Chad.

BACKGROUND: Attendance of maternal and infant care services in rural Chad are consistently low. Our study aimed to assess the use of antenatal (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) services, health facility delivery and infant health services after 4 years of a health systems intervention for improving the infrastructure, supplies, training and sensitization for maternal and infant health in two districts of rural Chad. METHODS: Data from a repeated cross-sectional household survey conducted in Yao and Danamadji in 2015 and in 2018 were analyzed. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling methodology was applied to achieve a representative sample of the rural settled and mobile population groups in the study area. A generalized linear model was applied to determine the health care utilization rates. Multivariate regression models were used to assess the association between the programme intervention and utilization outcomes of selected maternal and infant health services. RESULTS: Complete datasets were available for 1284 households at baseline. The endline analysis included 1175 households with complete survey data. The use of at least one ANC amongst pregnant women increased in both settled communities (from 80% in 2015 to 90% in 2018) and amongst mobile pastoralist communities (from 48% in 2015 to 56% in 2018). The rate of home delivery among settled communities and mobile pastoralists changed little between baseline and endline and remained high for both population groups. Individuals that were covered by the health systems intervention were however significantly more likely to attend ANC and less likely to give birth at home. PNC services only showed improvements amongst the settled communities (of 30%). Infants' reported health outcomes and vaccination coverage considerably improved; the latter especially among mobile pastoralist (from 15% in 2015 to 84% in 2018). CONCLUSION: A combination of health systems strengthening interventions was associated with an increased use of certain maternal and infant health services. However, to facilitate equitable access to and use of health care services in particular in times of increased vulnerability and by certain population groups in hard-to-reach areas, reinforced health education and culturally adapted communication strategies, including gender-specific messaging will be needed over a sustained period.

[Feasibility on the development of maternal and child cohorts, based on the maternal and child care network].

Under the limitation of cross-sectional studies, more researchers are turning their attention to maternal and child cohort studies. However, some problems do exist in the traditional maternal and child cohort studies, if data is only gathered from the hospitals. The limitation would include the contents of research and the high rate of loss to follow-up. With the integration of different medical traits and the progress in big data, the development of maternal and child related cohorts, with characteristics of dynamic follow-up and data sharing, through combining the information and health service systems of different institutions, seem in urgent need. This paper aims to provide some basic achievements in conducting maternal and child cohorts that can serve the related health problems through full-life cycle, and provide new references on conducting cohort studies, aiming at special population or diseases.

The effects of continuing nursing mode on mental state and the impact of care capacity in mothers of NICU children with very low birth weight / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effect of continuing nursing mode on mental state and the impact of care capacity in mothers of NICU children with very low birth weight.@*Methods@#Based on the theory of continuous care, a continuation nursing program for children with very low birth weight from the day of discharge from the hospital to one month after discharge was used. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 cases of very low birth weight infants admitted to our hospital. The order of discharge was randomly divided into 40 cases in the intervention group and 40 cases in the control group. The control group received routine care and the intervention group used a continuing nursing intervention model. On the day of discharge from the hospital, 1 week after discharge, and 1 month after discharge, the scores of the mothers' psychological status and home care ability were collected.@*Results@#On the day of discharge, there was no significant difference in mental state and home care ability between the two groups (P>0.05). The anxiety, depression and negative coping scores of the intervention group were lower than the control group at 1 week and 1 month after discharge (1 week t value was 2.138, 2.068, 2.532, 1 mouth t value was 2.273, 3.564, 4.417, P<0.05) , and the scores and home care ability were actively coped. Higher than the control group (1week t value was -1.680, -2.970, P<0.05.1 month t value was -3.937, -7.156, P < 0.01). There was an interaction between intervention mode and intervention time 1 (F value was 8.46-64.38, P<0.01). There were significant differences between the two groups at different time and different groups (different time F value was 166.46-269.55, P<0.01; different groups F value was 5.26-13.55, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Through continuing nursing intervention for very low birth weight infants after discharge, it can effectively reduce the negative emotions of mothers and improve the positive coping style of mothers, then improve the confidence of caregivers and increase satisfaction so that we can provide a safe and harmonious family environment with premature babies after discharge.

[Maternal and child healthcare and adolescent maternity in under 100 000 inhabitants communities]. / Atención en salud materno-infantil y maternidad adolescente en localidades menores de 100 000 habitantes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the coverage of continuous ma- ternal healthcare and early childhood care in women with and without adolescent motherhood (AM) who live in under-100 000-inhabitants communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of Ensanut 100k 2018 of 767 women aged 12 to 49 years living in under-100 000-in- habitants communities who had their last birth two years before the survey. RESULTS: Women with AM have lower continuous coverage of maternal care than those without AM (8.1 and 19.6%, respectively). Infant care coverage with adequate content was lower than 30%, and there were no differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen actions focused on this group of women in order to reduce the gaps in coverage and improve maternal and child health.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la cobertura de atención continua de salud materna y de atención en la primera infancia en mujeres con y sin maternidad en la adolescencia (MA), que habitan en localidades menores de 100 000 habitantes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 100k (Ensanut 100k) 2018 en 767 mujeres de 12 a 49 años residentes en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes que tuvieron su último hijo dos años anteriores a la encuesta. Se calcularon coberturas de atención a partir de modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres con MA tienen menor cobertura continua en salud materna que las que no tuvieron MA (8.1 y 19.6%, respectivamente). La cobertura de atención del infante con contenido adecuado fue menor a 30% y no hubo diferencias entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario fortalecer acciones focalizadas en este grupo de mujeres para reducir brechas en las coberturas y mejorar la salud materno-infantil.

Atención en salud materno-infantil y maternidad adolescente en localidades menores de 100 000 habitantes / Maternal and child healthcare and adolescent maternity in under 100 000 inhabitants communities

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la cobertura de atención continua de salud materna y de atención en la primera infancia en mujeres con y sin maternidad en la adolescencia (MA), que habitan en localidades menores de 100 000 habitantes. Material y métodos: Análisis transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 100k (Ensanut 100k) 2018 en 767 mujeres de 12 a 49 años residentes en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes que tuvieron su último hijo dos años anteriores a la encuesta. Se calcularon coberturas de atención a partir de modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: Las mujeres con MA tienen menor cobertura continua en salud materna que las que no tuvieron MA (8.1 y 19.6%, respectivamente). La cobertura de atención del infante con contenido adecuado fue menor a 30% y no hubo diferencias entre los grupos. Conclusión: Es necesario fortalecer acciones focalizadas en este grupo de mujeres para reducir brechas en las coberturas y mejorar la salud materno-infantil.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the coverage of continuous maternal healthcare and early childhood care in women with and without adolescent motherhood (AM) who live in under-100 000-inhabitants communities. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analysis of Ensanut 100k 2018 of 767 women aged 12 to 49 years living in under-100 000-inhabitants communities who had their last birth two years before the survey. Results: Women with AM have lower continuous coverage of maternal care than those without AM (8.1 and 19.6%, respectively). Infant care coverage with adequate content was lower than 30%, and there were no differences between the groups. Conclusions: It is necessary to strengthen actions focused on this group of women in order to reduce the gaps in coverage and improve maternal and child health.

Stress status and causes of male nurses in women and children′s hospital of Southwest China / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the pressure of male nurses in women and children′s Hospital and analyze it, so as to provide decision support for nursing administrators. Methods Used general information questionnaire, Perceptual Stress Scale, China Nurses'Pressure Source Scale (CPSS) in Sichuan,Chongqing,Yunnan,Guizhou,Tibet and other places of the maternal and child hospital male nurses, and analyzed the results. Results According to the CPSS scoring standard,63 in 101 subjects(62.4%)male nurses were in the state of stress, and the average score of stress was 26.0 ± 7.4. Binary Logistic regression showed that the main factors of male nurses′pressure were the lack of support from parents and family,low income, less promotion opportunities and non-nursing work. Conclusion The pressure situation of male nurses in maternity and child care hospitalis affected by family, work, society and so on. Managers should timely relieve the stress for male nurses and maintain the stability of male nurses′team.

The practice of continuing nursing model in life of puerperae with preterm infants / 中华护理杂志

Objective To explore the application of continuing nursing model in life of puerperae with preterm infants and evaluate its effects.Methods Based on continuous nursing model of Ahmadi,puerperae's continuing nursing program was constructed.Randomized controlled trail design was used,and totally 110 puerperae in a hospital in Beijing were recruited from August 2016 to March 2017.The experimental group received continuing nursing intervention model,and the control group received routine nursing care.Parenting knowledge and psychological evaluation of the two groups were collected 3 days before discharge,1 month,3 months and 6 months after discharge.Results Ninety-eight puerperae completed the study.In the experimental group,the score of parenting knowledge was higher than that of the control group(P＜0.01),and the total score of mental health assessment and scores of depression and anxiety were lower than those in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Puerperae's continuing nursing program based on the continuous nursing model of Ahmadi improved maternal ability and positive emotion,and promoted quality of life.

El riesgo preconcepcional y su vínculo con la salud materna / The preconception risk and its link with maternal health

Introducción: la prevención de la enfermedad y la muerte durante el proceso de reproducción es uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo de la salud reproductiva, donde el riesgo preconcepcional tiene importancia medular por su relación con la mortalidad materna e infantil. Objetivo: mostrar los principales hallazgos sobre la relación entre el riego preconcepcional y la mortalidad materna e infantil. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre los años 2010 - 2015 a publicaciones relacionadas con el tema objeto de estudio en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, EMBASE, Current Contents, Science Citation Index, todas en español. Conclusiones: un adecuado control y manejo del riesgo preconcepcional permite determinar y evaluar la morbilidad de cada paciente y su estado de salud para asumir un embarazo con resultados satisfactorios. Se evidencia la relación existente entre el riesgo preconcepcional en mujeres en edad fértil y la presencia de complicaciones de diferente tipo en la madre y el niño, muchas de las cuales ocasionan la pérdida de uno de los dos. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de fortalecer todas las acciones de salud de carácter preventivo que ayuden a la mujer a enfrentar la maternidad en mejores condiciones(AU)

Introduction: Prevention of illness and death during reproduction is one of the fundamental pillars for the development of reproductive health, where the preconception risk has central importance due to its relation to maternal and infant mortality. Objective: Show the main findings on the relationship between preconception risk and maternal and infant mortality. Methods: A literature review was conducted between the years 2010 - 2015 to publications related to the topic under study in the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, Current Contents, Science Citation Index, all in Spanish. Conclusions: Proper preconceptional control and risk management allow to determine and evaluate the morbidity of each patient and their health to take a pregnancy with satisfactory results. The relationship between preconception risks in women of childbearing age and the presence of different types of complications in mother and child is evidenced, many of which cause the loss of one of them. The need to strengthen all actions of preventive health to help women cope with motherhood in better condition is emphasized(AU)

El riesgo preconcepcional y su vínculo con la salud materna / The preconception risk and its link with maternal health

Introducción: la prevención de la enfermedad y la muerte durante el proceso de reproducción es uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo de la salud reproductiva, donde el riesgo preconcepcional tiene importancia medular por su relación con la mortalidad materna e infantil. Objetivo: mostrar los principales hallazgos sobre la relación entre el riego preconcepcional y la mortalidad materna e infantil. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre los años 2010 - 2015 a publicaciones relacionadas con el tema objeto de estudio en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, EMBASE, Current Contents, Science Citation Index, todas en español. Conclusiones: un adecuado control y manejo del riesgo preconcepcional permite determinar y evaluar la morbilidad de cada paciente y su estado de salud para asumir un embarazo con resultados satisfactorios. Se evidencia la relación existente entre el riesgo preconcepcional en mujeres en edad fértil y la presencia de complicaciones de diferente tipo en la madre y el niño, muchas de las cuales ocasionan la pérdida de uno de los dos. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de fortalecer todas las acciones de salud de carácter preventivo que ayuden a la mujer a enfrentar la maternidad en mejores condiciones(AU)

Introduction: Prevention of illness and death during reproduction is one of the fundamental pillars for the development of reproductive health, where the preconception risk has central importance due to its relation to maternal and infant mortality. Objective: Show the main findings on the relationship between preconception risk and maternal and infant mortality. Methods: A literature review was conducted between the years 2010 - 2015 to publications related to the topic under study in the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, Current Contents, Science Citation Index, all in Spanish. Conclusions: Proper preconceptional control and risk management allow to determine and evaluate the morbidity of each patient and their health to take a pregnancy with satisfactory results. The relationship between preconception risks in women of childbearing age and the presence of different types of complications in mother and child is evidenced, many of which cause the loss of one of them. The need to strengthen all actions of preventive health to help women cope with motherhood in better condition is emphasized(AU)

Compreensão e reconhecimento da Rede Cegonha pela estratégia saúde da família / Understanding and recognition of the Stork Network for Family Health Strategy

Estudo qualitativo de perspectiva Hermenêutica Dialética que investigou o conhecimento da Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre a Rede Cegonha, e analisou a efetividade do Programa na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foram entrevistados 06 agentes comunitários de saúde, 06 enfermeiros e 06 médicos. O Programa é reconhecido como rede temática de atenção à saúde, e está presente na atenção primária, mas é frágil na articulação entre níveis de atenção e gera falha no acolhimento da gestante anteparto e na contrarreferência pós-parto. Conclui-se que a Rede Cegonha não está efetivamente implementada.

Qualitative study of Dialectical Hermeneutics perspective that investigated the knowledge of the Family Health Strategy on the Stork Network, and analyzed the effectiveness of the Program in Primary Health Care. We interviewed 06 community health workers, 06 nurses and 06 doctors. The program is recognized as a thematic network of health care, and is present in primary care, but it is fragile on the relationship between levels of care and generates failure host of antepartum pregnant and postpartum counter. We conclude that the Stork Network is not effectively implemented. Descriptors: Primary Health Care; Maternal and Child Care Services; Stork Network.

Estudio cualitativo de dialécticas Hermenéutica perspectiva que investigó el conocimiento de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en la Red Ciqüena, y analizó la efectividad dei Programa de Atención Primaria de Salud. Entrevistamos a 06 trabajadores de la salud de la comunidad, 06 enfermeras y 06 médicos. El programa es reconocido como una red temática de la asistencia sanitaria, y está presente en la atención primaria, pero es frágil en la relación entre los niveles de atención y genera anfitrión fracaso de preparto y postparto embarazada contrario. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la Red Cigüena no se aplique con eficacia.

A educação permanente em saúde para a institucionalização de uma rede-rizoma / Permanent Education in Health for the institutionalization of a net-rizhome

Esta dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa-intervenção cuja produção de dados ocorreu com o Grupo Condutor Regional da Rede Cegonha (GCR) no DRS III de Araraquara - SP, parte do Projeto de Pesquisa para o Sistema Único de Saúde (PPSUS): O processo de implantação da rede de atenção à saúde materno infantil no DRS III de Araraquara: a atenção básica como ordenadora da atenção em rede. Nosso objetivo foi compreender este coletivo como espaço de Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS) para a institucionalização dessa Rede, e também caracterizar a EPS no território de abrangência deste DRS, compreender suas fragilidades-potencialidades e também os processos de EPS produzidos no interior do GCR para a implementação da Rede Cegonha (RC), diante de desafios como a redução da morbimortalidade materno infantil e o atendimento integral e humanizado a mulheres e crianças. Esta pesquisa qualitativa compreendeu a análise de documentos e a pesquisa-intervenção, utilizando método cartográfico, e a produção dos dados ocorreu no ano de 2014 com os integrantes do GCR e outros pesquisadores PPSUS. As análises tiveram como referenciais o Processo de Trabalho em Saúde e conceitos do movimento institucionalista, das correntes da Análise Institucional e da Esquizoanálise. Esta pesquisa de cunho cartográfico explorou o contexto sócio-histórico da EPS e da RC no DRS III e paisagens que compõem o mapa do aprendizado no que chamamos Rede-rizoma, entremeadas por análises de implicações e aprendizados na experiência, tanto de construção da pesquisa como da RC. Nos planos do rizoma houve momentos de aprendizado significativo, ecos nos municípios, interferências da pesquisa-intervenção, dentre outros componentes de tessitura da rede que envolveram seus atores, seus pontos de conexão, de tensão, de apoio. Nesse emaranhado quente e frio, interessou-nos explorar as singularidades do encontro e os movimentos de forças instituintes e do instituído com o compromisso de entender a EPS como ferramenta de trabalho para a institucionalização da RC. Percebemos a existência de microprocessos de institucionalização disparados no cotidiano do GCR, caracteristicamente paralisantes e mobilizadores, como a importância da participação social, ainda tímida, as tensões com a imobilidade municipal, as fragilidades-potencialidades dos recursos humanos e financeiros, e também resultados que refletem em alargamento e participação de novos atores, cooperação intermunicipal, fortalecimento dos Grupos Condutores Municipais da rede cegonha e uma gestão estadual disposta a deflagrar processos de formação participativos. Trata-se de movimentos que se revelaram em implicações de múltiplas bifurcações e em processos de EPS que se fazem de forma mutante, conformando a rede-rizoma

This dissertation resulted from a intervention-research which data production took place with the Regional Conductor Group of the Stork Network (GCR) in the DRS III of Araraquara - SP, part of the research project for the National Health System (PPSUS): The maternal and child health care network deployment process in the DRS III Araraquara: primary health care ordering the network care. Our purpose was to understand this collective as a Permanent Education in Health (EPS) space for the institutionalization of this Network, and also characterize the EPS in the DRS territory, understand their fragilities-potentialities and also the EPS processes produced inside the GCR for the implementation of RC, in face of challenges such as reducing child and maternal mortality and the comprehensive and humanized assistance to women and children. This qualitative research included the analysis of documents and the intervention-research using cartographic method which data production occurred in 2014, with members of the GCR and other PPSUS researchers. The analysis had as referential, the Work Process in Health and concepts of the Institutionalist Movement, from Institutional Analysis and Schizoanalysis currents. This cartographic research explored the EPS and RC socio-historical contexts in the DRS III and some landscapes that make up the learning map in what we call Net-rhizome, permeated by implication analysis and learning experience, both from research and RC construction. In the rhizome plans there were moments of meaningful learning, echoes in the municipalities, research-intervention interferences, among other weaving network components involving its actors, its connection, tension and support points. In this hot and cold tangle, we were interested in explore the uniqueness of the meeting and the movement of instituting forces and the instituted with the commitment to understanding the EPS as a tool for the RC institutionalization. We realized the existence of institutionalization microprocesses triggered in the GCR characteristically paralyzing and mobilizers, as the importance of social participation, even timid, tensions with municipal immobility, the fragilities-potentialities, human and financial resources, as well as results that reflect in enlargement and new actors participation, inter-municipal cooperation, strengthening of Municipal Conductor Groups and a state management willing to trigger participatory educational processes. Movements that have proven in multiple bifurcation implications and EPS processes in mutant forms conforming the net-rhizome

The effects of performance incentives on the utilization and quality of maternal and child care in Burundi.

Africa's progress towards the health related Millennium Development Goals remains limited. This can be partly explained by inadequate performance of health care providers. It is therefore critical to incentivize this performance. Payment methods that reward performance related to quantity and quality, called performance based financing (PBF), have recently been introduced in over 30 African countries. While PBF meets considerable enthusiasm from governments and donors, the evidence on its effects is still limited. In this study we aim to estimate the effects of PBF on the utilization and quality of maternal and child care in Burundi. We use the 2010 Burundi Demographic and Health Survey (August 2010-January 2011, n = 4916 women) and exploit the staggered rollout of PBF between 2006 and 2010, to implement a difference-in-differences approach. The quality of care provided during antenatal care (ANC) visits improved significantly, especially among the better off, although timeliness and number of ANC visits did not change. The probability of an institutional delivery increased significantly with 4 percentage points among the better off but no effects were found among the poor. PBF does significantly increase this probability (with 5 percentage points) for women where PBF was in place from the start of their pregnancy, suggesting that women are encouraged during ANC visits to deliver in the facility. PBF also led to a significant increase of 4 percentage points in the probability of a child being fully vaccinated, with effects more pronounced among the poor. PBF improved the utilization and quality of most maternal and child care, mainly among the better off, but did not improve targeting of unmet needs for ANC. Especially types of care which require a behavioral change of health care workers when the patient is already in the clinic show improvements. Improvements are smaller for services which require effort from the provider to change patients' utilization choices.